映像的论证、阐述和理解——电气工程英语中的概念隐喻

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分类号

密级

UCD

编弓q五塑】蟛

学位论文

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstanding

With

Images

——0ntheFunctions

ofConceptual

MetaphorsinEnglishforElectric

Engineering

映像的论证、阐述和理解

.一….电气工程英语中的概念隐喻

彭宣

指导老师姓名:割丞俭熬援

直昌盔堂处国亟堂暄

申请学位级别:亟±堂焦

论文提交Et期:2Q壁亘生量且学位授予单位和日期:

专业名称:墓蚤蚤宣塞堂论文答辩日期:2QQ亘生鱼旦

:苞丝冬笠

评阅人:

趁i圣

答辩委员会主席:丝握毖

2006年5月日

摘要

论文应用认知途径,采用Lakoff的概念隐喻理论来研究特殊用途英语的分支,即电气工程英语。其主要思想就是通过_种意域来构建另一种意域从而理解事物。概念隐喻的主要理论特点就是域间的相互映射,在映射的过程中,抽象概念就隐喻化了。

论文讲述了专门用途英语的历史发展和电力英语的现状。

概念

隐喻是当代隐喻学的主流,是本论文的理论基础和依据,论文同时也介绍了隐喻学的来源、发展过程以及在当代语言学上的发展趋势,其中主要阐述了Lakoff的概念隐喻理论和它在我们日常生活以及电力工程中应用。

通过大量分析电力工程英语中的隐喻现象,我们知道:隐喻不仅存在于电力工程英语中,而且它还在电力工程英语中占有很重要的地位。科学家们运用隐喻来说明他们观测到的信息,借用我们己知的经验形成一个模型来阐述新的科学现象并且修正旧的认识。隐喻模型一旦产生,就用来作为科学家之间以及科学家和大众间的交流工具。关键词:

概念隐喻

映射

熟悉化非文字隐喻

Abstract

Thethesisisintended

one

to

apply

cognitiveapproach

to

studying

branchofEnglishforspecificpurpose(ESP),that

adopting

is,Englishfor

theory

of

Electric

Engineering(EEE)by

Lakoff’S

conceptualmetaphor.Itsmainideaisthatthelocusofmetaphorisinthewayweconceptualizethegeneraltheorycross-domain

one

mentaldomainintermsofanother;

ofmetaphorisgivenbycharacterizingsuch

in

the

process,everyday

abstract

mappings;and

conceptsturnouttobemetaphorical.

Thethesis

narrates

the

developmentofESP,andthecurrent

situationofEEE.Italsointroducestheoriesofmetaphorfromitsoriginthroughthedevelopment

to

trendsinmodernlinguistics.The

majorpartiscontributed

to

introducingthetheoryofconceptualbothin

our

metaphoranditsconcreteit’Staken

as

use

dailylifeandinEEE,as

popularmetaphorictheoryandmajor

source

of

referenceinmodernlinguistics

Throughthat

analyzing

greatmanyexamplesinEEE,we

can.see

metaphordoesworkinEEE,itplaysmany

use

rolesinEEE.

Scientists

metaphoricalreasoning

to

account

to

interpretobservationaldata,

to

creatingmodelsolder

fornewobservationsand

createdandput

to

use

reinterpret

data.Metaphors

in

once

inthesewaysand

functionthecommunicationbetweenscientists

between

scientistsandthepublic.

Keyword:conceptual

metaphormapping

farmiliarizationnon-verbalmetaphor

domain

独创性声明

本人声明所呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。据我所知,除了文中特另tJDi:i以标注和致谢的地方外,论文中不包含其

他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果,也不包含为获得壶昌太堂或其他教育机

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(保密的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书)

学位论文作者签名:驾复

鹏名:叫争娩

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学位论文作者毕业后去向:

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Acknowledgements

Ihereinwouldliketothankthosewhohavehelpedmewiththe

completionofmydissertation.

My

firstthanks

shouldbegiventoProfessor

LiuTianlun,my

researchsupervisor.Asthepaperinvolvesintotwodisciplines,whichis

newandboldtryforme,it’Sreallyhardformetofinishitalone.Thanks

to

Mr.Liu,with

as

hisgreathelpandcontinuousencouragements,Icould

as

havemadeit

good

itisnOW?Hehasgivenme

so

manygoodadvice

andsuggestionsduringmywork.

ImustalsothankprofessorJiangPing.Sheisverykind,givingme

instructions

and

good

adviceduring

my3-year

study

in

Nanchang

university.Fromher,Iindeedknowwhat

And

SO

realresearchershouldbelike.

manythanksmustbesaidtoprofessorOuyangandFang

KepingandprofessorLiuTing

etc.With

theirgreatguidance,Ihave

enjoyed

meaningfulandfruitfullifeintheuniversity.

Finally,1wouldliketothankmyfriendsandallthepostgraduates

ofGrade2003intheSchoolofForeignLanguage,fortheirgreathelpandsupport.

May,2006

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages—.

ChapterI

IntroducingtheIssue

1.1Originandpurposeofthisresearch

Oftenreadingmaterialsphenomenadoexistinmetaphorgo

SO

on

electricengineering,Ihavefoundthat

metaphorical

themandworkquitewellthroughout

or

thewholetext.Doespeoplejusttakeitfor

naturallythatreaderscan’tdefecttheirexistence

granted,orthat’SjUSt

whatImistakefor?

tobegeneratedfromsuchcuriosity,SOisthesubsequent

Myresearchmaybesaid

efforttolookforworksdissertation

can

on

electricengineeringandmetaphortheoryand

application.This

to

besaidtobetheanswer

myownquestions

Infact:researchesonmetaphorsinlanguagehaveattracted

widespreadattentionandresultedinamassivecorpusofliteratureSOfar.However,abriefsurveyofsuchliterature

ma}7confirmtheideathatimpressive

doneto

exploretheusesand

lessin

as

theresearchesmayseem,fewofthemhavebeen

area

functionofmetaphorinthe

ofEnglishforspecific

.purpose(ESP),evenparticularsub—fieldofit,thatis,Englishforelectric

engineering(EEE).Such

shortagehasnotonl),considerablylimitedtheapplicationofthe

as

findingsoftherelatedresearch,butalsoputtheminquestioncredibilityanduniversalsignificance.

ESPhasdevelopedEnglishafter

to

fortheirvalidity,

highdegreewithitsobviousfeaturesdifferentfrom

our

daily

longhistoryofexistenceinhumanbeing.ESP,likeanyformoflanguage

learning.But

as

teachingisprimarilyconcernedwith

TomHuchinson

to

said(Tom

Huchinson&趟anWaters;2002:PP2)that

scant

initsdevelopmentup

to

now,ESPhaspaid

on

attention

to

thequestionofhowpeople

an

learn,focusinginstead

thequestionof

as

u7hatpeoplelearn.Electricengineeringis

establishedbranchoflearning

well

asa

mostcommonlyappliedfieldofhuman

productionandlife.Asdevelopmentandpractice,electricengineeringhassetup

resultofitslong—time

welldefinedprofessional

an

sphereofitsownwithdistinctiveprofessionallanguageinEnglish,thusitprovidesidealtestgroundforthe

validitYandinterpretativepowerofmetaphortheoriesand

a11

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages

opportunityforfurtheringthatofEEEinparticular.

our

understandingbothofthe

nature

oflanguageingeneraland

Ontheotherhand,metaphor,especiallyconceptualmetaphor,ofwhichLakoffisrepresentativeresearcher;is

verypopularandinteresting

as

theoryinmodernlinguistics.Inconceptual

domainin

cognitivelinguistics,metaphorisdefined

understanding

one

one

termsofanotherconceptualdomain;forexample,usingunderstand

person‘Slifeexperienceto

can

diffe.rentpersonlSexperience.Aconceptualdomain

bean37coherent

organizationofexperience.Man37

greatlinguistsandlinguisticleamershavemadestudy

andresearchforit.Infactmetaphorisaboutunderstandingandcognitivepsychologyratherthan

figurativespeechintraditionaldefinition.So,metaphoroffers

wayof

understandingESPandinEEEinthePaper

M37aiminthisthesisis

topresent

reason

perspective

on

thewaysinwhichEEEworks,

thatis,toexplorehowpeolaleaboutthephenomenaofelectricalengineeringin

English,includingitsdesignandexperiments.Aselectricaltechnicianand

an

resultofmanyyears’experience

asan

Englishfan,Ihaveread

as

lotofEEEma!erialsandcometo

as

learn,throughmyexperiencewithlaypeople

have

Well

someelectricaltechnicianswho

hadexperienceinEnglishlearningandapplication,thatmostpeopledon’thavea

clearunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweentheirknowledgeofelectricengineeringandotherformsofknowing.Thismeansthattheydon’tfullyappreciatehowEEEworks.Amongthoselaypeople,thereisaboutsuchmattersfieldwith

as

widespreadfeelingthatitdoesn’tpaytobe

as

toocurious

electricengineering,whichisoftenconsideredcommunity,andcannotbe

as

highlyspecialized

closed

readily

can

entered.Formany,electricalbe

practicedonly

after

long

engineeringisviewed

formof

magicthat

an

apprenticeship.Thethesisisconcernedwith

aspectofsciencethatislargelyabsent

fromtextbooksyetiscentraltotheunderstandingofthenatureofelectricalengineering.1

wanttoshowthathowEEEisgovernedbymetaphoricalreasoning.

1.2Status

QuoofResearchesinQuestion

Sincemetaphorentersintothecommunicationofscientificidea,andsometimes

Reasonine,StatineandUnderstandingVcithImages

influences

formulationofscientificproblems.andthe

and

approached,many

works

on

ways

in

whichproblems

are

conceptualized

metaphorhave

beendedicatedto

ESP…the

The

sphereofEnglishforscienceandtechnology.Forinstance,CurrentComments:

byEugeneGarfieldin

andprovides

Metapho7c‘一ScienceConnection

uses

1986(Eugene,1986)examines

of

selected

some

ofmetaphorinthe

science

bibliographicsurvey

literature

on

topic.MakingTruth:Metaphorin

SciencebyTheodoreL.Brownin2003

on

(TheodoreL.Brown,2003)presents

cog-nitiveperspective

thewaysinwhichscience

getsdone;TheodoreL.Brownarguesthatmostlaypeople,andman},scientists,donot

have

clearunderstandingofhowmetaphorrelatestoscientificthinking.With

stunning

clarity,andbridgingtheworldsofscientistsandnonscientists,Browndemonstratesthepresenceandthepowerofmetaphoricalthought.Toillustratetherolesofmetaphorinscience,Brownpresents

seriesofstudiesofscientificsystems.Theserangefromthe

atom,historicall),oneofthe.mostimportantideasinscience,throughmodelsinchemistr3,andbiology,includingcurrent”hot”topicssuch

andglobalwarming.Thecasestudiesin

nature

as

proteinfolding,chaperoneproteins,

MakingTruthillustratethedeeplymetaphorical

ofscientificreasoningandcommunication.Theyprovidethebasisforfar—reaching

as

an

conclusionsaboutscience

intellectualandsocialpracticeandaboutthenatureof

scientifictruth.HowDoScientistsThink?ByN.Nersessionin

1992(CognitiveModels

thedynamics

ofof

Science,1992:pp45—76)is

conceptualchangein

anotherresearchin

thisfield,capturing

science;Metaphol‘SinScienceandEducationby

W.Taylor

in1984

andthe.Procedm4alTur咒byGoodingin

1990.Alltheseworksanalyzeand—studythe

on

metaphorphenomenainscienceandgivedetaileddescriptionformedandwhattheyfunctionworks

on

howthemetaphors

also

can

are

inunderstanding

Science.We

findmetaphor

concreteESP,especiallyinAdvertisementandcomputerfield:Inordertoattract

an

people’Sattention,ortoexplain

unfamiliarproducts

or

scientificphenomenontothe

public,metaphorsareadoptedconsciouslyandquiteoftenunconsciously.Howeverresearchesregard

as

or

discussionsOnthe

use

ofmetaphorinEEE

are

rarelyfound.That’SwhatI

meaningfulinmythesis

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWith

Image——s

1.3Approach

contents

adopted

in

thisworkandpreviewofthe

major

Thehypothesisandtheoreticalbaseformyresearchisthatmetaphorplaysroleinthedevelopmentofscientificbeginnings

throughto

its

full

central

subjects,includingelectric

as

engineering,fromitsverybody

of

knowledgeand

development

mature

understanding.Itfiguresinthescientist’Sinitialcreativeimpulses,ininterpretationsofexperimentaldata,informulationsbetweenscientistsand

ofscientificexplanations,andincommunication

betweenscientistsandtherestoftheworld.Thisresearchis

mainlyintendedtodiSCHSSthefunctionsofconceptualmetaphorsintheexpressionandunderstandingofEEE.Ihaveselectedsamplesfromelectricengineeringdisciplinebothinlinguisticandnon—linguisticforms.TheemphasisisinEEE.Before

one

can

on

showingtherolesofmetaphor

sciencereasoningand

discern

themetaphoricalnatureof

communicationinthesediverseexamples,it’Snecessarytounderstandthebasicsofthetheoryofconceptualmetaphor.Oneoftheinitialchaptersthereforepresents

account

brief

ofthetheory

asa

basis

on

on

whichtofollowthedevelopmentsinsubsequences.

Then,therationaleisbased

thefollowinglogicsequence:

are

1)ExplainwhatisESPandwhatisEEEandhowthey

fromeach

recognizedandisolated

Other;

7)Explaintheoriesofmetaphoringeneral;3)Conceptual.metaphorinparticular;

Explainhowmetaphors

are

identifiedinEEEbothinlanguageandnon—language

expressions,andanalyzehowmetaphorworksinEEE;

5)Conclude

theeffectivenessof

metaphor

theoriesin

interpreting

EEEand

suggestionsforapplicationinlearningEEE.

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWith

Images

ChapterII

2.1ESPinPerspective

2.1.1

ESP&EEE

EmergenceofESP

Aswithmostdevelopmentsinhumanactivity,ESPwasnot

movement,butrather

plannedandcoherent

phenomenonthatgrewoutof

numberofconvergingtrends.

Thesetrendshaveoperatedinthree.main

reasons

varied,ofways

aroundtheworld,butwecanidentify

commontotheemergenceofallESE

ThefirstistheexpansionofdemandforEnglishtosuitparticularneeds.TheendoftheSecond

WorldWar

in

1945heralded

an

ageof

enormous

an

and

unprecedented

expansioninscientific:technicalandeconomicactivit3,on

expansion

internationalscale.This

created’a

in

worldtheir

unifiedand

dominatedby

soon

two

forces--technology

and

cornmerce--w,hich

relentless

progressgenerated

demand

for

an

internationallanguage.Forvariousreasons,mostnotablytheeconomicpoweroftheUnited

Statesinthepost-warworld,thisrolefelltoEnglish.AsEnglishbecamethe

acceptedinternationallanguageoftechnologyandcommerce,itcreatedoflearnerswhoknewspecificallywhytheywerelearning-womenwhowanted

to

newgeneration

and

language--businessmen

sell

theirproducts,mechanicswhohadtoreadinstruction

manuals,doctorswhoneededtokeepupwithdevelopmentsintheirfieldandrangeofstudentswhose

course

whole

ofstudyincludedtextbooksand

journalsonlyavailablein

English.AlltheseandmanyothersneededEngHshand,mostimportantly,theyknewwhytheyneededit.

Atthesame

t.ime,influential

newideasbegan

to

emergeinthestudyoflanguage

TraditionallytheaimoflinguisticshadbeentodescribetherulesofEnglishusage,thatis,

thegrammar.Howeverthenet,studiesshiftedattentionawayfrom

definingtheformal

featuresofreal

language

usagetodiscoveringthewaysinwhichlanguageisactuallyusedin

findingofthisresearch

communication(Widdowson,1978).One

wasthatthe

languagespokenandwrittenvariesconsiderably,andin

numberofdifferentways,from

one

contexttoanother.Thisgaverisetotheviewthatthereareimportantdifferences

between,say,theEnglishof,commerceandthatofengineering,theseideasmarriedupnaturallywiththedevelopmentofEnglishwassimple:iflanguagevaries

from

one

courses

forspecificgroupsoflearners,theidea

situationtoanother,itshouldbepossibleto

determinethefeaturesofspecificsituationsandthenmakethethesefeaturesthebasisOf

the1earners’course.

Newdevelopmentsineducationalpsychol093,alsocontributedtotheriseofEPS,byemphasizingthecentral’importanceofthelearnersandtheirattitudestolearningfe.g.

Rodgers,1969).Learners

have

an

were

on

seen

tohavedifferentneedsandinterest,whichwould

on

importantinfluence

theirmotivationtolearnandthereforetheeffectiveness

oftheirlearning.TheassumptionisthatEnglishcoursedesignedtotheirneedswould

improvethelearner’Smotivationandtherebymakelearningbetterandfaster.

2.1.2

Developmentofresearches

on

ESP

Thegrowtho.fESP,then,wasbroughtaboutby

factors:theexpansionofdemandforEnglish

to

combinationofthreeimportant

suitparticularneedsanddevelopmentsin

to

thefieldsoflinguisticsandeducationalpsychology.Allthreefactorsseemedtowardstheneedforincreasedspecializationinlanguagelearning.

point

Fromitsearlybeginninginthe1960s,ESPhasundergonethreemainphasesofdevelopment.Registeranalysis,thefirststage,tookplaceinthe1960sandearly1970sandwasassociatedinparticularwiththeworkofPeter

Strevens(Halliday,McIntosh

John

and

Strevens,1964),JackEwer(Ewer

on

and

Latorre,1969)andSwales(1971).Operating

thebasicprinciplethattheEnglishof,say,ElectricEngineeringconstituted

or

specific

registerdifferentfromthatof,say,Biology

GeneralEnglish;.theaimoftheanalysis

wastoidentifythegrammaticalandlexicalfeaturesoftheseregisters.

Thesecondstageis

beyondthelevelofsentences,thatisRhetorical

or

Discourse

Analysis.TheleadinglightsinthismovementwereHenryWiddowsoninBritainandthe

SO—called

WashingtonSchoolofLarrySelinker,LouisTrimble,JohnLackstromandMary

Todd—TrimbleintheUnitedStates.Registeranalysisshiftedattentiontounderstanding

how

sentences

werecombinesindiscoursetoproducemeaning.Theconcernofresearch,

to

therefore,was

identifytheorganizationalpatternsintextsandtospecifythelinguistic

are

meansbywhichthesepatternsofthe.ESP

course

signaled.Thesepatternswouldthenformthesyllabus

What

thethirdstageaimed

to

dowastotaketheexistingknowledgeandsetiton

morescientificbasis:b3,establishingproceduresforrelatinglanguageanal3,sismorecloselytolearner’S

reasons

forlearning.Giventhatthepurposeof

an

ESPCourseisto

enablelearnerstofunctionadequatelyintargetsituation,thatisthesituationinwhich

thelearnerswilt

use

thelanguagethey

are

learning,thentheESP

course

designprocess

shouldproceedbyfirstidentifyingthetargetsituationandthencarryingout

rigorous

anal3,sisofthelinguisticfeaturesofthatsituation.Theidentifiedfeatureswillformthe837llabusoftheESPcourse.Theprocessisknowas“targetsituationanalysis’’

Thetargetsituationanal3,sisstagemarkedhadpreviouslybeendoneverymuchin

certain:‘comingofage’’for

ESP.What

piecemealwaynowsystematizedandlearner

course

needwasapparentlyplacedatthecenterofthe

Inthefirsttwostagesofthe

designprocess

development

ofESPalltheanalysishasbeenofthe

surfaceformsofthe

as

language(whetheratsentencelevel,asinregisteranalysis,orabove,

indiscourse

at

analysis).Thetargetsituationanalysis

oflearnerneeditstilllooked

mainly

thesurfacelinguisticfeaturesofthetargetsituation.

stage

ThefourthofESPhas

seenan

attempttolookbelowthesurfaceandto

use.一

considernot.thelanguageitselfbutthethinkingprocessesthatunderlielanguageThereis

no

dominantfigureinthismovement,althoughwemightmentiontheworkof

CharlesAldersonandSandy

on

Frangoise

Grellet(1981),ChristineNuttall(1982)and

Urquhart(1984)ashaving

oftheworkintheground

area

madesignificantcontributionstowork

readingskills.Most

ofskillsandstrategies,however,hasbeendoneclosetothe

as

inschemessuch

theNationalESP

ProjectinBrazilandtheUniversityof

MalayaESPProject.

Boththese

projectsweresetuptocopewithstudysituationswherethemediumof

instructionisthemothertonguebutstudentsneedtoreadwhichefforts

are

numberofspecialisttexts

availableonlyinEnglish.Thereadingstrategies.

projectshave,therefore,concentratedtheir

on

Theprincipalideabehindtheskills—centeredapproachisthatunderlyingalllanguage

use

there

are

commonreasoningandinterpretingprocesses,which,regardlessofthe

surfaceforms,enableUStoextractmeaningfromdiscourse.Thereis,therefore,noneedtofocuscloselyonthesurfaceforms,forexamplesguessingthemeaningofwordsfrom

context,usingvisuallayouttodeterminethetypeoftext,exploitingcognates(i.e.wordswhich

are

similarinthemothertongueandthetarget

language)etc.

Ashasbeennoted,intermsofmaterialsthisapproachgenerallyputstheemphasis

on

reading

or

listeningstrategies.Thecharacteristicexercisesgetthelearnerstoreflect

on

andanalyzehowmeaningisproducedinandretrievedfromwrittenorspokendiscourse

Takingtheir

cue

fromcognitivelearningtheories,thelanguagelearners

can

aretreatedas

thinkingbeingswhoemployinlanguage

beaskedtoobserveandverbalisetheinterpretiveprocessesthe},

use.

2.1.3

FocusofthisworkinESP

SO

A11ofthestagesaboveoutlined

are

farhavebeenfundamentallyflawed.inthatthey

allbasedindescriptionsoflanguage

case

use.Whether

thisdescriptionisofsurfaceforms,

as

inthe

ofregisteranalysis:orofunderlyingprocesses,asintheskillsandstrategies

concern

approach,the

concern

ineach

case

iswithdescribingwhatpeoplewithlanguage.But

our

inESPisnotwithlanguageuse-althoughthiswillhelptodefinethe

concern

course

objective.Our

iswith

language

learning.We

cannot

simply

assumethat

describingandexemplifyingwhatpeopledowithlanguagewillenablesomeoneto1earnit.Ifthatwereso,wewouldneedtododictionaryinordertolearnunderstanding

no

morethanread

grammarbookand

language.AtmlyvalidapproachtoESPmustbebased

onan

of

theprocessesoflan、guage

US

ze盘南ing

Th.isbrings

tothefifth

stage

ofESPdevelopment—thelearning-centeredofthis

dissertation.Theimportance

andthe

approach,whichwillform

the

subject

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages

implicationsofthedistinctionthatwehavemadebetweenlanguagelearningwillhopefullybecomeclear

Theabovementionedstagesofdevelopment

are

are

as

use

andlanguage

weproceedthroughthefollowingchapters

In

fact,theindividual

not

developmentprocessofESE

not

static,thatis,therelationshipbetweenthemis

are

the

on

replacementofthelatterfortheformer.Insteadtheydevelopingthemselves.Buttheylever:their

branches

meet

are

alwaysdynamic,keeping

notisolated.Tosomeextent

andinsomedeeper

which

possesses

and

develop

complicated

branch

characteristjcsofboth

2.2EEEinperspective2.2.1

Scopeofelectricengineering

EEE:as

sub—fieldofESP,issupposed

UStO

tO

sharemostfeaturesofEPS.Howeve%itis

can

impossiblefor

tell

what

identifythedistinctiveEnglishforelectricengineeringbeforewe

in

electricengineering.Electricengineeringhas

isdiscussed

as

long

been

establishedboth

productiveandoperativeprofessionand

branchofhigherlearning.

Thecontentscoverageandlanguageusedinthisfieldhavealreadybecomequitestableandshowndistinctivepatternsofexpressions.Inspiteofthenewscienceandtechnologysuchscopeofelectricengineering

course

as

ever

enlargingapplicationof

electronicinventionsandinformationtechnology,the

can

besafelygeneralizedandrepresentedwith

typical

bookwiththesametitle.Thescopeofelectricengineeringconsistsof:

1.

BasicElectricPower

Engineering(contents

pleaserefer

tO

Appendix

II)

2.ElectricalEquipments,3.ElectricalMachinery4.AutomaticControlTheory

5.PrincipleofElectrica.1System’SRelayProtection

6.Steady andTransient-StateAnalysisofPowerSystem,

7.High-VoltageTechnics

2.2.2Englishinelectricengineering

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages—.

ESP,comparedwithothervarietiesoflanguageshasitsownfeatures:

1)professional

words

2)passivesentence3)long

sentence

grammati。cally

EEE,asHowever,as

andlogicallystructuredsentence

branchofESP,sharessomecommonfeatureswithotherESPfields.independentbranch,itmusthaveitsowndistinctivefeatures.Firstly,the

are

an

professionalterms/wordsdifferent,evenwordswithsameform,theirmeaningmaybe

diverse,whichconstitutesthemostimportanttingeinEEE.Combustionturbine,potential

transfol’met;sⅥ,itchgeal;DCAC

and

PT,CT

are

uniquetoEEE,andwordslikeload,ClAI。1‘ent

our

fluxhavedifferentmeaningsfromthatin

concrete

dailylife,meaningofsomewords

are

determine.dbytheir

position

in

thetext.Adoctorofcomputerhasmany

difficultiesinunderstanding

theworksonEEEmainl)rbecausehedoesn’tknowenough

professionalword.sinelectricalindustry.ThephenomenonismoreobviousinMedical

_

English,which,for

US

laypeople,is

just

like

foreignlanguage.Secondly,themapping

or

projectionofmetaphorinEEEisObtainedfromsomeobjectswhichare,althoughfamiliar

tothereader,differentfromthose

objects

makingmappingwithhisownprofession.

That’Sthethemethatmypaperisdedicatedto.Thirdly,thethreadthatbondsthewhole

textisdiversewiththatofotherbranchesofESP,andit’SthethreadthatIthinkistomake

thewayoftellingknowledgeofelectricitytothereader.

Fromthematerialsquotedengineeringderivesitssubfieldssuch

as

intheforegoingsection,it

from

physicsand

can

be

seen

thatelectric

theoreticalbasesharesome

engineering

boilers,valves,dieselenginesandconstructionofelectricfacilitieswith

otherengineeringfields.However,theconceptions,equipmentandoperationsdirectly

,●

involvedin

thegeneration

and

utilizationof

electricity

can

bereadilyisolated

as

distinctive

subjectsofanalysisforthis

research.Accordingly,the

En91.ishlanguageused

toexpressthesedistinctiveaspectsofEEcanberegardedasEEEandshallbetakeninto

considerationin

thediscussionofmetaphoricphenomenainEEE.Inparticular,the

.10

Englishusedtoexpressthefollowingaspectsofelectricengineeringshallbeisolatedthe

as

subjectsofanalysis.

on

ThisresearchshallmainlyadoptthelearningcenteredapproachtoESPandfocus

thehowmetaphorworksinEEE,thatishowpeopleunderstandandlearnEEEanddealingwithinterpretations

themetaphor’S

of

figuresin

thescientist’S

formulations

initialof

creative

impulses,in

in

experimentaldata,inexplanations,and

communicationbetweenelectricengineersandscientistsandbetweentheseprofessionalsandtherestoftheworld

2.2.3Theissueofnon verbalexpressionsanditsexistenceinelectricenglneenng

Besidesverbalmetaphorwhichisexpressedintheformoflanguage,therekindsofmetaphorwhichexistinothermetaphor;sound;while

are

othervisual

forms,that

isnon—languagesuch

as

linkedmetaphoralsoexists,it’S

are

combinationofvisualand

verbalmetaphor.Metaphors

twothings

are

reallystatementsbased

on

somekindofanalogywhere

compared

to

eachother.Thisuseoflanguageallowsknowledgetobeseen

in

newperspective.Visualmetaphoris

as

termthatdesignateshowVisualspaceis

organized

branch

meansofsharingculturalandsocialknowledge.EEE,as

and

particular

use

of

science,inordertointroduceitselflively

to

concretely,makes

of

non languagemetaphor

largedegree,graphicexpressionand

formulas

are

someof

them.Forthis;1willgiveit

moredetaildescriptioninthelaterchapter.

ChapterIII

3.1

IntroducingTheoriesofMetaphor

Theuniversalexistenceofmetaphoricphenomenoninhumancognition

Uptodate,wedon’tyetunderstandenoughofthebrainmechanismsunderlyinghuman

use

ofmetaphor

to

makeboldstatementsabout“wheremetaphorcomesfrom’’

no

We

have

no

ideaaboutmetaphorusedbyearlyhumansbecausewehave

recordsof

whattheysaid.Certainlybythetimeofearliestwritingforwhichwehavesophisticatedmetaphorandanalogyof

are

records,

clearlyinuse.Forinstance,hereisthetranslation

poemthatisabout4000yearsoldfromancientEgypt:Death.is

before

I?le

today

Likethe

s砂when

wish

itclears

Like

mantosee

home学er

are

numberlessyem。Sot'captivityfromtheChauvet。pont-ck'arc

possibly

caves

.TheoldestrecordedpaintingsFrance—likerhinocerosesandago.Perhapsthesewere

insouthern

panthers(orhyenas)datedatover30;000years

just

drawingsforfunfromtheequivalentof

localartist’Ssketch

pfid,butitisnormallyassumedthattheymusthavehadsymbolicOrmagicalsignificance.

Archaeological

symbolic

or

evidenceforreligious

even

or

magicalpractices,which

are

often

as

metaphorical,goesback

furtherthanthat.

as

an

Soitis

reasonableguessthatmetaphorandanalogyhavebeenaround

importantpartofhumanlifefor

languageitself。

verylongtime—perhaps

as

farback

as

human

SincetheGreekphilosopherPlato,some2500yearsago,“serious’’thinkershavetendednothing

to

beveryscathingaboutmetaphor,preferringlanguagethat“tellsitlikeitis”一

andclearlyreasonedexplanations.

fancy—justplainfacts

Duringtheperiodinthelate1600sand1700sknownas“theenlightenment”,theflowerylanguageof

theElizabethans

wentoutof

fashion.SamuelParker

in

1666

complainedbitterly

thatall

thosetheories

in

philosophy

whichexpressed

only

in

metaphoricalterms,arenotrealtruths,butthemeetproductsofimagination,dressedupin

fewspangledemptywords.Inthefollowing1690quotefromthegreatBritish

philosopher,JohnLocke,“rhetoric”and“artificialandfigurativeapplicationofwords’’

includemetaphorandanalogy,andabitmorebesides.

Mostofour’ideasofmodernscienceanddemocracyhave.developedfromthis

Enlightenmentdesireforopenclarity,andithasclearlyreshaped

ButOVer

our

world.

the

neat

coupleofcenturies,itbecameincreasinglyobviousthatthe

an

super—rationalvisionoftheEnlightenmentwasover-reaction.Bythelate1800sand

early1900swefindwritersandartistsincreasingl3,exploringthemurkydepthsofhumanmotivation,andpeoplelikeSigmundFreud,workingwithpsychiatricpatients,tr3,ingto

come

upⅥ7ith

theoriesto

explain

tO

what

theyseemed

tobe

finding.TheFreudian

:Unconscious’wassupposeduse‘PrimaryThinking’whichwaslargelymetaphoricalin

metaphor,story—tellingandhypnosiswasused

tO

nature,asindreams.Amixtureof

extraordinaryeffectbytheremarkablepsychotherapistMiltonErickson,whowasactivemainlybetweenthe1930sand1960s,thoughhisinfluenceisstillbeingfelt50yearslater.

IvanA.Richard,Englishwriter,deliveredaseriesofsixlecturestoBryn

Mawr

College,intheUSA,ofwhichthelasttwo

are

deliveredtometaphorin1936.Hesaid

(!vanA.Richard,1936):“Theneglectofthestudyofthemodesofmetaphorinthelater

19mCenturywasdue,Ithink,to

generalfeelingthatthosemethodsofinquirywere

unprofitable;

andthetimewasnotripefor

newattack.Iamnot

sure

thatitisyetripe

inspiteofallthatColeridgeandBenthamdidtowards

ripeningit.Verylikely.anewattemptmustagainleadintoartificialitiesandarbitrarinesses.’’Heseemstohavebeenwellawarethathisideaswereawarethathisideaswerebeforetheirtime:

Infact,the‘ripening’processhastakenthehugedevelopmentsincognitivescience,

computing,n9urophysiology,etc.thatwouldhavebeeninconceivabletoRichardsin1936.Notthathefeltdiscouragedby‘unripeness’一hecontinues:

Inthis

subject,Richardsaid(Richards,1936,PP.115)it

isbettertomake

mistake

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImage——s

that

can

beexposedthantodonothing,betterthoughtgoes

to

haveanyaccountofhowmetaphor

works(or

that

our

on)than

tohavenone.Providedalwaysthatwedonotsuppose

accountreallytellsUSwhathappens—provided,thatis,we,donotmistakeour

our

theoriesfor

skills,or

our

descriptiveapparatusforwhatitdescribes.

as

AnotherAlex

use

ofmetaphorbegantoemergeinthe1940sand1950s,aspeoplesuchinventor

Osborn(the

of

of‘brainstorming’)andW.J.J.Gordon

approach"known

andGeorgePrince(the

inventors

the’creativity

as‘Sb7nectics’)took

another,very

business—like,angle.Theseearly‘practicalcreativity’pioneerswantedtohelppeopleandorganizations

to

bemore

imaginative.Analogy

just

as

andmetaphorbegantobeused

as

as

commerciallyvaluabletools,notpsychologicalprocesses

literarydevices,or

explanationsformysterious

Inthe1960sand1970s,morefactorsemerged:

Onthepopularculturesidecame

theexplosionofpsychedelic,guru—hunting,

encounter—groupy,youthcultures.Theseintroducedverylargenumbersofpeopleto‘farout’experiencesthatseemedthought

longwayfromtheoldmodels,whichhasoften

seen

just

as

somekindofinternalizedconversation.

onthescientificside,therapiddevelopment,ataboutthesametime,ofcomputersandoftechniquescapableofrecordingneuralactivity,madeitpossibleto‘thinkaboutthinking’inwaysthathasenquiry

to

never

been

possiblebefore.Aloosepatchworkof

areas

of

dowith‘thinking’began

to

cometogetherundertheumbrella—label:‘Cognitiveintelligence,cognitive

psychology,linguistics,

Sc—ience’These‘include

artificial

philosophy,neuro—science,psychiatricresearch,ideasfromcybernetics,etc.

Onthephilosophicalside,therewasthegrowingawarenessthatexplaintheworldaround

US

are

our

attemptsto

often

SO

incompleteandapproximatethatthereisroom

formanydifferenttheories

or

explanations.Evenapparentlycontradictoryexplanations

as

mayeachhaveusefulvalidityintheirowncontext—atheoryisparable

or

often

as

much

story,

as

metaphor

as

it

is‘objective

truth’.Thisideabecame

known

‘post—modernism’(to

contrastitwith‘modernism’一thebeliefin

unified,rational,

Reasoning.StatingandUnderstanding14qth.Images

scientificviewoftheworldthathasevolvedfromthe

As

Enlightenment)

resultoftheseandmanyotherthreadsofdevelopment,cognitivescientists

around

tothe

begantocome

viewthat

metaphorandanalogy

aretodowith

on

the

foundationsofthinking,ratherthanbeingmerelythesuperficialdecorations

thecake.

3.2

Natureandtypesofmetaphortheoriesconcerningthinking,

1●1●

UnderStandlngandexpresslon

Manytheoriesofmetaphorhavebeenproposedanddefendedbyphilosophersof

languagesincethepublicationof

Black’S“interaction”theory.We

to

survey

fourofthemore

influentialtheories;thissurveyisintendedberepresentativeratherthanexhaustive.

(i)Simile

Theories

Black

said(Black1962)that

similetheories

are

theoldestand,untilfairlyrecently:

theviewthat

themostwidelyheldtheoriesof

metaphor.Johson(Johnson1981)held

Aristotleseemstohavebeenthefirstto

suggestthatmetaphorsare‘compressed’j

or

‘abbreviated’similes.Onanysuchtheory,themeaningofthat

ofthecorrespondingsimile:where“AisB”isthe

meaningisgivenbysuch

metaphorisidentifiedwith

metaphor(e.g.,“LoveB”(e.g.,‘‘Love

is

journey”),itsjourney”).On

thesentence“Aislike

islike

view,theinterpretationofmetaphoris

matterofinterpretingthe

correspondingsimile,andthetruthofthemetaphorisreducedtothatofthesimile.

Thesimiletheoryhasbothintuitiveandmethodologicalmotivations.First:itoftenseems

as

thoughsome

sort

ofcomparisonis_made,oratleastadumbrated,inmetaphorappears

to

account

Second,thesimile

theory

for

our

conflictingintuitions

about

metaphors’truthvalues.

ThemostobviousmethodOlogicalmotivationforthetheoryliesinthereductive

nature

ofitscentralclaim,that

metaphoris

formofsimile.At

minimum,thetheory

reducestwoproblemStoone:wenowneedonlyto

explainhowsimilesthemselveswork

Further,ifthemeaningsofsimiles

are

unproblematicbecauseliteral,thenthe‘problem’

ofmetaphorhasbeenresolvedaltogether:wehaveanalyzed

metaphoricalmeaningand

Reasoning,StatingandUnderstandingWithImages

truthintermsofliteralmeaningandtruth.

(ij)Interaction

Theories

Theliterarytheoristoftheearliestmodern

I.A.Richards(1936),was

tO

thefirst

one

whoadvocatedthat

one

alternatives

thesimiletheorywasthe‘interaction’viewof

metaphor.Suchtheorieshavetwocentral“cognitive

claims:(i)thatmetaphorshave

an

irreducible

content,”and(ii)thatthiscognitivecontent(or“meaning”)is

producedb3,the

the

“interaction”ofdifferentcognitivesystems.Interactionists‘‘cognitivecontents”ofmetaphorsliteralexpression.

ConsideroneofBlack’Sbeing

generallyclaimthat

are

can

betrue,eventhoughthey

notamenableto

examples(Black1962)"“Man

is

wolf.”Thepropertiesof

are

predator,travelinginpacks:andbeingfierceandruthless

are

allcommonplaces

associatedwith“wolf.:’ThesepropertiesthereforeinstrumentaltOcomprehendingthe

metaphor:they

serveas

the“filter”forthinkingaboutmankind,byemphasizingjust

those

commonplacesof“man’’thatfitwiththem.Themetaphor’S“cognitivecontent’’ormeaningisthedistinctivewayofthinkingaboutmankindthatthisNotice

herethat,“commonplaces’’need

not

filterin喜produces.

be

true.What

mattersisnottheactual

propertiesofthe.those

objects

denoted,or

even

thepropertiesthatspeakersandhearersbelieve

objectstOpossess,butratherwhatthedenotingexpressions“Calltomind.’’

Theinteractiontheory’Scentralmotivationistoaccountfortheapparentfactthat

metaphorsfunction

as

powerfulcognitive‘tools:as

devicesthatenable

UStobetter

understandtheworldinwhichwelive.Thomas

Kuhn(ThomasKuhn,1979)andRichard

Boyd(RichardBoyd,1979)amongothersheldtheview,thatscientificmodelsappearto

increasescientists’.understandingoftheuniverse.TheinteractiontheoryalsocomportswellwithLakoff’Sview(LakoffandJohnson1980,1999,&Lakoffamongcertain。cognitivescientists,thatordinarythoughtandirreducibly,metaphorical.

reason

1993),popular

largely,and

are

㈣)Gricean

Gricean

Theories

theories(Grice1975)of.metaphor

are

in

thefirstinstancetheories

of

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