新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记

第一章

Land and People 英国的国土与人民 I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts British Isles, Great Britain and England. 2.Official name: the Britain and Northern Ireland.

made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and small ones. 4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England,

the fourth region of the II. The Anglo-Saxons UK. Capital: Belfast. 5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of

(446-871)盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年） 1． Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.盎格鲁—萨

教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, of Cornwall, Wales, 597, Pope Gregory I

administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field ②farming system which continued to the 18th century. established the Finally, they ④created meeting of the

1.Geographical names: the independent countries

that were once colonies of 克逊时代（奠定了英国的基except among the Celts Thirdly, they also ③Britain. It was founded in 础）

1931, and has 50 member In the mid-5th century a Scotland and Ireland. In manorial system(庄园制). 章

Jutes, Saxons, and Angles sent St. Augustine, the the Witan（council or three Teutonic tribes.

Monastery in Rome, to wisemen） to advise the heathen (异教的) English Privy Council which still

克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议这就

United Kingdom of Great countries until 1991.第二new wave of invaders,

The Origins of a Nation came to Britain. They were Prior of St. Andrew‘s

3.The British Isles are (5000BC-1066)英国的起源

（公元前5000年—1066年） ①The Jute s, who fished England to convert the king, the basis of the I.Arrival and settlement and farmed in Jutland,

of the Celts 克尔特人的到came to Britain first. A to Christianity. In 597 St. exists today. 盎格鲁—撒

Jutish chief became the Augustine became the King of Kent in 449.②Then first Archbishop of

Celts were practiced

Ireland, and hundreds of 来和定居

famers. The drained much the Saxons, users of the Canterbury. He was of marshlands and built short-sword from northern remarkably successful houses of wood.They wre Germany, established

in converting the king

Scotland and Wales.大不列ironworkers, too. Their their kingdom in Essex, and the nobility, but the 作制延用至18世纪。此外，颠岛上有三个政治区：英格languages, the Celts 兰、苏格兰和威尔士。 (1) England is in the southern part of Great most populous section. (2) Scotland is in the

Sussex and Wessex from the conversion of the

languages, are the basis end of the 5th century to common people was of the language which is the beginning of the 6th largely due to the

still used by some people century. ③In the second missionary activities of 成为了今天尚存的枢密院的

half of the 6th century, the monks in the north. 身。 the Angles, who also came 3．The Early were to give their name to contributions to the

IV．Viking and Danish 人的入侵

Their religion was

Britain. It is the largest, in Scotland and Wales.

Druidism鲁伊教). 1、 The from northern Germany and Anglo-Saxons make the invasions北欧海盗和丹麦

English state.(formation 1．The invaders were the

north of Great Britain. It Celts began to arrive (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh

苏格兰位于大不列颠的北高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。

has three natural zones Britain about 700 BC.约公the English people,

不列颠岛。

2、The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。

元前700年，克尔特人来到settled in East Anglia, of the English nation)早Norwegians and the Danes.

Mercia and Northumbria. 期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国They attacked various These seven principal Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and

做出的贡献。

the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they ①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties),

parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the Viking and the Danes

kingdoms of Kent, Essex, The Anglo-Saxons laid

部。它有三大自然区：北部The first wave were the Northumbria have been

Gaels-came about 600 BC. given the name of The second wave were the Heptarchy.

(3) Wales is in the west of Brythons-came about 400 2．The early Great Britain. Capital: BC. Cardiff

The third wave were the to Christianity.最早的盎

Anglo-Saxons converted with shire courts and

responsible for

middle of 9th century, shire reeves, or sheriffs, the

(4) Northern Ireland is Belgae-came about 150 BC. 格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督

were posing a threat to his army to invade England. was brought into closer the Saxon kingdom of In October 1066, during connection with Rome, and Wessex

the important battle of the church courts were

2．King Alfred (849-899) Hastings, William

separated from the civil and his contributions defeated Harold and

courts

艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）killed him. One Christmas 3．The English is a

和他所做出的贡献 Day, William was crowned mixture of nationalities Alfred was a king of king of England, thus of different origins. The Wessex. He defeated the beginning the Norman

ancestors of many English Danes and reached a Conquest of England.据

people were the ancient

friendly agreement with 说，爱德华国王曾答应把英Angles and Saxons. Some

them in 879. The Danes 格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威English people are of the gained control of the

廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈Norman-French origin.英

north and east, while he 罗德为国王。公元1066年国是一个集不同民族于一体

ruled the rest. He also 10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激的国家。许多英国人的祖先

converted some leading 烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而Danes into Christians. 德军队，同时哈罗德也在此还有一些英国人的是诺曼血He ①founded a strong 战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，统。 fleet and is known as 成为英国国王，从此开始了“ the father of the 诺曼征服。

第三章

British navy”. He ②2．The Norman Conquest The Shaping of the reorganized the Saxon and its consequences诺曼Nation (1066-1381)英army, making it more 征服及其产生的影响。 国的形成（公元efficient. He ③The Norman Conquest of translated a Latin book 1066 is perhaps ①the 1066-1381） into English. He

best-known event in

I. Norman Rule also ④established English history. William (1066-1381)诺曼统治schools and ⑤formulated the Conqueror ② （公元1066-1381） a legal system. All this confiscated almost all England's feudalism earns him the title the land and gave it to his under the rule of “Alfred the Great.” Norman followers. He V．The Norman Conquest replaced the weak Saxon William the Conqueror(1066)诺曼征服（公元1066rule with ③a strong 在威廉统治下的英国封建年）

Norman government. So the

制度

1．Reasons for William’s feudal system was tem in England was invasion of England after completely established in completely Edward’s death. England.④Relations with established. ②威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国the Continent were opened,

的原因。

and the civilization and According to this It was said that king

commerce were extended.

system, the King Edward had promised the ⑤Norman-French culture, owned all the land English throne to William, language, manners and personally. ③William but the Witan chose Harold architecture were gave his barons large

as king. So William led introduced. ⑥The Church estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land's produce. ④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king. ⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. ⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs. ⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

II．Contents and the significance of the Great Charter《大宪章》的内容及意义 Great Charter was signed by King John in

1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5 ) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance) Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the ① foundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the

freedom of the Church and a ④ limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the

feudal law of the land. III.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源

The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned （召集） the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were

no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分

是上议院。 英语国家概况精讲系列（六）

IV．The Hundred Years' War and its consequences.百年战争及其结果

The Hundred Years‘ War refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. ①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew

stronger,they increasingly coveted this large slice. ②The economic causes

were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to ③stop France from giving aid to Scots and ④ a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes. The English's being driven out of France is ① regarded as a blessing for both countries. If the English had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ②hindered the development of a separate English national identity, ③ while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. Three stages of the war 战争的三个阶段

In the first two stages, the English won some

big victories. But in the third stage, they were driven out of Fance.战争初期，英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国 The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战

It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English king Henry Ⅴ was recognized as the French King.1415年英国大获全胜亨利5世登上法国王位。 Joan of Arc

(1412-1431)贞德女士 Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French in driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years‘ War. 贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。 Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响 ①The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from

French is regarded as a blessing for both

countries.② It helped English national identity as well as French national identity. ③Two separate nation were born after the war. V. The Black Death黑死病

The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The surviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom

into paid labour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.第四章

Transition to the Modern Age

(1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡

I. Transition to the Modern Age

(1455-1485)向近代英国的过渡(1455年-1485年)

The War s of Rose玫瑰战争

The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses. The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened. II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革 Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要方面：多年来，人

们改革教会的意愿不断增长，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。

The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry‘s reforms was to get rid of the English Church‘s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England‘s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as

the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了。亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。1534年的《继位法》和1535年的《王权法案》使改革具有了可行性。1535年他获―英格兰教会最高首脑‖之称号。 Henry VIII‘s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly

strengthened Henry‘s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope‘s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving

away from

Catholicism towards protestant ideology.改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调了君主权力，自然巩固了亨利的地位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。 英语国家概况精讲系列（八） III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年） Elizabeth I and parliament

(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with Paliament.She avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court.But the

relationship was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to discuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did

not agree to their demands.为 了避免经each other the two

course of history

The English Civil War is also called the Model Army(新模范军) defeated the king. great Catholic powers, elsewhere in Europe; 常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。但是，她与议会的关系也经常不稳定。因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，同时希望可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。

Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策 Elizabeth's religious reform was a

compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme

Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain. IV. The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴

Distinctive features of the English

Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them; 4) English Renaissance

literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences内战及影响 Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation

between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic

interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown‘ s traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell(p.57) Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against charles I. His famous ―Ironside‖ cavalry and New

After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and he instituted direct military rule of the

country. After king Charles I‘s exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the ―Rump‖（残余国会）declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king.

The Restoration王政复辟

----------------------1660

When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was

elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was

and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in

反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。 The Tories were those who supported 存：

（1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the small;

Revolution

(1780-1830)工业革命（1780-1830） 1．The industrial Revolution refers to

（2） More vegetables, the mechanisation of more milk and more industry and the called the Restoration. England in 1688. The 1658年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克伦威尔的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。1660年选出的议会要求上一任国王的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟。 The Glorious Revolution of 16881688年光荣革命------------------1688 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰

I. Whigs and Tories辉格党人和托利党人 These two party names originated with the Glorious Revolution (1688). 这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。 The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. The Whig were to form a coalition with

dissident Tories in the mid-19th century and become the Liberal Party.辉格党人是指那些

hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。

I. Agricultural Changes in the Late 18th Century18世纪末的农业革命

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the ―open-field‖ system ended when the Enclosure Act was passed. The

movement lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had good as well as bad results: 18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的―开放田地‖制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共

dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more varied; 人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；

（3） Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosures. These peasant farmers were forced to look for work in towns. Enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World; 圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。 （4） A new class hostility was

introduced into rural relationships.农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。 英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）

II. The Industrial

consequent changes in social and economic

organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和 经济结构的变化。

2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:

英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下： (1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;

(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly

interested in overseas

trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面稳定。17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。

(3) The limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。 (4) It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute their products.英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。

(5) Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。

(6) British engineers had sound training as craftsmen.英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。 (7) The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems.

发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。 (8) Probably laissez faire and ―Protestant work ethic‖ helped.自由贸易及―新教工作伦理‖可能起到一定作用

(9) England, Scotland, and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807. So the national market was not hindered by internal

customs barriers. 1707年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成海关协会，1807年后爱尔兰加入。因此，全国市场不再受制于国内海关的约束。 (10) The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their contributions by providing food for the rising population, labour for the

factories, and some of the raw materials needed by industry.圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，为工厂提供了劳动力，为工业提供了所需的一些原材料。

3．Typical examples of the inventions during the Industrial Revolution工业革命重大创新

(1) John Kay‘s flying shuttle in 1733;1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；

(2) James Hargreaves‘ Spinning Jenny in 1766;1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机； (3) Richard Arkwright‘s waterframe in

1769;1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机； (4) Samuel

Crompton‘s mule in 17791779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机； (5) Edmund Cartwright‘s power loom in 1784;1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；

(6) James Watt‘s steam engine in 1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。 4． Consequences of the industrial Revolution工业革命的结果

（1） Britain was by 1830 the ―workshop of the world‖;使英国在1830年成为了―世界工场‖；

（2） Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation‘s wealth. （3） Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.

机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。工人们

在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。

（4） The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。

英语国家概况精讲系列（十二） III. The Chartist Movement

(1836-1848)宪章运动（1836-1848） 1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.议会改革的原因

(1) Power was monopolized by the aristocrats.权力被贵族垄断。

(2) Representation of town and country, and North and South was unfair.

议会中城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表分配极不公平。

(3) There were also various so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.

还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。

2．Three Reform Bills(1832-1884)三个改革法案

Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.1832年至1884年间通过了三个改革法案。

a) The Reform Act of 1832 (also called the ―Greater Charter of 1832) abolished ―rotten boroughs‖, and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns. It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants, based on the

value of their property. b) The New Poor Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work houses instead of giving them sufficient money to survive in their own homes. 1834年的新济贫法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里谋生。

3．A People‘s Charter人民宪章

There was widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men‘s Association. They drew up a charter of political demands (a People‘s Charter) in 1838, with the intention of presenting it to Parliament. It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property

qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of members of

Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 4．Results of the Chartist Movement宪章运动的结果。 Chartism failed because of its weak and divided leadership, and its lack of coordination

with trade-unionism. The working class still immature, without the leadership of a political party armed with correct

revolutionary theory. The Chartist movement was, however, the first nationwide working class movement and drew attention to serious problems. The 6 points were achieved very gradually over the period of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been practical. Lenin said that Chartism was ― the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement.‖ II. Colonial Expansion殖民地扩张

1. The growth of dominions自治领的兴起

English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain‘s control of the

seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, ―on which the sun never set‖. It consisted of a vast number of

protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world‘s population and area.

Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the British had settled, and Lower Canada populated by the French. The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a dominion.1763年签订的

English began to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Australia, and in 1901 the six self-governing were united in one dominion-the independent Commonwealth of Australia.1788年英国人开始把囚犯流放到 New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved

self-government in 1852, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.1841年新西兰成为独立殖民地 ，1852年实现自治，1907年成为英皇属下的自治领，1931年完全独立。 1. The Conquest of

India征服印度 The establishment of British East India Company established in 1600 was a case of

North East in Egypt and the Sudan. 3. Aggression against China侵略中国 In 1840, the Opium

settlement came the establishment of the league of Nations.3. Britain and the Second World War英国与第二次世界大战 Labour government. The war hastened (加快) the end of Britain‘s empire and its former colonies won independence one people through television saw the ceremony.1952年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新发明的电视使许多人看到了加冕仪economic penetration. War broke out By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. After the muting of Bengal army in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.1600年英国东印度公司的建立 2. The Scramble for Africa对非洲的掠夺 At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was gradually discovered and colonized by

Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the between Britain and China. Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China.英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）

VI. Twentieth Century二十世纪

1. Britain and the First World War英国和第一次世界大战

The Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two

European Power blocs: ―the Central power‖. Germany and

Austria-Hungary, and the ―Allies‖, Britain, France and Russia. During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. Out of the war

(The Second World War was fought from 1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in 1939. German bombing raids destroyed many cities in England. Britain was great impoverished by the war)

As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive

momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of

appeasement of German aggress ion

was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on

September 3,1939. 4. Postwar Britian战 后的英国 At the general eiection of 1945 Winston Churchill was heavily defeated.The electorate returned a

after another. Brtain joined in several wars against other countries. The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties(摇摆的60年代)，the permissive age (宽容的时代). The foundations of the welfare state (福利国家) was laid in these years. In the 1980s, Mrs Thatcher started the privatization

policy. Britain joined the European

Economic Community in1973.) 温斯顿。邱吉尔在1945年的大选中惨败。

(1) One of the most far-reaching

consequences of the War was that it hastened the end of Britain‘s empire. 二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。 (2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many

式的过程。

(4) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain

witnessed the first oil embargo in

1973.1973年1月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。1973年仍称为共同市场。1973年英国经历了第一次石油禁运。 (5) Thatcherism撒切尔主义

Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime

minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the ①return to private ownership of state-owned

industries, ②the use

of monetarist policies to control inflation, ③the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and ③an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. She resigned (辞职) in 1990.第七章 Government and Administratio英国政府机构

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty‘s Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British con stitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。

Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制 The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy‘s power are limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutional

monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.<I．The Monarchy君主制 1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is ―Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth,

Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的‖ 2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces and the ―supreme governor‖ of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent to Bills passed by parliament.女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构

III．Parliament议会 1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。 2.The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the

work of government; (3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.议会的主要作用是：（1）通过立法；（2）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金 The House of Lords 上院

The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.The Lords Spiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church of England.The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,Scotland,Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers of

Ireland);2)life peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties;3)all other life peers.The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its

members into the process of

law-making.上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及 The House of Commons 下院 The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-making resides.下院议员由成人普选产生，共有651名议员。最高立法权掌握在下院手中。 1） Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制

A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.British citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic resident in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or

over,2)included in the annual register of electors for the constituency,and 3)not subject to any disqualification.A candidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每5年一次，且经常不足5年就

2）The Political Party System政党体制 Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.自1945年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。 Chapter 9第九章 Social Affairs英国社会 III. Religion 宗教 1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the community or the State. (He may believe in any church or none at all.) He may change his religion at will may manifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。

2. Established churches国教 There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。 3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as ―Defender of the Faith‖. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.

4. The government of the Church of

Scotland is

Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers and elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.苏格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。 5. Unestablished churches非国教教会 There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教会)；(the largest of the Free Churches – the Methodist Church 最大的自由教会—卫 理公会)，the Roman Catholic Church（罗马天主教）。

IV. Festival and Public Holidays 节假日 1.Christian festivals 基督教节日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday. 其主要的节日有圣诞节，

复活节，圣灵降临节 Christmas day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and it is the greatest of Christian festivals. Easter celebrates the Resurrection (复活) of Christ. Easter is traditionally associated with the eating Easter eggs.Whit Sunday (圣灵节) celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ‘s apostles seven days after his death, and it is on the seventh Sunday after Easter.圣诞节，12.25，纪念耶稣的诞生，是最盛大的基督教节日。

2.Other festivals 其他节日

Britain‘s other festivals include New Year‘s Day, Gy Fawkes Day (篝火节), April Fools Day（愚人节）, Mother‘s Day and the Remembrance Day (Armistice Day) 英语国家概况精讲系列（二十七） Chapter 10第十章

The education system

in Britain 1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育

Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four in Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at the age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pay fees, there are also some fee-paying

independent primary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校

学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。 2.secondary

education 中等教育，中学教育

Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondary education after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools.Secondary schools include comprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary modern schools (现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools（公立学校）。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从11-18。大不列颠90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。 3.higher education 高等教育，大学教育 There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxfo rd and

Cambridge. There is also the Open University which is ―open‖ to all to become students, mainly adult students. 包括开放学在内，英国共有90所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，即向所有未来的学生成人开放。

2. The Mediapaper 报纸

British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸)， popular newspaper(通俗报纸)， and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。

1.Quality newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The

Guardian, The Independent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, and The Sunday Times).严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。共有5家严肃日报（《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》）和4家严肃周日报（《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》） 2.Populary

newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun) and 3 popular Sundays(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。共有3家通俗日报（《每日镜报》、《晨星报》、《太阳报》）和3家通俗周日报（《世界

新闻报》、《星期日镜时。.

报》、《人民报》） Sports体育运动 The BBC(the British 1. Many international Broadcasting

sports were Corporation英国广播公introduced by the 司) and its programs British who take their BBC is the largest and leisure time very dominant seriously. There is broadcasting

widespread

corporation in Britain. participation in sport BBC World Service in Britain.

broadcasts international news

英国人很重视休闲时光，许worldwide in 38 other 多国际体育项目是由他们推languages. The BBC is 广开来的，在英国，人们广state-run（国营）and it 泛参与体育活动。 is financed from the sales of television 2. Football ( or ―soccer‖ licences(出售电视收视as it is colloquially 证).BBC是英国最大的和called ), the most 独立的广播公司。BBC

popular sport in England

国际广播电台用英语和其as well as in Europe, has 他38种语言播放全球范its traditional home in 围的国际新闻。国营的England where it was BBC的资金来源于收视developed in the 19th 许可证的销售。 century.

BBC Network Radio 足球（口语叫‖soccer‖）,serves（广播网） an 在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎audience of 30 million 的运动，其传统老家在英格a week in Britain, 兰，在19世纪得到发展。 broadcasting around 38,000 hours of 3. The game ―Rugby‖ programmes each was invented at Rugby year on its 5 School in Warwich shire networks.BBC广播网

in the early 19th century.

在英国每周就有3千万听英式橄榄球（又称拉格比足众，每年在5个广播网上球）于19世纪初发明于沃播送节目约38000个小尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因

此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in

英国参加田径的人很多，例People in Britain are 如伦敦的马拉松塞，每年春interested in a wide 季举行。

7. The home of golf is

range of music, including classical music(古典音乐), rock and pop misic, Jazz ,

Edinburgh International 出版的每一本书的样本，此Festival of Music and

外还有其他大学、研究所的

Drama.It takes place for 图书馆和公共图书馆。 a period of 3 to 4 weeks PART TWO The United between August and

States of American

existence since the 16th Scotland where the century. On an international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际

game has been played since the 17th century

September.最著名的是爱1.Population, race and

folk and Light Mucic. In 丁堡国际音乐戏剧节。该节ethnic groups 人口和种

在八、九月间举行，历时

族

1)introduction 概要 ①the third most

and naturally the oldest the early 1960s a new

golf club in the world is pop culture—beat（披头3-4周。 , emerged in Britain‘s films 电影 there: The Honourable 士）

Company of Edinburgh Liverpool. It was started In November each year populous country in the

by a group of young

the National Film

world,with 255.5 million people. ②a nation of

比赛是为期5天的康希尔决Golfers. The most 赛。

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 19th.

important national event is the Open

people called Beatles.英Theatre hosts the 国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，London Film Festival.每

Championship with the 包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行年11月国家电影院主办伦immigrants.ImmigratioWalker Cup for

音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和敦电影节。

n accounts for a major

amateurs and the Ryder 轻音乐。20世纪60年代，Literature and libraries source of population Cup for professionals.

一种新的流行文化—披头

文学和图书馆

growth.There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration ot the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from

The main tournament is 高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，士，出现在英国的利物浦。There are several the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis ―Grand Slam‖

自从17世纪以来这项运动这是由一群年轻人组成的乐thousand libraries 就在那儿盛行。全世界最古队叫披头士乐队，又称甲壳throughout the 老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那

虫乐队。

country,including the great

―copyright‖libraries,which are entitled to receive a free copy of

tournaments.尽管网球已里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣2) Drama

打了好几个世纪，但现代比誉公司。全国最大的比赛是Britain is one of the 赛却起源于19世纪末的英沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德world‘s major centres 格兰。主要比赛是一年一度尔杯职业公开赛。 的温布尔登两周赛，这是四Major forms of art in 大满贯网球锦标赛之一。 6. There is a

considerable following and participation of

Britain

1)museums and galleries

The largest and most

for theatre,and its dramatic tradition is

every book published in England and

Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.移

reflected in the excellent the United

quality and range of its Kingdom;libraries of theatre.英国是世界上最主other universities and

要的剧院中心，其戏剧传统learned institutions and 移民是人口增长的一个主要

原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移

athletics in Britain. For important is the British 从其剧院的质量及范围即可the Public libraries.全国example, the London

Museum最大和最重要的

看出。

Arts festivals 艺术节

有几千所的图书馆，包括 版权所有‘大图书馆。这些

Marathon, which takes 是英国博物馆 place every spring. 2) music

The most famous is the 图书馆有权免费得到在英国民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人

口迁徙在美国很普遍。

1) The ―discovery‖ of

getting more land and

In 1620,201 of Pilgrims ①the causes:With the sailed to the New World development of

economy,the people in

2)Black people and the the New World 发现新大establishing great new Civil Rights Movement ①blacks and slavery

陆

estates.). ②Drew other in a ship called

①The ―first Americans‖ people who could not Mayflower.They arrived the colonies wanted

more power to determine their own

the largest of the racial were the Indians 最早的find jobs in England. ③at Plymouth and built and ethnic minorities in 美国人是印第安人 the U.S., which 12.1 per ②In the late 15th cent of the population; century, Christopher the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12。1%；1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。

Columbus, an Italian

Most of all , it drew the the Plymouth

poor and the homeless colony.The Puritans（清business.But the policy from the farmlands and 教徒）,unlike the villages of Europe. ④

of the British

Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who government was to were artisans and peasants,were

wealthy,well-educated

bring the development under control and collect more taxes from

navigator, supported by Many settlers came to the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail

the English colonies in search of religious

across the vast ocean in freedom because they gentlemen.The Puritans the colonies.原因：随着

经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政

1492 and reached some had been persecuted in did not allow religious small islands in the now England.

dissent.The colonists

②The slave system was west Indies.He thought 3)The first English formally ended by

were building a new way 府的政策是要把经济发展控

于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税

②the Boston Tea

he had reached Asia and colony in the Americas of life in the New

was founded at

World.There were a

Lincoln‘s Emancipation didn‘t know he had Proclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights

disvovered a New Continent.③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new

Jamestown, Virginia, in number of features

1607. Between1607 and which would play a role Party(波士顿茶叶事件): 1733 the British

in forming the American In 1773, several dozen

Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India

established 13 colonies character.They

continent.Therefore, the along the east coast of were:representative

North America.They were Virginia, Maine,

from of

government,rule of

Movement in the 1960s land was named demanded

desegregation and equal right.1863年林肯

America after him.阿美

利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是New Hampshire, 新大陆，因此，以他的名字Massachusetts,

law,respect of individual Company and threw the rights,religious

tea into the harbor. 1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英

总统的《解放宣言》和1865命名。

年的《宪法第13修正案》2)Causes of the

Connecticut, New York, tolerance and a strong Rhode Island, Maryland, of individual

使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除colonization of the New North Carolina, Sout h 种族隔离和人权平等导致了World 1960年的民权运动。 2.American History

Opportunity was a

Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and

enterprise.1620年，清教国东印度公司的船，将茶叶徒前辈中的201 3）3）The 倾入海中。 American War of

③the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress

magic word.①The new Georlina. 美洲的第一块英Independence and its Would drew English

国殖民地于1607年在弗吉consequences.美国独立

战争极其影响

nobles (who dreamed of 尼亚的詹姆斯建立

was held in Philadelphia 令；指定了一个委员会负责场正义的战争中，弱者可以1787 to consider what which encouraged

起草一份正式宣言（托马

President:Washington

战胜强者。美国人民获得了should be done to make 5)Consequences of 独立，资本主义得到发展。the Articles of

territorial expansion and

Americans to refuse to 斯。杰斐逊起草），bry British goods. 第一届大陆会议：1774年9

1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。

同时具有深远的国际影响。 Confederation adequate.the westward 4)Establishment of a federal form of

②The Great

Compromise(on July

Movement 领土扩张和西进运动

①forced England to give up the Old Northwest;迫

月，在费城召开，鼓励美国⑥The Declaration is a 人抵制英货。 ④Lexington and Concord(列克星顿和康克特)：The War of

clear explanation of the govermen: 联邦政府的建16,1787): gave each political theory behind

立

state an equal vote in

the revolution and this ①The Articles of theory came from the

Confederation was

the Senate but making 使英格兰放弃旧西北地区 representation in the

②Purchased the

Independence began at British philosopher John unusual in many there in 1775. ⑤The Second Continental

Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of

Locke.宣言清晰地解释了

ways.1)it provided for

House reflect the size of Louisiana from each state‘s

Nepoleon.(1790‘s) 向拿

指导这场革命的政治理论，no king;2)while the 这一理论源于英国哲学家约Articles created a 翰。洛克。

⑦The conseq uences: IN September ,1783,

central government in the form of a

population.1787.7.16出破伦购买路易斯安那州 台的大折中：赋予各州在参③forced Spain to cede 议院中同样的选举权,而众

Florida and the Gulf

议院中的代表人数则根据各coast.迫使西班牙放弃弗罗

里达和墨西哥海岸。 ④Texas added to the Union(1845).1845,德克

Congress,the emphasis 州的人口决定。

③The Bill of Rights

the Treaty of Paris was was still on state signed. Britain recognized the independence of the

powers.3)the Articles of (1791)，became the Confederation was a

first ten amendments to 萨斯加入联邦

⑤Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)从墨

written constitution for the constitution of the

Washington; appointed United States; the war the U.S..But there were American a committee to draft a formal

declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And

was from 1775 to 1781, serious weaknesses,it it shows that, in a just

constitutional—the Bill

was difficult to carry on of Rights.By then,it is

war ,a weak nation can the business of the defeat a strong one.

government without

agreed, the foundation 西哥战争1846-4848，得of the American constitutional system was completed.1791年

到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。 ⑥The Gadsden Purchase(1853)

American people gained someone to do the independence and

executive‘s

capitalism developed in job.Congress was too 通过的，成为对《宪法》最another 30,000 square

miles of Mexican land

adopted the Declaration America. It also had of Independence on July great international 4, 1776.第二次大陆会议

influence.意义：1783年

large a body to function 早的十项修正案—人权法as government.And

案。一般认为至此美国宪法were added to the

territory of the U.S.,in return,the U.S.paid 10

Congress had no power 体制的建立全部完成。

④the first Congress:

（1775年的列克星顿战役9月，《巴黎条约》签署，to raise taxes.A

三周之后）：建立了大陆军英国承认美国独立；战争从conference was held in met in New York In 1789. million dollars.1853年的和海军，任命华盛顿为总司1775-1781，表明，在一Philadelphia in May

the first

加滋登购地‘中，又有3万

平方英里的墨西哥变成了美state while ordering the banned slavery,was 国领土，美国付了1千万美returning of runaway 圆的补偿。

6)The American Civil War and its impaction

slaves to the

added to the Constitution in

用；联邦政府对进口商品课of the economy:1) there 以高税，丰富的自然资源。 emerged a growth of ②consequences: Both industrial and financial production and capital mergers. By 1910, became

increasingly incorporation had

masters.1850年通过了一December,1865.废除奴个折中的方案：同意加利福隶制的第十三修正案于

on the development t of 尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的努1865年12月写入宪法。 concentrated.生产和资本become the dominant the U.S

①The conflict beween

力归还主人。

⑦Rapid Growth of

越来越集中。

type; 2)With the development of industry

3.American History (1900-1945)

（1)Economic growth in the early 20th century ①tremendous growth of the American

economy(between the end of the civil war and

①reasons: a stable political

1900): Steam and

and the extension of railroad network,there was a mushroom growth of cities and urbanization; 3)there was a rapid

development of new technology. The automobile and radio also developed. America was on the way of becoming a nation on wheels.经济发展的特点： 2)progressivism and some of the reform efforts.

Progressivism, also known as the

Progressive Movement, appeared in America at the turn of the 20th century. It demanded government

regulation(规范) of the economy and social conditions – social area:to improve living

③Abraham Lincoln (亚伯Capitalism after the Civil

拉罕. 林肯)：Soon after War 内战后资本主义的迅the North and the South: In the early 1800‘s, black slavery

Lincoln Became the U.S. 速发展 President, the War

After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture,

disappeared in the north broke out on April 12, because of industry development. But it

1861.He realized that

he could win support for science and technology,

continued to exist in the the Union at home and and population. South. In the South, farming remaind the

abroad by making the war a just war against

most important way of slavery. So he issued making a living and the the famous planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labours seemed best suited for producing these crops.19世纪早

Emancipation Proclamation in

1863.Thus England and France stood by the Union‘s side.Many black

environment electricity replaced

after the war was over; human muscle,steel enough labour supply took the place of after black slaves were iron.Machines and oil free; new immigrants; were used.People and Science and invention goods could move by played a very important railroads.in 1900 it role

in

accelerating became the largest industrial producer of coal and

the steel in the world.内战结

期，由于工业的发展，黑奴slaves joined the Union 在北方消失。但在南方仍然Army.

存在。在南方，农耕是最主Lincoln‘s speech:―That 要的谋生手段，农场主耕种government of the 了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似people,by the people, 乎最适于这些农作物的生产。

②The Compromise of

for the people,shall not perish from the earth.‖民有，民治，民享的政府是

America‘s development;

federal goverment put 束到1900年间，美国经济high taxes on foreign 取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电imports;

the

Rich 力取代了人力，钢取代了

natural resources.原因：铁。机器和石油得到了应战后稳定的政治环境；黑奴用，客运和货运可以通过铁自由，新移民都提供了足够路进行。煤和铁以巨大产量的劳动力；科学和发明在美位居世界之首。

国的工业发展中起到重要作②features in the gro wth

1850: the North and the 不会从地球上消亡的。The South allowed California Thirteenth

to be accepted as a free Amendment,which

conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit for women workers,and industrial accident insurance. Political area:to reform state and city governments and economic area:to

at the beginning of the and war, Wilson said American policy was

purposelessness.the war changed the U.S.

speculation（股票市场投

all walks of life. His

机） and over expansion ―fireside chats‖over the of credit.(借贷过度膨胀)stock market crash

radio were listened to by millions of people.罗斯福

neutrality, But in fact it from a debtor nation pursued a policy of pro-Ally(支持同盟国) partiality. American declared war on Germany on April 6,

into a creditor. There

(1929): America‘s stock 于1932年成为美国总统，

他能准确辨别什么是现实的

was further urbanization, market crash came on new development of technology and mass production. The 1920s in the U.S. has been

October 24,1929, called 或可行的。他是一个伟大的the black Thursday 没有交际者，能够和各界人事谈对各种投资公司调节与控

的来。他通过无线电播出的

regulate big businesses.1917.The Peace ①the Muckrakers and

Conference,the Paris

制。银行系统缺乏稳定性。―炉边谈话‖拥有数百万的听

described as a period of 股票市场的投机与信贷过度众。 material success and spiritual frustration.

膨胀。股票崩盘：

②the New Deal:

Progressive Movement: Conference,began on The Muckrakers, a

January 18,1919.The

1929.10.24，被称为黑色Measure of the New 星期四。

②the gross national

Deal include establishment and

group of reform-minded conference was actually More people had cars. journalists,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of

society.Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse

a conference of division The government gave of colonies of

help to industry and

product(GNP) shrank(收strengthening of

government regulation and control of banking;

Germany,Austro-Hungabusiness. There existed 缩) from $87 billion in ry and the Ottoman Empire and the

a highly aggressive and 1929 to $41 billion in intolerant nationalism.

1933. the unemployed Federal government went up; Misery and

management of relief

grabbing of as much as There was the Red possible from the defeated nations.The result of the Paris Conference was the

Scare in 1919 and 1920. personal sufferings were and security system（社There was the revival of widespread.国民生产总值会救济保障体系）; the Ku Klux Klan(三K党从1929年的870亿降到反动组织复活)which

recovery of industry and

1933年的410亿美元。失agriculture; passage of

efforts at political,social, emergence of the and economic reforms.

Versailles Treaty

claimed a membership 业率增加，不幸和痛苦到处federal labour laws; of 5 million. 5)the Great 可见。

Depression(1929-1937) 6)Franklin Roosevelt

improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain

搜集并揭发丑闻的人，是一System in Europe.

群锐意改革的新闻记者，调4)characteristics of the and the New Deal 大萧条and the New Deal 查和揭露了社会的阴暗面。1920s

进步运动不是一场具有明确The 1920s in the U.S. 目标的有组织的运动，而是has been described by 政治，社会以及经济改革方many historians as a 面一系列不同形式的努力。 period of material 3) role of the U.S. in WWI success and spiritual

和新政

①no regulation or control over various kinds of investment

①Roosevelt became the religious groups.These U.S. president in 1932. measures,was to ―save He had a sure sense of American what seemed practical

democracy‖.and help overcome the most serious economic crisis

companies.The banking or possible. He was a system lacked stability. great communicator,

able to talk to people in

frustration or confusion stock market

of the capitalist system would order after up to that time. 7）America in W W II ①The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy and militarist Japan.Isolationism before WW II and neutrality at first二战是由大国为争夺世界霸权，以及纳粹德国，法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本进行军事扩张而导致的。美国第二次世界大战前的孤立主义和初期的中立政策。 ②the Pearl Harbour Incident in December,1941 1941.12月的珍珠港事件 ③American wartime objectives and guiding principles for wartime diplomacy美国的战时目标和战时外交的指导原则。The objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a ⑤American policy

separate concepts of

was fighting against

unconditional victory in towards the Soviet accord with American

postwar world order;the commuism. It was put

Union美国对的对苏政策：different policy: During forward by the U.S.

the Cold War, the U.S. President Truman in

1947

杜鲁门主义：美国政府将会支持任何一个表示反对共产主义的国家。这是美国总统杜鲁门1947年提出的

ideals and interest; Two 1）to keep the Soviet guiding principles: the

Union in the war;2） to government would

support any country which said it was fighting against

first was to win the war, get the Soviet Union the second was to establish a postwar political structure in accord with American

into the war against Japan; 3）to influence

Soviet policy and to be communism. And the very watchful about

Soviet Union beliveved ②The Marshall P lan: In it should rapidly build up order to protect Western

interest and to prevent Soviet expansive the Soviet Union from over-expansion.④Anglo-American Strategy and

differences in Europe. 英美在欧洲的战略和分歧

intention.1）让苏联继续参its strength for the final Eutope from possible 战，2）使苏联卷入对日抗

struggle against

Soviet expansion, the U.S. decided to offer Werstern European countries economic aid. It was annouced by

战；3）给苏联外交政策一定capitalism.②George 的影响，同时十分警惕苏联Kennan (proposed the 的扩张意图。 ⑥Potsdam

containmetn policy on February 22,1946)and

A Stratergy of Europe : Conference(1945)波茨坦the containmetn policy: Secretary of State to defeat Germany first; 会议：showed that there the containment policy George Marshall on June The second issue was

were great differences

became the offical

5, 1947.

马歇尔计划：为了保护西欧不受苏联扩张影响，美国决

poliy towards the Soviet among America, Britain policy towards the Union.欧洲战略：先击败德国，2是对苏联的政策。 The differences: The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their former colonies and let them become independent states. Britain did not like the America‘s policy美国渴望英、法的殖民地摆脱英、法而成为独立国家。英不同意。

Chapter 17 America in Postwar Era

(1945-1980s) 二次大战后的美国

1）Origins of the Cold War冷战的起源

①time: began with the ending of the WW II; Causes: caused by conflicts between the U.S. and the S.U. arose basically from their

and the Soviet Union. Soveit Union until

1989.1946年2月22日，定给予西欧国家经济支援，美国驻苏联大使乔治。凯南这是由国务卿马歇尔于在他的电报中主张对苏联采1947. 取遏制政策。此后遏制政策 3）Effects of 作为美国对苏联的官方政策。

McCarthyism (麦卡锡主义1950-1954) of on

2)The Truman Doctrine American society：and the Marshall Plan杜McCarthy used ―big 鲁门主义和马歇尔计划。

lie‖tactic to persecute

①the Truman Doctrine: progressive people. He the U.S government should support any country which said it

said he had the names of over 200 Communists in the State Department.

His lies caused full-scale, were born between anti-Communist

1946 and 1961 in the

of two groups of people: blessed by being a land share of the imports of the firm believers

rich in mineral resources all other countries than and fertile farm soil,

does any other country in the world. But the U.S. share of the world trade has declined in recent years.①Currently US exports are about 15% of the world‘s total;②the US imports about 13% of all world imports; ③ Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S.,

hysteria in America and U.S. and this increased protestan religious frightened a large number of ordinary Americans.麦卡锡用弥天

consumption. 5)U.S China relations (1949-1972)

teachings(新教教义) who together with a were concerned with

moderate climate. ③

social and moral issues; America has been

fortunate in having enough people to

大谎这一伎俩迫害进步改革①The Taiwan issue and and the intellectuals 人士。他声称掌握了200

U.S. support of Chiang who were concerned

共产党人的名单。他的谎言Kaishek: the Taiwan with political and foreign provide the labour

过于极端，反对共产党人的problem was been a key policy issues. The New necessary for a 歇斯底里导致美国民众的极problem in U.S – Chiana Right demanded equal 度恐慌。

relations. The U.S. provided Chiang with

4)the postwar boom in the U.S.: Since 1945 the U.S. had entered a twenty-five years economic boom. The cornerstones(支柱产业) were the automobile, housing and defence industries. During this period, the economy grew at an average rate of 3.5 percent per year. The nation‘s GNP rose from just over $200 billion in 1946 to close to $1 trillion in 1970. Crucial to the postwar economic boom was the baby boom—the upsurge in births and military spending. More than 63 million babies military aid.

②change in U.S policy towards China from Nixon‘visit in 1972 ③normalization and

time in school for the

constantly expanding economy. ④ the

teaching of man created quality of available by God as opposed to the teaching of

labour. The United

States has a skilful and accounting for nearly

30% of the total. Asia

evolution(对相反的上帝造willing labour force.

人说和进化论实行等学时教经济快速增长的几个因素：provides about 18% of 育). They opposed

1.美国的地理位置为国家的American imports. Thus 发展壮大提供了良好的条

the economy of these

remaining problems（关abortion(人工流产) and 系正常化和现存问题）：Soon after the estalishment of

diplomatic relations with Chian in 1979, the U.S. Congress adopted the Taiwan Relations Act(台湾关系法) which violater the spirit of the agreement for the establishment of diplomatic relations. 6)The New Right and their program新右派及其纲领

the New Right consists

Chapter 18 The U.S. Economy美国经济 1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth of the economy: ①the geographical location of the United States povides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong. ②the United States has b een

―affirmative action‖(在就件；2.美国有幸是一块矿产countries is often 业及入学方面优侍黑人及其资源丰富、土壤肥沃的陆地，affected when the U.S. 他少数民族的行动。)

气候温和；3.拥有足够的劳economy is in trouble.美动力以满足不断发展的经济国进口的商品比世界任何国增长；4.这些劳动力的质量。家都多。但最近几年比例有美国拥有技术高和能动性好所下降。1.美国出口量占全的劳动力大军。

世界出口总数的15%；2.

2)Characteristics of the 美国的进口占13%左右；U.S. economy:

3.加拿大是最大的供应国，

characterised by a high 占总数的近30%。亚洲占degree of monopoly.

18%左右。因此，一旦美国

经济特征：已高度垄断为特经济陷入困境，这些国家也点。

3)the importance of

会受到影响。

4)problems facing the

foreign trade:the United US economy: States supplies a larger unemployment,

inflation, financial deficit, 3) Safeguards for and trade deficit.经济存在的问题：失业，通货膨

legislative powers(立法

subject except revenue 高法院，司法体系结构为：

最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参

individual liberty under 权); ④he is responsible bills (除了税收法案). It the Constitution: the Bill for the relations of the

has the authority to ②confirm or reject predidential

胀，财政赤字和贸易赤字。 of Rights. It is the term United States with

used for the first ten

Chapter 19.Political Institution政治体制 1)A workable form of government under the Constitution: a federal system of government which has two layers of rule. 两极统治的联邦政府体制

2)Separation of powers with checks and balances under the Constitution: The Constitution divides the government into three

amendments to the Constitution. Ti

foreign nations; ⑤ he signs Bills passed by

appointments(总统任命) 议院批准的。

Congress into law.⑥ he of high officials as well 8)The two-party system

and the characteristics

guarantees freedom of appoints fedeal officials;as the U.S. foreign religion, freedom of

⑦he has some judicial

treaties. ③Its chairman of the two major parties is the Vice President.参

①the two-party

speech, freedom of the powers;⑧press, freedom of

commander-in-chief(总

议院权利：1立法除税收。system:the two party

assembly and petition, 司令)⑨he can serve for 还有一些特殊权利：2批准system means that the freedom from

no more than 2 term任或否决总统任命的高级官员two major political

unreasonable searches, 期不超过2届。总统权利：及外交条约；3.领导人是副parties – now the right to jury trial, right 总统是行政部门首脑；2.国总统。 to due process of law and other legal rights.

家元首；3.立法权；4.负责7)The judicial system 美国与其他国家的关系；5.6.has evolved into the

Democrats and the Republicans – compete with each other to dominate politics at the federal, state, and local

宪法下的个人自由的保护：委任政府官员；7.司法权利；present structure: 人权。这是最早的十个宪法8.总司令；9. 任期不超过2According to the 修正案中的总称。他确保了届。

Constitution, the judicial levels.两党制意味着两个

主要的政党—目前为民主党和共和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。 ②the characteristics of

branches: the legislative,

宗教、言论、出版、集会、5）Powers of the House power of the U.S shall the executive and the judicial. Each branch has only part of the powers but not all the powers. The three

branches are in balance 4)Powers of the and they may check

American president: ①请愿和免受无理搜查的自

of Representatives: the be vested in one

Supreme Court. The judicial system has

由，还确保了接受陪审团审House of

判、享受应有的法律程序和Representatives can ①其他合法权利。

introduce legislation, ②evolved into the present the two major revenue bills and ③bring charges against officials, including the President. 众议院权利：

structure: the Supreme parties:The two major Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district

parties are not very different today. They

each other.三权分立和制The president is the 衡制度：宪法将政府划分为head of the executive 3个部门，立法部门、执法branch（行政部门首脑）. 部门和司法部门。每个部门②He is also head of 只有部分权利不是全部。三state(元首) elected 个部门权利平衡并互相限制。 by the whol e nation. ③he has some

courts, and 3 courts of are two coalitions of

interests and interest groups(利益集团的联合). There is no strict party

1.立法；2.征税法案3.指控special jurisdiction. 官员，包括总统。

U.S.judges are

6)Powers of the Senate: appointed by the the Senate has the power to ①introduced legislation on any

President and confirmed discipline(党纪). One by the Senate.根据宪法

does not have to apply

规定，美国的司法权属于最or go through necessary

formalities to become a and higher education.②理，私立由宗教团体、或非Secondary schools are member of either party. Elementary and But there are some differences between them. The Democrats traditionally favour government

secondary

education,which forms

性大学；2.博士学位大学；

宗教性质的个人或组织来创also called high schools 3.硕士学位综合和学建；4.《宪法第十修正案》in the United Stetes, 把教育包括在 只属于州和

covering grades 9-12,the junior high

院；4.文科学院；5.两年专科学院；6.专科学院 Famous

public education, is free 人民‘的职责中，这清晰表

and compulsory③public 明教育是州的职能，并非联school 6or 7-9,and the universities:Harvard,Yaland private

邦政府的；5.教育政策和教high school 10-12. High e,Princeton,Columbia 学实践的多样性和类同性

schools are made up of and MIT（Massachusetts comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools

Institute of

Technology）,Stanford,Berkeley.哈佛，耶鲁，普

intervention (主张政府干schools:Public schools 涉经济)while the Republicans stress the

are created, financially 2）Elementary and supported and governed secondary educationin

the US

role of the market (市场by states or 作用)more. On social issue the Democrats

communities, and

Elementary schools: In with somewhat different 林斯顿，哥伦比亚，麻省理

tasks. There are 21000 工学院，斯坦福，伯克利。 public secondary

4)the admission system

private ones by religious some states the

support a strong social groups, or nonreligious elementary school

security system (社会安private organizations or covers grades 1-8, but schools and a number of in US univerisities: The 全保障体制) while the Republicans oppose large governmental

individuals.④the Tenth in some other states it private secondary Amendment to the Constitution said

general standards for

covers grades 1-5 or 6. schools in the US.中学包admission include so it takes 5,6or 8 years 括9-12年级或初中6或7success ful completion

social security programs. education was included to finish the elementary 到9，高中10-12。中学包of high school(高中毕业), In spite of these differenes, the two parties both believe in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of

among the

responsibilities which were ―reserved to the states or the people‖,

school in the United

括不同教学任务的综合性学high school grade point

Stetes. The elementary 校，普通文化课学校和职业average(GPA)( 高中年纪school curriculum(课程) 和技术学校。共有21000mainly consists of

所公立中学和一些私立中学。

3)Different types of

平均积分点成绩) and class rank (在班级名次),results from standardized tests such

This makes it clear that mastery of the education is a function ―basics‖(基础课) ，

means of production(坚of the state, not the 持生产资料私有制) .

federal government.⑤

such as reading, writing, colleges and universities: as the Scholastic and arithmetic or

①賊~ research

Aptitude Test (SIA)(学生技能测试) and American

diversity and sameness mathematics.一些州小学universities②doctoral

Chapter 20. Education

in educational policy

包括1-8年级，但另一些是universities ③master‘s College Testing

1)Characteristics of American education: ① formal education in the US consistes of elementary, secondary

and practice. 1.正式教育1-5或6年级。所以在美国comprehensive colleges Program‘s(美国大学考试包括初等、中等、高等教育小学要花5，6或8年完成。and universities.④2.构成公共教育的初、中等小学的课程重要包括 基本

Liberal arts colleges ⑤

计划) examination. But some universities practise open admission(敞开招生):

教育是免费和义务的；3.公知识‘的掌握，比如阅读，写junior colleges ⑥立和私立学校：公立学校由作，和算术或数学。 州或社区创建、资助和管

Secondary Schools:

specialized institutions.

学院和大学的区别：1.研究they admit all high

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