高考英语资料包

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高中英语资料

杞县高中英语组:张伟

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高考英语考点聚焦一 句子结构是学好英语的基本功

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。英语的最小单位是字母,字母构成句子,句子构成了段落,段落构成了篇章。篇章结构是高考的必考课,七选五就是刻意考察篇章的。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。 (一)句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种: 1)陈述句(肯定、否定):He is six years old;

She didn‘t hear of you before.

2)疑问句( 一般疑问句,特殊、选择、反意): Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can‘t she?

3)祈使句:Be careful, boys; Don‘t talk in class 4)感叹句:How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种:

1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。 e. g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys.

She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

e. g. You help him and he helps you.

The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。

3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。

e. g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall. (二)简单句的五种基本句型

1、主语+系动词+表语:e. g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词:e. g. We work.

3、主语+及物动词+宾语:e. g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语): e. g. My father bought me a car.

5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):

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e. g. Tom made the baby laugh.

注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 英语句子成分歌

英语句子八呀八大块, 主谓宾表真呀真实在;

补语跟着宾语主语跑, 定语同位(语)专把名词踹。 状语的位置它自由自在, 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。 浑身的毛病真呀真不少, 前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP) 主语——动词——表语:

在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。 1. Mr. Brown is an engineer. (名词作表语) 2. Gradualy he became silent. (形容词作表语)

3. She remained standing for a hour. (现在分词作表语) 4. The question remained unsolved. (过去分词作表语) 5. The machine is out of order. (介词短语作表语) 6. The television was on. (副词作表语)

7. His plan is to keep the affair secret. (动词不定式作表语) 8. My job is repairing cars. (动名词作表语)

9. The question is what you want to do. (从句作表语,即:表语从句)

注意:在下面的句子中,形容词作表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。 I‘m happy to meet you. They are willing to help.

We are determined to follow his example. 主语——动词:

在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰。 1. The sun is rising. 2. I‘ll try.

3. Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep) 4. The engine broke down.

注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态。 1. The book sells well. 2. The window won‘t shut. 3. The pen writes smoothly. 4. Cheese cuts easily.

主语——动词——宾语:w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m

在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。

1. Do you know these people (them)?(名词或代词作宾语) 2. I can‘t express myself in English. (反身代词作宾语) 3. He smiled a strange smile. (同源宾语)

4. We can‘t afford to pay such a price. (不定式作宾语)

5. Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动名词作宾语) 6. I hope that I have said nothing to pain you. (从句作宾语,即:宾语从句)

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注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况作宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。 主语——动词——宾语——宾语:

在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习中遇到时,要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中,间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。 第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为由to引导的短语。 1. He handed me a letter. He handed a letter to me.

2. She gave me her telephone number. She gave her telephone number to me.

第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为由for引导的短语。 3. She sang us a folk song. She sang a folk for us.

4. She cooked us a delicious meal. She cooked a delicious meal for us.

第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。 5. Tell him I‘m out.

6. Can you inform me where Miss Green lives? 主语——动词——宾语——宾语补足语:

在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称作复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。 1. He found his new job boring. (形容词作宾补) 2. The called their daughter Mary. (名词作宾补)

3. This placed her in a very difficult position. (介词短语作宾补) 4. We went to here house but found her out. (副词作宾补) 5. What do you advise me to do?(不定式作宾补) 6. We thought him to be an honest man. (tobe作宾补)

7. He believed them to have discussed the problem. (不定式的完成式作宾补) 8. He believed her to be telling the truth. (不定式的进行式作宾补) 9. Did you notice him come in?(不带to的不定式作宾补) 10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. (现在分词作宾补)

11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. (过去分词作宾补)

注意:在这个结构中,可以出现用it作形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。 1. He felt it his duty to mention this to her.

分析:it是形式宾语,his duty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语。

2. I think it best that you should stay with us.

分析:it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。

3. there be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为―有……‖

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①谓语动词和主语保持一致:There is a television in the sitting room. ②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.

③主语的后面有时有修饰语:There are a lot of difficulties facing us. There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).

④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight. There was little change in him.

⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。 There used to be a cinema here.

There seems to be something the matter with her. Is there going to be any activity tonight?

⑥there be句式变疑问句,把be提前;变反意疑问句也要借助there。 Is there any hope of getting the job?

There is nothing wrong with your watch,is there?

⑦there be句型中也可以使用诸如:live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词:

Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island. There came a knock at the door.

At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

⑧用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being:

You wouldn‘t want there to be another war. (不定式的复合结构)

The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework. (动名词的复合结构)

There being nothing else to do,we went home. (独立主格结构) 复杂的句子分析:

If you want the rainbow/ you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching. 成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。 2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream.

You don‘t always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。 谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)

3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。 You don‘t find opportunities…you make them. 你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won‘t hear opportunity knock/ if your television is always on. 如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式 7)-ing形式 形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语) 4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后) Time is money.

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Three o‘clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do. 你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句 5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句 主语补语

Tom was made monitor. 宾语补语

I made Tom monitor. 表语补语

I am sure to succeed.

6.定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。 This is beautiful music. There are only two kinds of music…good and bad. 自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。

构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句

7.同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。 Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句

8. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。

1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。 Can you feel the love tonight?

Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it. 只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。

2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。 First comes spring, then summer.

I‘ve never been to America, therefore I don‘t know much about it. 3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。 Frankly speaking, the food is not very good. (三)并列句的分类 并列句基本概念:

并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起;但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗号或分号。 1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。e. g. The teacher‘s name is Smith, and the student‘s name is John.

2、表示选择,常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。e. g. Hurry up, or you‘ll miss the train.

3、表示转折,常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e. g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.

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4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e. g. August is the time of the year for rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 主从复合句: 1、概念:

主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。 2、分类:

从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语、定语从句和状语从句等。 (四)高考考点探讨

1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多,但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解,在书面表达中,没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。

2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目,几个考点,是近几年命题的发展趋势。 3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如:and, but, or, while,以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。

4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起,以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显,时间从句与条件从句中,如果主句是将来时,从句则用一般式表将来,这一点在高考中经常考查。

如:We will go outing if it doesn‘t rain tomorrow。 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon. 2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom. 3. There is a chair in this room, isn‘t there?

4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.

5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child. 7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so. 8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn‘t it? 9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree. 10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music. 二,句子结构常考点:

A 定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用?…的‘表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 (一)形容词作定语: The little boy needs a blue pen. (二)数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens. (三)形容词性物主代词或名词所有格作定语: His boy needs Tom's pen.

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There are two boys of Toms there.

(四)介词短语作定语: The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. The boy in blue is Tom.

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10. (五)名词作定语:The boy needs a ball pen.(六)副词作定语:(后置)The boy there needs a pen.

(七) 不定式作定语:The boy to write this letter needs a pen.

(八) 分词(短语)作定语:The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. (九)定语从句:The boy who is reading needs a pen.

B、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成?男孩喊教室里的女孩?(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为?男孩在教室里喊女孩‘(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作?In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.' (一)副词(短语)作状语:

The boy needs a pen very much.(程度状语)

The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.(宾语较长则状语前置)

The boy needs a pen now./Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen.(时间)

(二)介词短语作状语:

In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.(地点状语) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. (条件状语)

On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语) (三)分词(短语)作状语:

He sits there, asking for a pen.(表示伴随状态)

Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.(原因状语)

(四)不定式作状语: The boy needs a pen to do his homework.(目的状语) (五)名词作状语: Come this way!(方向状语)

(六)状语从句:时间状语从句,地点状语从句,原因状语从句,结果状语从句,目的状语从句,比较状语从句,让步状语从句,条件状语从句 C、直接宾语和间接宾语:

(一)特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.

(二)有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为:动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。 eg: Give me a cup of tea, please.

强调间接宾语顺序为:动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。 eg: Show this house to Mr. Smith. Mr.

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D、宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。 (一)名词/代词宾格 + 名词

The war made him a soldier.战争使他成为一名战士. (二)名词/代词宾格 + 形容词

New methods make the job easy.新方法使这项工作变得轻松. (三)名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语

I often find him at work.我经常发现他在工作. (四)名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式

The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老师让学生们关上窗户. (五)名词/代词宾格 + 分词

I saw a cat running across the road. I saw a cat running across the road. E、同位语:同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。如:

We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批?学生‘)

We all are students. (all是we的同位语,都指同样的?我们‘) F、插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.

情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概, actually实际上,certainly当然,等。

G、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。

例:错句:Studying hard, your score will go up.

正确:(1) Studying hard, you can make your score go up. 或 (2) If you study hard, your score will go up.

解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了).分词独立结构常省略being, having been.不过?There being...‘的场合不能省略.如: Game (being) over, he went home. He stands there, book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如:

With nothing to do, he fell asleep soon.无事可做,他很快就睡着了。

The teacher came in, with glasses on his nose.老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。

用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语(—)、谓语(=)、宾语(~):

I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.

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We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.

用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语(—)、状语(=)、补语(~):

Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.

高考英语语法考点聚焦 二 名词 一、考点聚焦

1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 (1)规则变化。

① 单数名词词尾直接加-s。如:boy — boys, pen — pens。

② 以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如:glass — glasses, box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。 特例:stomach — stomachs。

③ 以―辅音字母 + y‖结尾的变―y‖为―i‖再加―-es‖。如: baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。

④ 以―o‖结尾的多数加-es。如:tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如:radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。

⑤ 以―f‖或―fe‖结尾的名词复数形式变―f‖或―fe‖为―v‖,之后再加-es。如:wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves等。特例:handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。

⑥ 改变元音字母的。如:man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet,

woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。特例:child — children。

⑦ 复合名词的复数形式。

(A)在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如:armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — bookstores。

(B)man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时,前后两个名词都要变成复数。如:man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women drivers。

(C)与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如:

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brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。

⑧ 有的名词有两种复数形式。如:zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer —deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如:pence(便士的钱数),pennies(便士的枚数)。

(2)不规则变化。

① 单、复数同形。如:means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works(工厂),cattle。

② 合成名词的复数。如:boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人),grown-up — grown-ups。

③ 有些名词通常只用作复数。如:glasses眼镜,clothes衣服,goods

货物,trousers裤子,belongings所有物,wages工资,riches财富, surroundings环境,ashes灰尘, compasses圆规,cattle家畜,congratulations祝贺,have words with sb. 同某人吵架,in high spirits以很高热情地,give one‘s regards to sb.向某人问侯,in rags衣衫破烂,It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。 ④ 集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数,如:people,

cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数,如:machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数,单数看做整体,复数看做集体的各个成员。如:The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体);The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(个体)。 2、不可数名词的数

(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:

① 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如: 抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词,可数名词) in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)

win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事) Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者 失败是成功之母。

by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事

② 抽象名词与a(an)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如:

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me? It is waste of time reading such a novel.

She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.

(2)物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词。如: ① 物质名词有形或数的相应物体,有单、复数。如:some coffee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡,some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料,his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发,glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。

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② 物质名词有前置后置修饰时,前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast The road is covered with snow. have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. (3)有复数形式的不可数名词

① 有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现,起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如: Use your brains, please.

They have smoothed away the difficulties.

Have you made preparations for tomorrow‘s meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains.

After many failures, they finally succeeded.

② 有些物质名词以复数形式出现,表示数量之多,范围之广。如: The boy burst into tears at the bad news.

The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 3.名词所有格

(1)―‘s‖所有格的特殊表示形式有:

用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后,如:today‘s

newspaper, five minutes‘ walk(drive),five pounds‘ weight, ten dollars‘ worth of coffee。

② 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如:the earth‘s planet, the word‘s population, China‘s industry, New York‘s parks。 (2)―of‖所有格的特殊表示方式有: ①表示―部分‖时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词(a、two、several、some、no、many等),如:Some students of Mister Zhang‘s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。

② 表示―其中之一,其中一部分‖的意思时,用:a friend of Tom‘s 汤姆的一个朋友(许多朋友中的一位)。

③ 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时,应该用:that/this/these/ those + 名词(单、复数)of Mary‘s/yours/his/hers。如:

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的(表赞赏)。

4、名词作定语

英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词,这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。 (1)分类意义。

air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税 tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖

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(2)时间、地点、称呼等。

Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠

street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐 village people村民 school education学校教育 China problem中国问题

(3)表目的、手段、来源,所属意义。

reception desk接待台 sports field田径场 stone table石桌 color TV彩电 weather report天气预报

高考英语语法聚焦 三 冠 词

冠词是英语中使用频率最高的一类词。冠词的考查有如下特点:(1)考查定冠词和不定冠词的基本用法; (2)考查a和an的不同用法;

(3)考查定冠词和不定冠词的特殊用法,(如抽象名词具体化前冠词的使用情况、比较级前使用冠词的几种情况)

(4)考查零冠词的运用。近年来高考对冠词的考查更强调在具体语言环境中的使用,将冠词的一般规律与特殊现象结合起来,请考生一定要特别注意。 一、冠词的基本概念

冠词,是用来表示名词特性的一种词,它表示名词可数不可数、单数复数、任何一个还是特定的一个等。也就是说,冠词与名词是紧密连在一起的。如果用了a /an /the,不管后面是什么词,都变成了名词。所以,冠词就是放在名词前面的一种词。

使用冠词有三种基本情况: 1、用a / an

a / an 用在单数可数名词前面,表示这个人或事物是泛指的不确定的一个,相当于中文的―一个‖。注意:可数的单数名词前,必须要用a / an 或the. 我们不能说 boy, desk, dog,而必须说 a boy / the boy.

a 用在读音为辅音开头的名词之前, 而 an 用在读音为元音开头的名词之前。注意:这里指的是―读音‖,而不仅仅指字母。例如:

a university 一所大学 (虽然u 是元音字母,但不读元音。) an hour 一个小时 (虽然h 不是元音,但单词读音是元音开头)

另外,a / an 也可用在不可数名词前面,这时,这个不可数名词就变成了可数的单数名词,意义上也有变化。例如:

glass 玻璃, a glass 一只玻璃杯 / wood 木头, a wood 一片树林 power威力, a power大国 / beauty 美丽, a beauty美人, 美的事物 2、用the

the 相当于this/that 或these / those,总的用法是表示特定的人或事物。the 的用法最广,不管是可数还是不可数,不管是单数还是复数,都可以用the. 具体用法见下面的讲解。 3、不用冠词

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有的时候,名词前面不用任何冠词,没有a / an / the. 有的书上称为零冠词。不可数名词前可以不用冠词,可数的复数名词也可以不用,还有一些习惯用法上不需要用。

下面,详细讲一下冠词的用法。 二、不定冠词的用法: 1、表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个, 通常在第一次提到某人或某物时用a / an,以表示与其他事物的区别。

I gave him a book yesterday. 我昨天给了他一本书。

I am reading an interesting story. 我在读一本有趣的故事书。 I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。

There is a tree in front of my house. 我的屋前有一棵树。 2、用其中的任何一个,代表他们所属种类的特性。 A horse is useful to mankind. 马对人类有用。 A bird can fly. 鸟会飞。

A steel worker makes steel. 炼钢工人炼钢。

3、用在事物的度量单位前, 如时间、 速度、 价格等, 表示 \每一个\。 We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。

I went to the library once a week at least. 我一星期至少去一次图书馆。 The potato is sold at about 30 fen a jin. 土豆卖三毛钱一斤。 4、用来泛指某人、某物或地方。

A boy came to see you a moment ago. 刚才有一个小孩来找你。 I got this tool in a shop. 我在商店买的这件工具。 We need a car now. 我们现在需要一辆车。

She is ill, she has to see a doctor. 她病了,她得去看病。

5、用于某些特定的词组。 例如:a few 几个, a little 有点,等等。 She has a few friends in this city. 她在这个城市中有几个朋友。 There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有点牛奶。

Only a few students are in the classroom. 只有几个学生在教室里。 三、定冠词的用法

1、定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。

The bag in the desk is mine. 桌子里的书包是我的。

Is this the book you are looking for? 这是你要找的书吗?

Do you know the man in black? 你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗? It is not the car we are looking for. 这不是我们要找的车。 The man has found his child. 那个人找到了他的孩子。

2、如果第一次提到某人或事物的时候,用a / an,那么以后再提到的话,就变成特指的人或事物了。

I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop. The book costs 15 yuan. 我从新华书店买了一本书. 这本书值十五元。

I saw a film yesterday. The film was ended at eight o'clock. 我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。

Lucy bought a radio yesterday, but she found something was wrong with the radio.

露西昨天买了一台收音机,但是她发现收音机有问题。

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3、定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。这些事物当然是特指的事物,不可能有两个以上。 the sun the moon the earth

the sky the world the winter night

The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。

I can see a bird in the sky. 我能看到天空中有一只小鸟。

I like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening. 我愿晚上在明亮的月光下散步。

4、定冠词与单数名词连用, 也可以表示这一类人或事物。 The dog is not too danger. 狗不太危险。 The cat is an animal. 猫是一种动物。

The umbrella in the shop is very cheap in this season. 这个季节商店里的雨伞很便宜。

5、定冠词与形容词连用, 可表示某一类人或事物。这可看作是省略了名词的用法。

The wounded were brought to the hospital. 受伤者被送到了医院。 He always helps the poor. 他经常帮助穷人。

The deaf can go to this special school. 耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学。 注意:the 用在姓名复数之前, 表示一家人。

The Greens is very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。 The Whites like the classic music. 怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。 6、其它需要用the 的情况 (二)零冠词(没有冠词) 一、概念

冠词是一个虚词,本身无词义,也不能单独使用,它用在名词之前,限定名词的意义。冠词可分为定冠词,不定冠词和零冠词三类。 二、零冠词的用法:(Zero Article)

1. ―人名、地名、国名‖等专有名词前通常不用冠词: 1). Mary; Tom; Jim; Miss Li; Mr. Zhang; Lei Feng 2). Beijing; Shanghai; London; Paris

3). England; China; Germany; South Africa 但如后有定语修饰表特指,需加定冠词:

1). He is not longer the Brown we knew ten years ago. 他不是我们十年前认识的那个布朗。

2). The Beijing of today is different from what it was. 今天的北京不同与从前的北京了。

2. ―街名、广场名、公园名、大学名‖等专有名词前通常不用冠词: 1). Wang Fu Jing Street 王府井大街; Naking Road 南京路 2). Tian An Men Square 天安门广场

3). Pei Hai Park 北海公园; Hyde Park海德公园

4). Beijing University 北京大学; Zhejiang University 浙江大学 但也可说:the University of Beijing; the University of Zhejiang

3. 正职或表示独一无二的官衔,职位,称号‖的专有名词作表语、补语、介词的宾语或同位语时,前一般不加冠词:

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The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

Lincoln, president of the United States, was murdered in 1864. In 1860, Lincoln became President of the United States. We made him head of our class.

但这个名词后有短语―of‖时,有时也可加―the‖:

He is (the) captain of the basketball team. 他是篮球队的队长。 He is chairman of the Students‘ Union. 他是学生会主席。 They elected him president of the U.S. 他们选他当美国总统。 如不是独一的要加不定冠词:

She is a teacher of English in our school. 她是我校的一位英语教师。 4. ―个体名词复数‖表泛指一类人或事物时不用冠词:

1). My mother and father are school teachers. 我母亲和父亲都是教师。 2). Horses are useful animals. 马是有用的动物。

5. ―抽象名词、物质名词‖表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词: 1). Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

2). Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。 3). He is fond of music. 他喜欢音乐。 但如后有定语修饰表特指,需加定冠词:

1). The news that you heard is true. 你听到的消息是真的。 2). The water in this well is fit to drink. 这口井里的水能喝。

3). The music of the film is very beautiful. 这部影片的音乐很动听。 6. ―节日、季节‖等名词前不用冠词:

1). New Year's Day 新年,元旦;Women‘s Day 妇女节;Labour Day 劳动节; Children's Day 儿童节; April Fools‘Day 愚人节; National Day 国庆节; Thanksgiving Day falls on the 4th Thursday in November. 感恩节在每年十一月的第四个星期四。

Christmas Day 圣诞节; 但我国的节日前用定冠词:

the Spring Festival 春节; the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节 2). in spring (summer, autumn, winter)

Winter has come, is spring still far away? 冬天来了,春天还会远吗? 但如后有定语修饰表特指,需加定冠词: in the spring of 1945 一九四五年的春季

7. ―年份、月份、星期、日期‖等名词前不用冠词: in 1988; in August; on Thursday; on August 8th

We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 8. ―一日三餐‖等名词前不用冠词: have breakfast (lunch, supper) I have breakfast at 7 every day.

但如前面有形容词修饰,需用不定冠词;后面有定语修饰,需用定冠词: He had a big breakfast today. 他今天吃了顿丰盛的早餐。

The breakfast he had today was good. 他今天吃的早餐不错。 9. 球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不用冠词:

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1). play football (basketball; volleyball; tennis; tennis ball) 2). play chess

10. 当―bike, car, bus, train, boat, ship, plane‖等与―by‖连用,表示一种交通手段时,不用冠词:

by bus,by train;

He goes to work by bike. 他骑车去上班。

Did you come back by plane or by train? 你坐飞机还是坐火车回来的?

―by water, by land, by sea, by air‖以及―on foot, on horseback‖也属同种情况: She said they would go there by air. 她说他们将坐飞机去那儿。 Two men on horseback —— nothing else. 有两个人在马背上,别的一无所有。 但当这些名词特指某一交通工具时,则要与冠词连用: The assistant went on a bike. 助手骑一辆自行车出去了。 After the school the girl returned home on the 9:30 train. 放学后,这女孩坐9:30的火车回家去。 11. 序数词作副词时,前不用冠词: He came first in the race. Work must come first.

12. 一些固定词组中:go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night

三、在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别: 1. in front of 在…前面, in the front of 在…范围内的前部

2. 有些个体名词―school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court‖等词表―深层含义‖不用冠词: go to hospital 去医院看病

go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的) in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里 3. 当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词:

I can‘t write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。 He looked at me from head to foot, as if he didn‘t know me at all. 他从头到脚打量我,好像根本不认识我似的。

They are father and son, both of whom are good at acting. 他们俩是父子,都擅长表演。

Della searched shop after shop for a Christmas gift that was worthy of her husband.

德拉走了一家又一家商店,寻找一件配得上她丈夫的圣诞礼物。 4. 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。 冠词基本用法(口诀)

名词是秃子,常要戴帽子; 可数名词单,须用a或an; 辅音前用a,an元音前;

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若为特指时,则须用定冠; 复数不可数,泛指the不见; 碰到代词时,冠词均不见。

高考英语语法聚焦 四 代 词

一、考点聚焦

代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词

(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况: ① 作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。

—Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me.?

② 句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替) They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her 替代)

③ 作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital. ④ 在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too. (2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:

① 在并列主语中,―I‖总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr. Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him. ② 第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。 He and she still don‘t agree to the plan. (3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

① we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

② she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 The ―Titanic‖ was the largest, wasn‘t she? 2.物主代词

(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。 (2)one‘s own…=...of one‘s own句式的转换。 (3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。 如: take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.

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3.反身代词

(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。 (2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood (3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地

by oneself独自地,in oneself本质的,beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极 This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。

Just between ourselves, I don‘t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。 They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)

Left to himself ,he began to write.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。 I‘m very angry with myself.生自己的气。 4.相互代词(each other, one another) 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other‘s 、one another‘s ,作定语。

一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。

5.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)

指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。

(1)指示代词this和that的区别。

① this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。

This is my desk and that is yours.

In those days they could not go to school.

②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。

I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.

He hurt his leg yesterday. That‘s why he didn‘t come.

③ 为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather (of Beijing )is colder than that (of Nanjing). The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.

④ this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。

(2)such和same的用法。

① such指―这样的‖人或事,在句中作主语和定语。 Such was the story.

We have never seen such a tall building.

② same指―同样的‖人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.

The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)

Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.

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他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语) 6、疑问代词(who, whom, which, what, whose) 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。 (1)who/what

① 询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he? ——He is a lawyer/teacher. ② What/who 作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。 What is /are on the table? Who is/are in the library? (2)which与who、what

which表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk.Which is yours? 7.连接代词和关系代词

连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.

关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见―名词性从句‖和―定语从句‖部分。 8、不定代词

不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。 (1)some与any

一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。 He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

Some like sports, others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) Do you have any questions to ask?(定语) I don‘t know any of the students.(宾语) 特殊用法:

①any用于肯定句表示―任何‖的意思。 Any child can do that.(定语) You may take any of them.(宾语)

②some用于单数可数名词前表示―某一‖。 Smith went to some place in England.(定语)

③在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。 Would you like some bananas?(邀请) Mum, could you give me some money?(请求) ④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

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I don‘t know some of the students.(宾语) some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为―大约‖相当于―about‖,而any则表示程度,意为―稍,丝毫‖。如: There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today? (2)one, both, all

①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示―一个‖的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one‘s,反身代词是oneself. One should try one‘s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语)

one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如: These books are more interesting than those ones.

Here are three pens. Which one is yours, this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?

② both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示―两者都‖的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) Both of the boys are here.(主语) We both are students.(同位语)

注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。 Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall.

③ all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指―全部的‖、―整个的‖,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示―所有的‖、―全部的‖,指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。 That‘s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi‘an.他们都去过西安。

注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:

Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don‘t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。 (3)many和much

many和much都表示―许多‖,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。 (4)few, little; a few, a little

few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数

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靠近岸时,我看见几个深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。

五、独立主格结构注意事项

1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语,尤其是描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在,名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried,many things to settle. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle,表示将来的时间) The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束)

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)

3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题

当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。

当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。

4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同

有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,作为习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking (总的说来),Frankly speaking (坦率地说),Judging from (从……判断),Supposing (假设),等等。 Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。

Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。 有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest(老实说),to be sure (确实),to tell you the truth (说实话),to cut a long story short (长话短说),to be frank (坦率地说),to make matters / things worse (更糟糕的是),等等。

To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.

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说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。

To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.

情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。

5.独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致。

If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

转换为:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。

When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 转换为:Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。

还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。

Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。(Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen

高考英语语法考点聚焦 八 过去分词 过去分词的谓语用法

虽说过去分词是非谓语动词的一种,但是与助动词连用也用于谓语动词。 1. have+过去分词 = 完成时

随着have的时态变化,―have+过去分词‖可以构成现在完成时―have/ has done‖和过去完成时―had done‖。

I haven‘t heard from him much recently. 我最近没太收到过他的信。 I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。 2. be+过去分词=被动语态

be的时态变化决定了被动语态的时态,如:was/ were done是一般过去时的被动语态,而will be done是一般将来时的被动语态。 The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了。

He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。

3. have (has) / had been+过去分词=现在/过去完成式的被动语态

He has been invited to the college to teach. 他已经应邀去那所大学教书了。 过去分词的非谓语用法

Ⅰ. 构成其他非谓语动词的不同形式:

1. have done前加to构成不定式的完成式,having done即动词-ing形式的完成式。

I‘m sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。

Having checked all the answers, he handed in the paper. 检查完所有的答案,他交了卷子。 2. be done前加to是不定式的被动态,being done是动词-ing形式的被动态。

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She is very glad to be invited to the party. 她很高兴被邀请来那个聚会。 The house being built is for the old people in that village. 正在建的房子是给那个村子的老年人的。

3. have been done前加to是不定式的完成式的被动态,having been done是动词ing形式的完成式的被动态。

He was said to have been sent to Africa. 据说他被派到非洲去了。

Having been trained for three months, he returned to the village school, full of confidence.

受训三个月之后,他信心满满地返回那间乡村学校。 Ⅱ. 过去分词的时间和语态概念:

在时间上,经常表示完成,但是也可以表示相对模糊的时间概念,而不表示完成。

在语态上,及物动词的过去分词表示被动。

What‘s the language spoken in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言?(不表示完成)

Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. (表示完成)

由于在农村出生并长大,他对生物很感兴趣。 Ⅲ. 过去分词的句法功能小结:

过去分词相当于形容词和副词,所以在句子中只用作表语、定语、补足语和状语。 1. 作定语

1)过去分词作定语,其逻辑主语一般是所修饰词,而且与所修饰词是被动关系,如果是不及物动词的过去分词,只表示过去。

The play put on by Class One was a big success. 一班表演的戏很成功。(戏已经被演)

His grandfather is sweeping up the fallen leaves in the yard. (已经落的叶子)

他爷爷正在院子里清扫落叶。

The returned student has been offered a position in my company. (已经回来的学生)

我们公司已经提供给那个归国留学生一个职位。

The boy took the newly laid eggs to his grandmother. (已经被下的蛋) 男孩儿把刚下的鸡蛋拿给他奶奶。 2)有时单一的过去分词也放在所修饰词后,这时所修饰词可能是不定代词,或为了强调。但有时过去分词作前置定语或后置定语意义不同。

There is almost nothing changed since I left the town two years ago. 自从我两年前离开这个镇以来,几乎没有什么变化。 They didn‘t allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们进行所建议的修改。

We‘ve collected a large quantity of used books. 我们募集了大量旧书。 You should put all the books used at hand and the others in order on the shelf.

你应当把所有用着的书放在手边,其它的按顺序放在书架上。

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3)作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作,若要表示现在正在进行的动作,要用动词-ing形式的被动形式,而-ing形式的完成式的被动语态(having been done)一般不用作定语。

I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there. 我对在那里正进行的试验一无所知。 2. 作表语

1)过去分词作表语,表示主语的某种性质或状态,主语是其逻辑主语,其中有许多用作表语的过去分词已经变成了形容词了。 The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。

The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱 2)―be+表语(过去分词)‖和被动语态的区别:

―be+表语(过去分词)‖结构表示一种状态,而被动语态表示一个动作,比较下面句子:

The town is surrounded by hills. (be+表语结构,表示状态) 这个小镇被群山环绕。

The film star was surrounded by the crowd of fans. (被动语态表示动作)

那个电影明星被粉丝们包围着。

3. 作宾语补足语

(1)过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语的状态或性质,宾语是其逻辑主语,一般和宾语是被动关系,一些不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时只表示动作的完成。

过去分词可以作某些动词的宾语补足语,也可以作with的宾语补足语。

Have you ever heard the song sung in German? 你听过这首歌用德语唱吗?

He watched his desk carried out of the classroom. 他看着他的书桌被搬出了教室。

The scenery made her drunk. 这风景使她陶醉。

He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。

All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门工作。 That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。 (2)作宾语补足语时, 动词-ing形式表示主动或进行意义(有时二者兼有)。 I saw him sent to hospital. 我看见他被送进医院.

I saw him sending a wounded man to hospital. 我看见他正送一位伤者进医院.

(3)have sth. done和get sth. done都可以表示―使某事被做‖,可以是由自己做,也可以让别人去做,但是如果想表示―遭受某种不幸‖,要用have sth. done。 I‘m going to have/ get all the cards mailed. 我要寄一些卡片。(自己或找人寄)

I have to go to the town to have/ get my computer repaired. 我得进城找人修电脑。(找人修)

I had my bike broken on the way home. 在回家的路上,我的自行车坏了。(遭受不愉快或不幸,不能用get)

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4. 作状语

(1)过去分词作状语时,表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等,相当于状语从句。过去分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般是句子的主语,并且多是过去分词动作的承受者。如:

Seen from the top of the hill,our city looks surrounded in the fog.(时间)

从山顶上看,我们的城市看起来笼罩在雾气里。

Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (原因) 连续的暴雨使桥身受损,这座桥已不再安全。

Given more time,we would certainly have finished the job much better.(条件)

要是我们有更多的时间,我们肯定会把工作完成得更好些。

He came to greet us,dressed as a businessman.他来迎接我们,穿得像个商人。(伴随)

(2)根据需要,过去分词前可加上when,while,until, once,though,unless,as if, even if等

连接状语从句的连词,但是在before,after,without后必须用being done。

Once published,the dictionary will be very popular.一旦出版,这本词典将大受欢迎。

When completed,this railway will link many industrial cities to a seaport.

这条铁路建成后,将把许多工业城市和一个海港连接起来。 When told to go to the teachers‘ office,the girl began to cry. 当被告知去老师办公室时,这女孩开始哭起来。

I went on talking ,though continually interrupted by George. 我继续讲我的,尽管不断被乔治打断。

He started as if awakened from a dream. 他吓了一跳,彷佛从梦中惊醒似的。

Whenever asked about it, she could hardly hold back her tears. 每当有人问及此事,她就难以控制自己的眼泪。 但是:

Before being called, remain where you are. 叫你之前,待在原地别动。 (3)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别:

① 分词作状语多表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随状况,而不定式一般表示目的,在

―too...to, enough to‖等特定结构中还可表示结果。

He sat in the armchair,reading the newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅上读报纸。(伴随)

They stood by the roadside to wait for the bus. 他们站在路边等车。(目的)

His family was too poor to support him. 他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)

② 分词表示条件、原因时放在句首,表示伴随状况时一般放在句末;

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