映像的论证、阐述和理解——电气工程英语中的概念隐喻
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分类号
密级
UCD
编弓q五塑】蟛
学位论文
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstanding
With
Images
——0ntheFunctions
ofConceptual
MetaphorsinEnglishforElectric
Engineering
映像的论证、阐述和理解
.一….电气工程英语中的概念隐喻
彭宣
指导老师姓名:割丞俭熬援
直昌盔堂处国亟堂暄
申请学位级别:亟±堂焦
论文提交Et期:2Q壁亘生量且学位授予单位和日期:
专业名称:墓蚤蚤宣塞堂论文答辩日期:2QQ亘生鱼旦
:苞丝冬笠
评阅人:
趁i圣
苴
答辩委员会主席:丝握毖
2006年5月日
摘要
论文应用认知途径,采用Lakoff的概念隐喻理论来研究特殊用途英语的分支,即电气工程英语。其主要思想就是通过_种意域来构建另一种意域从而理解事物。概念隐喻的主要理论特点就是域间的相互映射,在映射的过程中,抽象概念就隐喻化了。
论文讲述了专门用途英语的历史发展和电力英语的现状。
概念
隐喻是当代隐喻学的主流,是本论文的理论基础和依据,论文同时也介绍了隐喻学的来源、发展过程以及在当代语言学上的发展趋势,其中主要阐述了Lakoff的概念隐喻理论和它在我们日常生活以及电力工程中应用。
通过大量分析电力工程英语中的隐喻现象,我们知道:隐喻不仅存在于电力工程英语中,而且它还在电力工程英语中占有很重要的地位。科学家们运用隐喻来说明他们观测到的信息,借用我们己知的经验形成一个模型来阐述新的科学现象并且修正旧的认识。隐喻模型一旦产生,就用来作为科学家之间以及科学家和大众间的交流工具。关键词:
概念隐喻
映射
域
熟悉化非文字隐喻
Abstract
Thethesisisintended
one
to
apply
a
cognitiveapproach
to
studying
branchofEnglishforspecificpurpose(ESP),that
adopting
is,Englishfor
theory
of
Electric
Engineering(EEE)by
Lakoff’S
conceptualmetaphor.Itsmainideaisthatthelocusofmetaphorisinthewayweconceptualizethegeneraltheorycross-domain
one
mentaldomainintermsofanother;
ofmetaphorisgivenbycharacterizingsuch
in
the
process,everyday
abstract
mappings;and
conceptsturnouttobemetaphorical.
Thethesis
narrates
the
developmentofESP,andthecurrent
situationofEEE.Italsointroducestheoriesofmetaphorfromitsoriginthroughthedevelopment
to
trendsinmodernlinguistics.The
majorpartiscontributed
to
introducingthetheoryofconceptualbothin
our
metaphoranditsconcreteit’Staken
as
a
use
dailylifeandinEEE,as
a
popularmetaphorictheoryandmajor
source
of
referenceinmodernlinguistics
Throughthat
analyzing
a
greatmanyexamplesinEEE,we
can.see
metaphordoesworkinEEE,itplaysmany
use
rolesinEEE.
Scientists
metaphoricalreasoning
to
account
to
interpretobservationaldata,
to
creatingmodelsolder
fornewobservationsand
createdandput
to
use
reinterpret
data.Metaphors
in
once
inthesewaysand
functionthecommunicationbetweenscientists
between
scientistsandthepublic.
Keyword:conceptual
metaphormapping
farmiliarizationnon-verbalmetaphor
domain
独创性声明
本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知,除了文中特另tJDi:i以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其
他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得壶昌太堂或其他教育机
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Acknowledgements
Ihereinwouldliketothankthosewhohavehelpedmewiththe
completionofmydissertation.
My
firstthanks
shouldbegiventoProfessor
LiuTianlun,my
a
researchsupervisor.Asthepaperinvolvesintotwodisciplines,whichis
newandboldtryforme,it’Sreallyhardformetofinishitalone.Thanks
to
Mr.Liu,with
as
hisgreathelpandcontinuousencouragements,Icould
as
havemadeit
good
itisnOW?Hehasgivenme
so
manygoodadvice
andsuggestionsduringmywork.
ImustalsothankprofessorJiangPing.Sheisverykind,givingme
instructions
and
good
adviceduring
my3-year
a
study
in
Nanchang
university.Fromher,Iindeedknowwhat
And
SO
realresearchershouldbelike.
manythanksmustbesaidtoprofessorOuyangandFang
KepingandprofessorLiuTing
etc.With
theirgreatguidance,Ihave
enjoyed
a
meaningfulandfruitfullifeintheuniversity.
Finally,1wouldliketothankmyfriendsandallthepostgraduates
ofGrade2003intheSchoolofForeignLanguage,fortheirgreathelpandsupport.
May,2006
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages—.
ChapterI
IntroducingtheIssue
1.1Originandpurposeofthisresearch
Oftenreadingmaterialsphenomenadoexistinmetaphorgo
SO
on
electricengineering,Ihavefoundthat
metaphorical
themandworkquitewellthroughout
or
thewholetext.Doespeoplejusttakeitfor
naturallythatreaderscan’tdefecttheirexistence
granted,orthat’SjUSt
whatImistakefor?
tobegeneratedfromsuchcuriosity,SOisthesubsequent
Myresearchmaybesaid
efforttolookforworksdissertation
can
on
electricengineeringandmetaphortheoryand
application.This
to
besaidtobetheanswer
myownquestions
Infact:researchesonmetaphorsinlanguagehaveattracted
widespreadattentionandresultedinamassivecorpusofliteratureSOfar.However,abriefsurveyofsuchliterature
一
ma}7confirmtheideathatimpressive
doneto
exploretheusesand
lessin
as
theresearchesmayseem,fewofthemhavebeen
area
functionofmetaphorinthe
a
ofEnglishforspecific
.purpose(ESP),evenparticularsub—fieldofit,thatis,Englishforelectric
engineering(EEE).Such
shortagehasnotonl),considerablylimitedtheapplicationofthe
as
findingsoftherelatedresearch,butalsoputtheminquestioncredibilityanduniversalsignificance.
ESPhasdevelopedEnglishafter
a
to
a
fortheirvalidity,
highdegreewithitsobviousfeaturesdifferentfrom
our
daily
longhistoryofexistenceinhumanbeing.ESP,likeanyformoflanguage
learning.But
as
teachingisprimarilyconcernedwith
TomHuchinson
to
said(Tom
Huchinson&趟anWaters;2002:PP2)that
scant
initsdevelopmentup
to
now,ESPhaspaid
on
attention
to
thequestionofhowpeople
an
learn,focusinginstead
thequestionof
as
u7hatpeoplelearn.Electricengineeringis
establishedbranchoflearning
a
well
asa
mostcommonlyappliedfieldofhuman
productionandlife.Asdevelopmentandpractice,electricengineeringhassetup
a
resultofitslong—time
welldefinedprofessional
an
sphereofitsownwithdistinctiveprofessionallanguageinEnglish,thusitprovidesidealtestgroundforthe
validitYandinterpretativepowerofmetaphortheoriesand
a11
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages
opportunityforfurtheringthatofEEEinparticular.
our
understandingbothofthe
nature
oflanguageingeneraland
Ontheotherhand,metaphor,especiallyconceptualmetaphor,ofwhichLakoffisrepresentativeresearcher;is
a
a
verypopularandinteresting
as
theoryinmodernlinguistics.Inconceptual
domainin
cognitivelinguistics,metaphorisdefined
understanding
one
one
termsofanotherconceptualdomain;forexample,usingunderstand
a
person‘Slifeexperienceto
can
diffe.rentpersonlSexperience.Aconceptualdomain
a
bean37coherent
organizationofexperience.Man37
greatlinguistsandlinguisticleamershavemadestudy
andresearchforit.Infactmetaphorisaboutunderstandingandcognitivepsychologyratherthan
a
figurativespeechintraditionaldefinition.So,metaphoroffers
a
wayof
understandingESPandinEEEinthePaper
M37aiminthisthesisis
topresent
reason
a
perspective
on
thewaysinwhichEEEworks,
thatis,toexplorehowpeolaleaboutthephenomenaofelectricalengineeringin
a
English,includingitsdesignandexperiments.Aselectricaltechnicianand
an
resultofmanyyears’experience
a
asan
Englishfan,Ihaveread
as
lotofEEEma!erialsandcometo
as
learn,throughmyexperiencewithlaypeople
have
Well
someelectricaltechnicianswho
hadexperienceinEnglishlearningandapplication,thatmostpeopledon’thavea
clearunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheirknowledgeofelectricengineeringandotherformsofknowing.Thismeansthattheydon’tfullyappreciatehowEEEworks.Amongthoselaypeople,thereisaboutsuchmattersfieldwith
a
as
a
widespreadfeelingthatitdoesn’tpaytobe
as
toocurious
electricengineering,whichisoftenconsideredcommunity,andcannotbe
as
a
highlyspecialized
closed
readily
can
entered.Formany,electricalbe
practicedonly
after
long
engineeringisviewed
formof
magicthat
an
apprenticeship.Thethesisisconcernedwith
aspectofsciencethatislargelyabsent
fromtextbooksyetiscentraltotheunderstandingofthenatureofelectricalengineering.1
wanttoshowthathowEEEisgovernedbymetaphoricalreasoning.
1.2Status
QuoofResearchesinQuestion
Sincemetaphorentersintothecommunicationofscientificidea,andsometimes
Reasonine,StatineandUnderstandingVcithImages
influences
formulationofscientificproblems.andthe
and
approached,many
works
on
ways
in
whichproblems
are
conceptualized
metaphorhave
beendedicatedto
ESP…the
The
sphereofEnglishforscienceandtechnology.Forinstance,CurrentComments:
byEugeneGarfieldin
andprovides
a
Metapho7c‘一ScienceConnection
uses
1986(Eugene,1986)examines
of
selected
some
ofmetaphorinthe
science
bibliographicsurvey
literature
on
topic.MakingTruth:Metaphorin
SciencebyTheodoreL.Brownin2003
on
(TheodoreL.Brown,2003)presents
cog-nitiveperspective
thewaysinwhichscience
getsdone;TheodoreL.Brownarguesthatmostlaypeople,andman},scientists,donot
have
a
clearunderstandingofhowmetaphorrelatestoscientificthinking.With
stunning
clarity,andbridgingtheworldsofscientistsandnonscientists,Browndemonstratesthepresenceandthepowerofmetaphoricalthought.Toillustratetherolesofmetaphorinscience,Brownpresents
a
seriesofstudiesofscientificsystems.Theserangefromthe
atom,historicall),oneofthe.mostimportantideasinscience,throughmodelsinchemistr3,andbiology,includingcurrent”hot”topicssuch
andglobalwarming.Thecasestudiesin
nature
as
proteinfolding,chaperoneproteins,
MakingTruthillustratethedeeplymetaphorical
ofscientificreasoningandcommunication.Theyprovidethebasisforfar—reaching
as
an
conclusionsaboutscience
intellectualandsocialpracticeandaboutthenatureof
scientifictruth.HowDoScientistsThink?ByN.Nersessionin
1992(CognitiveModels
thedynamics
ofof
Science,1992:pp45—76)is
conceptualchangein
anotherresearchin
thisfield,capturing
science;Metaphol‘SinScienceandEducationby
W.Taylor
in1984
andthe.Procedm4alTur咒byGoodingin
1990.Alltheseworksanalyzeand—studythe
on
metaphorphenomenainscienceandgivedetaileddescriptionformedandwhattheyfunctionworks
on
howthemetaphors
also
can
are
inunderstanding
Science.We
findmetaphor
concreteESP,especiallyinAdvertisementandcomputerfield:Inordertoattract
an
people’Sattention,ortoexplain
unfamiliarproducts
or
scientificphenomenontothe
public,metaphorsareadoptedconsciouslyandquiteoftenunconsciously.Howeverresearchesregard
as
or
discussionsOnthe
use
ofmetaphorinEEE
are
rarelyfound.That’SwhatI
meaningfulinmythesis
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWith
Image——s
1.3Approach
contents
adopted
in
thisworkandpreviewofthe
major
Thehypothesisandtheoreticalbaseformyresearchisthatmetaphorplaysroleinthedevelopmentofscientificbeginnings
throughto
its
full
a
central
subjects,includingelectric
as
a
engineering,fromitsverybody
of
knowledgeand
development
mature
understanding.Itfiguresinthescientist’Sinitialcreativeimpulses,ininterpretationsofexperimentaldata,informulationsbetweenscientistsand
ofscientificexplanations,andincommunication
betweenscientistsandtherestoftheworld.Thisresearchis
mainlyintendedtodiSCHSSthefunctionsofconceptualmetaphorsintheexpressionandunderstandingofEEE.Ihaveselectedsamplesfromelectricengineeringdisciplinebothinlinguisticandnon—linguisticforms.TheemphasisisinEEE.Before
one
can
on
showingtherolesofmetaphor
sciencereasoningand
discern
themetaphoricalnatureof
communicationinthesediverseexamples,it’Snecessarytounderstandthebasicsofthetheoryofconceptualmetaphor.Oneoftheinitialchaptersthereforepresents
account
a
brief
ofthetheory
asa
basis
on
on
whichtofollowthedevelopmentsinsubsequences.
Then,therationaleisbased
thefollowinglogicsequence:
are
1)ExplainwhatisESPandwhatisEEEandhowthey
fromeach
recognizedandisolated
Other;
7)Explaintheoriesofmetaphoringeneral;3)Conceptual.metaphorinparticular;
Explainhowmetaphors
are
identifiedinEEEbothinlanguageandnon—language
expressions,andanalyzehowmetaphorworksinEEE;
5)Conclude
theeffectivenessof
metaphor
theoriesin
interpreting
EEEand
suggestionsforapplicationinlearningEEE.
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWith
Images
ChapterII
2.1ESPinPerspective
2.1.1
ESP&EEE
EmergenceofESP
a
Aswithmostdevelopmentsinhumanactivity,ESPwasnot
movement,butrather
a
plannedandcoherent
phenomenonthatgrewoutof
a
a
numberofconvergingtrends.
Thesetrendshaveoperatedinthree.main
reasons
varied,ofways
aroundtheworld,butwecanidentify
commontotheemergenceofallESE
ThefirstistheexpansionofdemandforEnglishtosuitparticularneeds.TheendoftheSecond
WorldWar
in
1945heralded
an
ageof
enormous
an
and
unprecedented
expansioninscientific:technicalandeconomicactivit3,on
expansion
internationalscale.This
created’a
in
worldtheir
unifiedand
dominatedby
soon
two
forces--technology
a
and
cornmerce--w,hich
relentless
progressgenerated
demand
for
an
internationallanguage.Forvariousreasons,mostnotablytheeconomicpoweroftheUnited
Statesinthepost-warworld,thisrolefelltoEnglish.AsEnglishbecamethe
a
acceptedinternationallanguageoftechnologyandcommerce,itcreatedoflearnerswhoknewspecificallywhytheywerelearning-womenwhowanted
to
a
newgeneration
and
language--businessmen
sell
theirproducts,mechanicswhohadtoreadinstruction
a
manuals,doctorswhoneededtokeepupwithdevelopmentsintheirfieldandrangeofstudentswhose
course
whole
ofstudyincludedtextbooksand
journalsonlyavailablein
English.AlltheseandmanyothersneededEngHshand,mostimportantly,theyknewwhytheyneededit.
Atthesame
t.ime,influential
newideasbegan
to
emergeinthestudyoflanguage
TraditionallytheaimoflinguisticshadbeentodescribetherulesofEnglishusage,thatis,
thegrammar.Howeverthenet,studiesshiftedattentionawayfrom
definingtheformal
featuresofreal
language
usagetodiscoveringthewaysinwhichlanguageisactuallyusedin
findingofthisresearch
a
communication(Widdowson,1978).One
wasthatthe
languagespokenandwrittenvariesconsiderably,andin
numberofdifferentways,from
one
contexttoanother.Thisgaverisetotheviewthatthereareimportantdifferences
between,say,theEnglishof,commerceandthatofengineering,theseideasmarriedupnaturallywiththedevelopmentofEnglishwassimple:iflanguagevaries
from
one
courses
forspecificgroupsoflearners,theidea
situationtoanother,itshouldbepossibleto
determinethefeaturesofspecificsituationsandthenmakethethesefeaturesthebasisOf
the1earners’course.
Newdevelopmentsineducationalpsychol093,alsocontributedtotheriseofEPS,byemphasizingthecentral’importanceofthelearnersandtheirattitudestolearningfe.g.
Rodgers,1969).Learners
have
an
were
on
seen
tohavedifferentneedsandinterest,whichwould
on
importantinfluence
theirmotivationtolearnandthereforetheeffectiveness
oftheirlearning.TheassumptionisthatEnglishcoursedesignedtotheirneedswould
improvethelearner’Smotivationandtherebymakelearningbetterandfaster.
2.1.2
Developmentofresearches
on
ESP
a
Thegrowtho.fESP,then,wasbroughtaboutby
factors:theexpansionofdemandforEnglish
to
combinationofthreeimportant
suitparticularneedsanddevelopmentsin
to
thefieldsoflinguisticsandeducationalpsychology.Allthreefactorsseemedtowardstheneedforincreasedspecializationinlanguagelearning.
point
Fromitsearlybeginninginthe1960s,ESPhasundergonethreemainphasesofdevelopment.Registeranalysis,thefirststage,tookplaceinthe1960sandearly1970sandwasassociatedinparticularwiththeworkofPeter
Strevens(Halliday,McIntosh
John
and
Strevens,1964),JackEwer(Ewer
on
and
Latorre,1969)andSwales(1971).Operating
a
thebasicprinciplethattheEnglishof,say,ElectricEngineeringconstituted
or
specific
registerdifferentfromthatof,say,Biology
GeneralEnglish;.theaimoftheanalysis
wastoidentifythegrammaticalandlexicalfeaturesoftheseregisters.
Thesecondstageis
beyondthelevelofsentences,thatisRhetorical
or
Discourse
Analysis.TheleadinglightsinthismovementwereHenryWiddowsoninBritainandthe
SO—called
WashingtonSchoolofLarrySelinker,LouisTrimble,JohnLackstromandMary
Todd—TrimbleintheUnitedStates.Registeranalysisshiftedattentiontounderstanding
how
sentences
werecombinesindiscoursetoproducemeaning.Theconcernofresearch,
to
therefore,was
identifytheorganizationalpatternsintextsandtospecifythelinguistic
are
meansbywhichthesepatternsofthe.ESP
course
signaled.Thesepatternswouldthenformthesyllabus
What
thethirdstageaimed
to
dowastotaketheexistingknowledgeandsetiton
a
morescientificbasis:b3,establishingproceduresforrelatinglanguageanal3,sismorecloselytolearner’S
reasons
forlearning.Giventhatthepurposeof
a
an
ESPCourseisto
enablelearnerstofunctionadequatelyintargetsituation,thatisthesituationinwhich
thelearnerswilt
use
thelanguagethey
are
learning,thentheESP
course
designprocess
a
shouldproceedbyfirstidentifyingthetargetsituationandthencarryingout
rigorous
anal3,sisofthelinguisticfeaturesofthatsituation.Theidentifiedfeatureswillformthe837llabusoftheESPcourse.Theprocessisknowas“targetsituationanalysis’’
Thetargetsituationanal3,sisstagemarkedhadpreviouslybeendoneverymuchin
a
a
certain:‘comingofage’’for
ESP.What
piecemealwaynowsystematizedandlearner
course
needwasapparentlyplacedatthecenterofthe
Inthefirsttwostagesofthe
designprocess
development
ofESPalltheanalysishasbeenofthe
surfaceformsofthe
as
language(whetheratsentencelevel,asinregisteranalysis,orabove,
indiscourse
at
analysis).Thetargetsituationanalysis
oflearnerneeditstilllooked
mainly
thesurfacelinguisticfeaturesofthetargetsituation.
stage
ThefourthofESPhas
seenan
attempttolookbelowthesurfaceandto
use.一
considernot.thelanguageitselfbutthethinkingprocessesthatunderlielanguageThereis
no
dominantfigureinthismovement,althoughwemightmentiontheworkof
CharlesAldersonandSandy
on
Frangoise
Grellet(1981),ChristineNuttall(1982)and
Urquhart(1984)ashaving
oftheworkintheground
area
madesignificantcontributionstowork
readingskills.Most
ofskillsandstrategies,however,hasbeendoneclosetothe
as
inschemessuch
theNationalESP
ProjectinBrazilandtheUniversityof
MalayaESPProject.
Boththese
projectsweresetuptocopewithstudysituationswherethemediumof
instructionisthemothertonguebutstudentsneedtoreadwhichefforts
are
a
numberofspecialisttexts
availableonlyinEnglish.Thereadingstrategies.
projectshave,therefore,concentratedtheir
on
Theprincipalideabehindtheskills—centeredapproachisthatunderlyingalllanguage
use
there
are
commonreasoningandinterpretingprocesses,which,regardlessofthe
surfaceforms,enableUStoextractmeaningfromdiscourse.Thereis,therefore,noneedtofocuscloselyonthesurfaceforms,forexamplesguessingthemeaningofwordsfrom
context,usingvisuallayouttodeterminethetypeoftext,exploitingcognates(i.e.wordswhich
are
similarinthemothertongueandthetarget
language)etc.
Ashasbeennoted,intermsofmaterialsthisapproachgenerallyputstheemphasis
on
reading
or
listeningstrategies.Thecharacteristicexercisesgetthelearnerstoreflect
on
andanalyzehowmeaningisproducedinandretrievedfromwrittenorspokendiscourse
Takingtheir
cue
fromcognitivelearningtheories,thelanguagelearners
can
aretreatedas
thinkingbeingswhoemployinlanguage
beaskedtoobserveandverbalisetheinterpretiveprocessesthe},
use.
2.1.3
FocusofthisworkinESP
SO
A11ofthestagesaboveoutlined
are
farhavebeenfundamentallyflawed.inthatthey
allbasedindescriptionsoflanguage
case
use.Whether
thisdescriptionisofsurfaceforms,
as
inthe
ofregisteranalysis:orofunderlyingprocesses,asintheskillsandstrategies
concern
approach,the
concern
ineach
case
iswithdescribingwhatpeoplewithlanguage.But
our
inESPisnotwithlanguageuse-althoughthiswillhelptodefinethe
concern
course
objective.Our
iswith
language
learning.We
cannot
simply
assumethat
describingandexemplifyingwhatpeopledowithlanguagewillenablesomeoneto1earnit.Ifthatwereso,wewouldneedtododictionaryinordertolearnunderstanding
a
no
morethanread
a
grammarbookand
a
language.AtmlyvalidapproachtoESPmustbebased
onan
of
theprocessesoflan、guage
US
ze盘南ing
Th.isbrings
tothefifth
stage
ofESPdevelopment—thelearning-centeredofthis
dissertation.Theimportance
andthe
approach,whichwillform
the
subject
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages
implicationsofthedistinctionthatwehavemadebetweenlanguagelearningwillhopefullybecomeclear
Theabovementionedstagesofdevelopment
are
are
as
use
andlanguage
weproceedthroughthefollowingchapters
In
fact,theindividual
not
developmentprocessofESE
not
static,thatis,therelationshipbetweenthemis
are
the
on
replacementofthelatterfortheformer.Insteadtheydevelopingthemselves.Buttheylever:their
branches
meet
are
alwaysdynamic,keeping
notisolated.Tosomeextent
andinsomedeeper
which
possesses
and
develop
a
complicated
branch
characteristjcsofboth
2.2EEEinperspective2.2.1
Scopeofelectricengineering
a
EEE:as
sub—fieldofESP,issupposed
UStO
tO
sharemostfeaturesofEPS.Howeve%itis
can
impossiblefor
tell
what
identifythedistinctiveEnglishforelectricengineeringbeforewe
in
electricengineering.Electricengineeringhas
a
isdiscussed
as
a
long
been
establishedboth
productiveandoperativeprofessionand
branchofhigherlearning.
Thecontentscoverageandlanguageusedinthisfieldhavealreadybecomequitestableandshowndistinctivepatternsofexpressions.Inspiteofthenewscienceandtechnologysuchscopeofelectricengineering
course
as
ever
enlargingapplicationof
electronicinventionsandinformationtechnology,the
a
can
besafelygeneralizedandrepresentedwith
typical
bookwiththesametitle.Thescopeofelectricengineeringconsistsof:
1.
BasicElectricPower
Engineering(contents
pleaserefer
tO
Appendix
II)
2.ElectricalEquipments,3.ElectricalMachinery4.AutomaticControlTheory
5.PrincipleofElectrica.1System’SRelayProtection
6.Steady andTransient-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem,
7.High-VoltageTechnics
2.2.2Englishinelectricengineering
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages—.
ESP,comparedwithothervarietiesoflanguageshasitsownfeatures:
1)professional
words
2)passivesentence3)long
sentence
grammati。cally
EEE,asHowever,as
a
andlogicallystructuredsentence
branchofESP,sharessomecommonfeatureswithotherESPfields.independentbranch,itmusthaveitsowndistinctivefeatures.Firstly,the
are
an
professionalterms/wordsdifferent,evenwordswithsameform,theirmeaningmaybe
diverse,whichconstitutesthemostimportanttingeinEEE.Combustionturbine,potential
transfol’met;sⅥ,itchgeal;DCAC
and
PT,CT
are
uniquetoEEE,andwordslikeload,ClAI。1‘ent
our
fluxhavedifferentmeaningsfromthatin
concrete
dailylife,meaningofsomewords
are
determine.dbytheir
position
in
thetext.Adoctorofcomputerhasmany
difficultiesinunderstanding
theworksonEEEmainl)rbecausehedoesn’tknowenough
professionalword.sinelectricalindustry.ThephenomenonismoreobviousinMedical
’
_
English,which,for
US
laypeople,is
just
like
a
foreignlanguage.Secondly,themapping
or
projectionofmetaphorinEEEisObtainedfromsomeobjectswhichare,althoughfamiliar
tothereader,differentfromthose
objects
makingmappingwithhisownprofession.
That’Sthethemethatmypaperisdedicatedto.Thirdly,thethreadthatbondsthewhole
textisdiversewiththatofotherbranchesofESP,andit’SthethreadthatIthinkistomake
thewayoftellingknowledgeofelectricitytothereader.
Fromthematerialsquotedengineeringderivesitssubfieldssuch
as
intheforegoingsection,it
from
physicsand
can
be
seen
thatelectric
theoreticalbasesharesome
engineering
boilers,valves,dieselenginesandconstructionofelectricfacilitieswith
otherengineeringfields.However,theconceptions,equipmentandoperationsdirectly
,●
involvedin
thegeneration
and
utilizationof
electricity
can
bereadilyisolated
as
distinctive
subjectsofanalysisforthis
research.Accordingly,the
En91.ishlanguageused
toexpressthesedistinctiveaspectsofEEcanberegardedasEEEandshallbetakeninto
considerationin
thediscussionofmetaphoricphenomenainEEE.Inparticular,the
.10
Englishusedtoexpressthefollowingaspectsofelectricengineeringshallbeisolatedthe
as
subjectsofanalysis.
on
ThisresearchshallmainlyadoptthelearningcenteredapproachtoESPandfocus
thehowmetaphorworksinEEE,thatishowpeopleunderstandandlearnEEEanddealingwithinterpretations
themetaphor’S
of
figuresin
thescientist’S
formulations
initialof
creative
impulses,in
in
experimentaldata,inexplanations,and
communicationbetweenelectricengineersandscientistsandbetweentheseprofessionalsandtherestoftheworld
2.2.3Theissueofnon verbalexpressionsanditsexistenceinelectricenglneenng
Besidesverbalmetaphorwhichisexpressedintheformoflanguage,therekindsofmetaphorwhichexistinothermetaphor;sound;while
a
are
othervisual
forms,that
isnon—languagesuch
a
as
linkedmetaphoralsoexists,it’S
are
combinationofvisualand
verbalmetaphor.Metaphors
twothings
are
reallystatementsbased
on
somekindofanalogywhere
compared
to
eachother.Thisuseoflanguageallowsknowledgetobeseen
a
in
a
newperspective.Visualmetaphoris
as
a
termthatdesignateshowVisualspaceis
a
organized
branch
meansofsharingculturalandsocialknowledge.EEE,as
and
particular
use
of
science,inordertointroduceitselflively
to
a
concretely,makes
of
non languagemetaphor
largedegree,graphicexpressionand
formulas
are
someof
them.Forthis;1willgiveit
a
moredetaildescriptioninthelaterchapter.
ChapterIII
3.1
IntroducingTheoriesofMetaphor
Theuniversalexistenceofmetaphoricphenomenoninhumancognition
o
Uptodate,wedon’tyetunderstandenoughofthebrainmechanismsunderlyinghuman
use
ofmetaphor
to
makeboldstatementsabout“wheremetaphorcomesfrom’’
no
We
have
no
ideaaboutmetaphorusedbyearlyhumansbecausewehave
recordsof
whattheysaid.Certainlybythetimeofearliestwritingforwhichwehavesophisticatedmetaphorandanalogyof
a
are
records,
clearlyinuse.Forinstance,hereisthetranslation
poemthatisabout4000yearsoldfromancientEgypt:Death.is
before
I?le
today
Likethe
s砂when
wish
itclears
Like
a
mantosee
home学er
are
numberlessyem。Sot'captivityfromtheChauvet。pont-ck'arc
possibly
caves
.TheoldestrecordedpaintingsFrance—likerhinocerosesandago.Perhapsthesewere
insouthern
panthers(orhyenas)datedatover30;000years
a
just
drawingsforfunfromtheequivalentof
localartist’Ssketch
pfid,butitisnormallyassumedthattheymusthavehadsymbolicOrmagicalsignificance.
Archaeological
symbolic
or
evidenceforreligious
even
or
magicalpractices,which
are
often
as
metaphorical,goesback
a
furtherthanthat.
as
an
Soitis
reasonableguessthatmetaphorandanalogyhavebeenaround
a
importantpartofhumanlifefor
languageitself。
verylongtime—perhaps
as
farback
as
human
SincetheGreekphilosopherPlato,some2500yearsago,“serious’’thinkershavetendednothing
to
beveryscathingaboutmetaphor,preferringlanguagethat“tellsitlikeitis”一
andclearlyreasonedexplanations.
fancy—justplainfacts
Duringtheperiodinthelate1600sand1700sknownas“theenlightenment”,theflowerylanguageof
theElizabethans
wentoutof
fashion.SamuelParker
in
1666
complainedbitterly
thatall
thosetheories
in
philosophy
whichexpressed
only
in
metaphoricalterms,arenotrealtruths,butthemeetproductsofimagination,dressedupin
a
fewspangledemptywords.Inthefollowing1690quotefromthegreatBritish
philosopher,JohnLocke,“rhetoric”and“artificialandfigurativeapplicationofwords’’
●
includemetaphorandanalogy,andabitmorebesides.
Mostofour’ideasofmodernscienceanddemocracyhave.developedfromthis
Enlightenmentdesireforopenclarity,andithasclearlyreshaped
ButOVer
our
world.
the
neat
coupleofcenturies,itbecameincreasinglyobviousthatthe
an
super—rationalvisionoftheEnlightenmentwasover-reaction.Bythelate1800sand
early1900swefindwritersandartistsincreasingl3,exploringthemurkydepthsofhumanmotivation,andpeoplelikeSigmundFreud,workingwithpsychiatricpatients,tr3,ingto
come
upⅥ7ith
theoriesto
explain
tO
what
theyseemed
tobe
finding.TheFreudian
:Unconscious’wassupposeduse‘PrimaryThinking’whichwaslargelymetaphoricalin
metaphor,story—tellingandhypnosiswasused
tO
nature,asindreams.Amixtureof
extraordinaryeffectbytheremarkablepsychotherapistMiltonErickson,whowasactivemainlybetweenthe1930sand1960s,thoughhisinfluenceisstillbeingfelt50yearslater.
IvanA.Richard,Englishwriter,deliveredaseriesofsixlecturestoBryn
Mawr
College,intheUSA,ofwhichthelasttwo
are
deliveredtometaphorin1936.Hesaid
(!vanA.Richard,1936):“Theneglectofthestudyofthemodesofmetaphorinthelater
a
19mCenturywasdue,Ithink,to
generalfeelingthatthosemethodsofinquirywere
a
unprofitable;
andthetimewasnotripefor
newattack.Iamnot
sure
thatitisyetripe
inspiteofallthatColeridgeandBenthamdidtowards
ripeningit.Verylikely.anewattemptmustagainleadintoartificialitiesandarbitrarinesses.’’Heseemstohavebeenwellawarethathisideaswereawarethathisideaswerebeforetheirtime:
Infact,the‘ripening’processhastakenthehugedevelopmentsincognitivescience,
computing,n9urophysiology,etc.thatwouldhavebeeninconceivabletoRichardsin1936.Notthathefeltdiscouragedby‘unripeness’一hecontinues:
●
Inthis
subject,Richardsaid(Richards,1936,PP.115)it
isbettertomake
a
mistake
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImage——s
that
can
beexposedthantodonothing,betterthoughtgoes
to
haveanyaccountofhowmetaphor
works(or
that
our
on)than
tohavenone.Providedalwaysthatwedonotsuppose
accountreallytellsUSwhathappens—provided,thatis,we,donotmistakeour
our
theoriesfor
skills,or
our
descriptiveapparatusforwhatitdescribes.
as
AnotherAlex
use
ofmetaphorbegantoemergeinthe1940sand1950s,aspeoplesuchinventor
Osborn(the
of
of‘brainstorming’)andW.J.J.Gordon
approach"known
andGeorgePrince(the
inventors
the’creativity
as‘Sb7nectics’)took
another,very
business—like,angle.Theseearly‘practicalcreativity’pioneerswantedtohelppeopleandorganizations
to
bemore
imaginative.Analogy
just
as
andmetaphorbegantobeused
as
as
commerciallyvaluabletools,notpsychologicalprocesses
literarydevices,or
explanationsformysterious
Inthe1960sand1970s,morefactorsemerged:
Onthepopularculturesidecame
theexplosionofpsychedelic,guru—hunting,
encounter—groupy,youthcultures.Theseintroducedverylargenumbersofpeopleto‘farout’experiencesthatseemedthought
a
longwayfromtheoldmodels,whichhasoften
seen
just
as
somekindofinternalizedconversation.
onthescientificside,therapiddevelopment,ataboutthesametime,ofcomputersandoftechniquescapableofrecordingneuralactivity,madeitpossibleto‘thinkaboutthinking’inwaysthathasenquiry
to
never
been
possiblebefore.Aloosepatchworkof
areas
of
dowith‘thinking’began
to
cometogetherundertheumbrella—label:‘Cognitiveintelligence,cognitive
psychology,linguistics,
Sc—ience’These‘include
artificial
philosophy,neuro—science,psychiatricresearch,ideasfromcybernetics,etc.
Onthephilosophicalside,therewasthegrowingawarenessthatexplaintheworldaround
US
are
our
attemptsto
often
SO
incompleteandapproximatethatthereisroom
formanydifferenttheories
or
explanations.Evenapparentlycontradictoryexplanations
as
mayeachhaveusefulvalidityintheirowncontext—atheoryisparable
or
often
as
much
a
story,
as
metaphor
as
it
is‘objective
truth’.Thisideabecame
a
known
‘post—modernism’(to
contrastitwith‘modernism’一thebeliefin
unified,rational,
Reasoning.StatingandUnderstanding14qth.Images
scientificviewoftheworldthathasevolvedfromthe
As
a
Enlightenment)
resultoftheseandmanyotherthreadsofdevelopment,cognitivescientists
around
tothe
begantocome
viewthat
metaphorandanalogy
aretodowith
on
the
foundationsofthinking,ratherthanbeingmerelythesuperficialdecorations
thecake.
3.2
1
Natureandtypesofmetaphortheoriesconcerningthinking,
』
1●1●
UnderStandlngandexpresslon
Manytheoriesofmetaphorhavebeenproposedanddefendedbyphilosophersof
languagesincethepublicationof
Black’S“interaction”theory.We
to
survey
fourofthemore
influentialtheories;thissurveyisintendedberepresentativeratherthanexhaustive.
(i)Simile
Theories
Black
said(Black1962)that
similetheories
are
theoldestand,untilfairlyrecently:
theviewthat
themostwidelyheldtheoriesof
metaphor.Johson(Johnson1981)held
Aristotleseemstohavebeenthefirstto
suggestthatmetaphorsare‘compressed’j
a
or
‘abbreviated’similes.Onanysuchtheory,themeaningofthat
ofthecorrespondingsimile:where“AisB”isthe
meaningisgivenbysuch
a
metaphorisidentifiedwith
metaphor(e.g.,“LoveB”(e.g.,‘‘Love
a
is
a
journey”),itsjourney”).On
thesentence“Aislike
a
islike
a
view,theinterpretationofmetaphoris
matterofinterpretingthe
correspondingsimile,andthetruthofthemetaphorisreducedtothatofthesimile.
Thesimiletheoryhasbothintuitiveandmethodologicalmotivations.First:itoftenseems
as
thoughsome
sort
ofcomparisonis_made,oratleastadumbrated,inmetaphorappears
to
account
Second,thesimile
theory
for
our
conflictingintuitions
about
metaphors’truthvalues.
ThemostobviousmethodOlogicalmotivationforthetheoryliesinthereductive
nature
ofitscentralclaim,that
metaphoris
a
formofsimile.At
a
minimum,thetheory
reducestwoproblemStoone:wenowneedonlyto
explainhowsimilesthemselveswork
Further,ifthemeaningsofsimiles
are
unproblematicbecauseliteral,thenthe‘problem’
ofmetaphorhasbeenresolvedaltogether:wehaveanalyzed
metaphoricalmeaningand
Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages
truthintermsofliteralmeaningandtruth.
(ij)Interaction
Theories
Theliterarytheoristoftheearliestmodern
I.A.Richards(1936),was
tO
thefirst
one
whoadvocatedthat
one
alternatives
thesimiletheorywasthe‘interaction’viewof
metaphor.Suchtheorieshavetwocentral“cognitive
claims:(i)thatmetaphorshave
an
irreducible
content,”and(ii)thatthiscognitivecontent(or“meaning”)is
producedb3,the
the
“interaction”ofdifferentcognitivesystems.Interactionists‘‘cognitivecontents”ofmetaphorsliteralexpression.
ConsideroneofBlack’Sbeing
a
generallyclaimthat
are
can
betrue,eventhoughthey
notamenableto
examples(Black1962)"“Man
is
a
wolf.”Thepropertiesof
are
predator,travelinginpacks:andbeingfierceandruthless
are
allcommonplaces
associatedwith“wolf.:’ThesepropertiesthereforeinstrumentaltOcomprehendingthe
metaphor:they
serveas
the“filter”forthinkingaboutmankind,byemphasizingjust
those
commonplacesof“man’’thatfitwiththem.Themetaphor’S“cognitivecontent’’ormeaningisthedistinctivewayofthinkingaboutmankindthatthisNotice
herethat,“commonplaces’’need
not
filterin喜produces.
be
true.What
mattersisnottheactual
propertiesofthe.those
objects
denoted,or
even
thepropertiesthatspeakersandhearersbelieve
objectstOpossess,butratherwhatthedenotingexpressions“Calltomind.’’
Theinteractiontheory’Scentralmotivationistoaccountfortheapparentfactthat
metaphorsfunction
as
powerfulcognitive‘tools:as
devicesthatenable
UStobetter
understandtheworldinwhichwelive.Thomas
Kuhn(ThomasKuhn,1979)andRichard
Boyd(RichardBoyd,1979)amongothersheldtheview,thatscientificmodelsappearto
increasescientists’.understandingoftheuniverse.TheinteractiontheoryalsocomportswellwithLakoff’Sview(LakoffandJohnson1980,1999,&Lakoffamongcertain。cognitivescientists,thatordinarythoughtandirreducibly,metaphorical.
reason
1993),popular
largely,and
are
㈣)Gricean
Gricean
Theories
theories(Grice1975)of.metaphor
are
in
thefirstinstancetheories
of
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