PMP考试概要及习题解析项第一章练习题及答案

PMP考试概要及习题解析项第一章练习题及答案

1.9 练习题及答案解析

1.9.1 练习题

1. Another name for strategic planning is____.

A）short term B）operational C）tactical D）top down

战略规划又称为_____.

A）短期的B）可运行的C）战术的D）自上而下的

2. The type of planning that is equated with more specific data or detailed in nature is called____.

strategic B）operational C）short term D）tactical

本质上体现为具有更多确定信息或细节的计划类型称为_____.

A）战略计划B）运行计划C）短期计划D）战术计划

3. All the following are characteristics of a project EXCEPT____.

A）temporary B）definite beginning and end

C）interrelated activities D）repeats itself every month

下列各项都是项目的特征，除了_____.

A）临时性B）有确定的开始和结束

C）由相互关联的活动组成D）自身每个月重复

4. Project managcmcnt is____.

A）not needed if all functional managers would carry out their assigned responsibilities

B）needed because the functional organization and its methods of planning and control annot otherwise assure that complex projects will be completed on time and within budget

C）not needed unless the project is in serious trouble

D）needed only on projects which have high visibility

项目管理是____.

A）不需要的，如果所有的职能经理都能负起相应的责任

B）需要的，因为职能组织及其计划和控制方法不能保证复杂的项目按时且在预算内完成

C）不需要的，除非项目陷入了极大的困难

D）需要的，仅当项目具有高度的可见性

5.A project manager is managing his second project. It started one month after the first and both are ongoing. Though his first project is small, this one seems to bc growing in size every day. As each day passes, the projeci manager is beginning to feel more and more in need of help. The project manager has recently heard that there was another project in the company last year that is similar to his second project. What should he do?

A）Contact the other project manager and ask for assistance.

B）Obtain historical records and guidance from the PMO.

C）Wait to see if the project is impacted by the growth in scope.

D）Make sure the scope for the project is agreed to by all the stakeholders.

一个项目经理正在管理他的第二个项目。第二个项目比第一个项目晚开始一个月，两个项目现在都还在实施中。虽然他的第一个项目不大，但第二个项目似乎摊子在越铺越大。随着日子一天天流逝，这个项目经理越来越觉得自己需要寻求助。最近，他听说公司去年有一个和他第二个项目类似的项目。他现在应该如何做？

A）联系其他项目经理，寻求帮助；

B）从项目管理办公室获取历史记录和指导。

C）等等看摊子越铺越大是否对项目造成影响。

D）确保项目范围被所有干系人所认可。

6. Your company, Nutritional Chickens. is embarking on a project to completely eliminate the threat of salmonella in its products. You are the project manager for this project, and you have just finished the concept phase. The deliverable for this phase is the____.

A）project plan B）statement of work

C）project charter D）resource spreadsheet

你的公司是一个鸡肉食品公司。日前正在实施一个项目，目的是完全消除产品中沙氏菌的威胁。你是该项目的项目经理，你已经完成了项目的构思阶段。构思阶段的成果是____.

A）项目计划B）工作说明书

C）项目章程D）资源电子数据表

7- What is the documenttthat forms the basis for an agreement between the project team and the project customer by identifying both the project objectives and the major project deliverables?

A）Implementation plan. B）Configuration management plan.

C）Scope statement. D）Work authorization plan.

当项目团队和项目客户在确认项目目的和主要可交付成果的时候，下列哪个选项是形成这个共识的基础文档？

A）执行计划。B）配置管理计划。

C）范围说明。D）工作授权计划。

8. All organizations should be supportive of the performing organization's long term goals. These types of goals are best described as____.

A）operational B）tactical C）strategic D）bottom-up

所有的组织应该支持执行组织的长期目标。这种类型目标的最佳描述是_____.

A）运行的B）战术的C）战略的D）自下而上的

9. Within the five overlapping process groups of; initiating. planning, executing. controlling, and closing. which processes dominate in all project phases?

A）Initiating and planning. B）Executing and controlling.

C）Planning and closing. D）They are all essential in each phase.

在五个重叠的过程组（启动、规划、执行、监控和收尾）中，哪些主导了所有的项目阶段？

A）启动和规划。B）执行和监控。

C）规划和收尾。D）都重要，

10. Why is it more difficult to determine when a change occurs on a project that is using a cost-reimbursable contract as compared to a fixed-price contract?

A）The detailed scope of work is not fully defined.

B）On cost-reimbursable contracts the contractor wants lots of changes.

C）The client usually creates the changes on a fixed-price contract.

D）The contractor determines if there are any changes to approve.

为什么当出现变更时，使用补偿型合同比使用固定总价型合同更难作出相应的决定？

A）工作的具体范围没有完全定义。

B）使用成本补偿合同时，定约人想要更多的改变。

C）使用总价合同时，客户通常提出变更。

D）如果有变更需要得到同意，将由定约人来决定，

11. When should a change request be documented?

A）The change is introduced into the normal workflow and the documentation is provided after the work is completed.

B）The work authorization is given upon the request of the client and documented at its occurrence.

C）Due to time constraints or the belief that it would be foolish to have to redo any additional work as a result of the change, the change is incorporated first and the documentation is prepared after the change is completed.

D）Client and contractor jointly document and approve the change before the work is scheduled.

什么时候应该将变更请求存档？

A）当变更引入了正常的工作流程并且工作结束后存档。

B）当根据客户的要求得到了工作授权，在变更发生时需要存档。

C）由于时间限制或认为由于变更而重做任何附加工作是愚蠢的，变更首先执行然后在完成后准备相应的文档。

D）工作规划前，客户和承包商共同存档并同意变更。

12. Changes are difficult and cumbersome to incorporate with the complex systems used by contractors. What is the reason for this difficulty?

A）The lack of detail available concerning the tasks to be achieved on a project.

B）It is difficult for the contractor to incorporate changes into a fixed-price

Contract.

C）The contractor cannot accountfor re-work in their change control process.

D）Complex systems are conductive to the acceptance of changes.

变更要融入到承包人使用的复杂系统中是困难和麻烦的。引起困难的原因是什么？

A）缺乏完成项目需要的任务细节。

B）对于承包人来说，把变更融入到总价合同中是困难的。

C）承包人不能在变更控制过程巾解决返工。

D）复杂的系统有利于接受变更。

13. Setting strategic project objectives is the responsibility of the____.

A）project manager B）functional manager

C）executives or user groups D）client

设定项日的战略目标是____的责任。

A）项目经理B）职能经理

C）高管或用户团体D）客户

14. Each project phase is marked by completion of one or more____.

A）tasks B）milestone

C）deliverables D）life cycles

每一个项目阶段以完成一个或多个____为标志。

A）任务B）里程碑

C）可交付成果D）生命周期

15. Of the PMBOK's five project management processes groups, which group has the highest level of activity throughout the life of the project?

A）Executing. B）Planning.

C）Controlling. D）Initiating.

在项目管理知识体系5个管理过程组中，哪一个过程组在项目实施的全过程具有最高的活动等级？

A）执行。B）规划。

C）监控。D）启动。

16. When should senior management perform periodic project reviews?

A）Completion of a milestone.

B）Completion of each life cycle phase.

C）When onc functional group completes their tasks.

D）When an activity interface point is reached.

什么时候需要高级管理层进行周期性项目评审？

A）-个里程碑的完成时。

B）每一个生命周期阶段的完成时。

C）当某个职能团队完成他们的任务时。

D）当达到某个活动接口点的时候。

17. Most of the problems associated with completing a contract represent the two basic characterisrics of human behavior, which are____.

A）cognitive and affective B）internal and external

C）affcctive and organizational D）cmotional and project close-out

与完成一个合同有关的大多数问题体现了人际行为的两个基本特征，他们是________. A）理性的和感性的B）内在的和外在的

c）感性的和组织化的D）情绪化的和面向项目结果化的

18. The development of long term goals set by executive management called_____.

A）project planning B）operation planning

C）strategic planning D）contingency planning

高级管理层设定的长期目标称为__.

A）项目计划B）运营计划

C）战略计划D）应急计划

19. Who is directly responsible for satisfying project requirement?

A）The functional managers. B）Top management.

C）The project manager. D）The project team.

谁直接对满足项目需求负责？

A）职能经理。B）高级管理层。

C）项目经理。D）项目团队。

20. Which of the following is NOT a process in the project life cycle?

A）Planning. B）Initiating.

C）Closing. D）Project reporting.

下列哪一项不属于项目生命周期中的过程？

A）规划过程。B）启动过程。

C）收尾过程。D）项目汇报。

21. In development of the project plan, which of the following elements should included to reduce project risk?

A）Project schedules. B）Work breakdown structure.

C）Mitigation plans. D）Statement of project objectives.

在制定项目计划过程中，应该运用下列哪个要素来减少项目风险？

A）项目进度。B）工作分解结构。

C）缓解计划。D）项目目标说明书。

22. Projects with high risk and a great deal of uncertainty are handled best by

____.

A）pure project organizations B）matrix organizations

C）tiger teams D）functionally organized corporations

具有高度风险和很大不确定性的项目最好由____处理。

A）纯项目型组织B）矩阵型组

C 激进的团队D）职能组织化的公司

23. Work authorization____.

A）is a process of sanctioning project related work

B）is necessary for effective scope management

C）is based on the work packages or tasks that are identified in the project/ work breakdown structure as the work and cost control elements of the project

D）includes procedures and documents for work orders, contracts. and purchase orders

工作授权____.

A）是一个批准项目相关工作的过程

B）对于有效范围管理是必要的

C）是基于工作包或任务的，这些工作包和任务在项目/工作分解结构中被确认

为项目的工作和成本控制元素

D）包括工作顺序、合同和购买顺序的规程和文档

24. All of the following are reasons projects fail except____.

A）plans require too much in little time

B）planning is performed by a central planning group

C）management assumes that all activities will nor be completed on schedule

D）poor financial estimates

下列选项不是项目失败的原因是_____.

A）计划太多，时间太少

B）由一个中央计划团队来制订计划

C）管理层假定不是所有的活动都能按进度计划完成

D）不良的财务估算

25. Regular changes, which are processed through the change control system____,

A）are changes, which impact baseline measurements

B）affect the project's bottom line and may require additional resources from management reserve C）will require a modification to the measure of success

D）arc coordinated and communicated across all functional areas of the project to ensure complete integration

那些在变更控制系统中处理的常规变更_____.

A）是影响基准计划度量的变更

B）影响项目的底线并需要从管理储备中获得额外资源

C）将需要修改成功的衡量标准

D）需要在项目所有的职能领域中加以保证完全的整合

26. The change control system must include all but which of the following?

A）The paperwork. B）The tracking system.

C）Verbal approvals. D）Authorization approval levels.

变更控制系统不一定要包含下列哪个选项？

A）文书工作。B）跟踪系统。

C）口头同意。D）授权同意层次。

27. During project plan execution____.

A）the stakeholders are involved to provide input to the plan

B）the project Charter is generated

C）a milestone schedule is developed

D）the project manager uses corrective action to bring future performance in line with project plan 在项目计划执行阶段.

A）项目干系人要将自己的意见纳入到计划中

B）产生项目章程

C）形成里程碑进度

D）项目经理使用纠正的行为来使得未来行为和计划一致

28. Across the majority of industries. which of tge following organizational structures is the need for communication the greatest?

A）Traditional. B）Departmental.

C）Bureaucratic. D）Matrix.

对于大多数的行业，在下列哪一类组织结构中最需要进行沟通？

A）传统式。B）部门式。

C）官僚层级式。D）矩阵式。

29. Which of the following organizational structures is the project manager's position recognized as a full-timc job?

A）Functional organization. B）Weak matrix organization.

C）Projectized organization. D）Expeditor organization.

在下列哪一种组织结构类型中，项目经理职位被认为是全职工作？

A）职能型组织。B）弱矩阵型组织。

C）项目型组织。D）“救火”型组织。

30. Joan is building her project team and is considering the resources she will need to work on the project. Choosing the right people is essential. However, the right people are not always available. In order to cnsure she can set up her project organization properly, Joan will need to look for all but one of the following:

A）Will the most desirable individuals be available when she needs them?

B）Have the individuals performed this kind of project work in the past?

C）Are the candidates organizationally related to the sponsor?

D）Are they likely to work well together as a team?

琼正要创建自己的项目团队，并正在考虑项目工作所需要的资源。选择适当的人选是最基本的。然而，合适的人不是随时都能找到。为了确保能恰当地建立项目组织，琼将需要寻找除____ 之外的所有下列事项。

A）当需要适当的人时，最想要的人是否可以得到？

B）过去是否有人完成过这类项目工作？

（c）候选人是否与业主有组织关联？

D）他们能否作为团队一起工作得很好？

31. Consider a project where core personnel from the functional areas are assigned

to the project on a full-time basis. and the functional managers have no formal involvement. This situation describes an example of_____.

A）project matrix B）unbalance matrix

C）non-functional organization D）project team

如果在一个项目中，来自职能领域的核心员T被安排专职做项目，但是职能经理并没有正式参与。这种情形描述的是______.

- A）项目矩阵B）非平衡矩阵

C）非职能型组织D）项目团队

32. Project managers are expected to understand human behavior, possibly even more than functional managers, because____.

A）project managers spend more time with people

B）project managers must continually motivate a cross-functional team toward project objectives

C）functional managers rely more on Theory X principles

D）project managers rely more on Theory Y principles

期望项目经理比职能经理要更好地理解人的行为，这是因为_______.

A）项目经理要花更多的时间与人打交道

B）项目经理必须不断地激发跨职能的项目团队去实现目标

C）职能经理更多地依赖X理论的原理

D）项目经理更多地依赖Y理论的原理

33. In a project context. which of the following is not seen as a disadvantage of the functional organization?

A）Conflicts between functional groups.

B）Ideas remaining functionally oriented.

C）The cxistence of a strong central authority responsible for the entirc project.

D）Difficulties in integrating cross-functional activities.

在项目中，下列的哪一项没被看作是职能组织的一个劣势？

A）职能群组之间的冲突。

B）以职能为导向的观念思想。

C）存在中央集权。

D）很难整合跨职能部门的活动。

34. Which of the following is NOT critical action for the project manger to take in the integration process for a matrix organization?

A）Planning for integration.

B）Development of an integrated WBS. schedule and budget.

C）Provide technical training for the project team members.

D）Resolve customer problems.

在矩阵型组织巾，下列哪个不是项目经理在整合管理过程中的重要行为？

A）整合规划。B）完成对WBS、进度和预算的整合。

C）提供项目成员的技术培训。D）解决顾客问题。

35.In which of the following project characteristics would it be most appropriate to use a projectized organizational form over a strong matrix?

A）The uncertainty is complex and the technology is medium.

B）The size is small and the uncertainty is high.

C）The size is large and the technology is new.

D）The time criticality is moderate and the duration is long.

在下列项目具备的特性中，哪种情况使用项目型组织比强矩阵型组织要更合适？

A）具有复杂的不确定性和中等的技术难度。

B）具有小的规模和高的不确定性。

C）具有大的规模和新的技术。

D）期限要求较宽松并持续较长。

36. The matrix organization structure____.

A）is used to manage several targe, complex projects simultaneously when there are insufficient resources to staff cach project on a full time basis

B）is used when an organization decides to undertake a single. Very large project

C）ensures a lower level of conflict within the overall organization than with the functional organizational form

D）does not allow for the project team members to have a home after the completion of the project 矩阵型组织结构____.

A）被用在同时管理几个大型、复杂的项目，并且人力资源稀缺的组织中

B）被用在决定承担一个大型项目的组织中

C）保证在整个组织中比在职能组织中引起更少的冲突

D）不免许项目成员在完成工作后回到各自的团队中

37. Major difficulties arise when multiple projects need to be managed in the functional organizational structure because of____.

A）the level of authority of the project manager

B）conflicts over the relative priorities of different projects in competition for limited resources

C）project team members who are focused on their functional specialty rather than on the project

D）the need for the project manager to use interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts informally

在职能型组织中管理多重项目时，就会出现很大的困难。这是因为____.

A）项目经理的职权级别

B）不同项目在争取有限资源时的相对优先等级冲突

C）项目团队成员关心他们各自的职能领域而不是项目本身

D）项目经理需要利用处理人际关系的技能，以非正式的方式解决冲突

38. You have been assigned as project manager on what could be a“bet the company”project. If the project is successful, management wiU be carrying you around on a sedan chair. If it fails, you will be in the unemployment line. You realize that to be successful you need to exercise maximum control over project resources. Which form of project organization should you establish for this project?

A）Strong matrix. B）Projectized.

C）Project coordinator. D）Weak matrix.

你负责管理一个项目。这个项目对你来说是成败在此一举。如果项目成功了。那么你的前途无量；如果项目失败了，那么你就要被炒鱿鱼。你意识到：为了使项目成功，你必须对项目资源具有最大程度的控制。那么你预备建立哪一种项目

组织形式来达到你的目的？

A）强矩阵。B）项目型。

C）项目协调人。D）弱矩阵。

39. Project A is being administered using a matrix form of organization. The project manager reports to a senior vice president who provides visiblc support to the project. In this scenario, which of the following statements best describes the relative power of the project manager?

A）The project manager will probably not be challenged by project stakeholders.

B）In this strong matrix, the balance of power is shifted to the functional line managers.

C）In this tight matrix, the balancc of power is shifted to the project manager.

D）In this strong matrix, the balance of power is shifted to the project manager.

项目A通过一个矩阵型组织进行管理。项目经理向一位高级副总裁汇报工作，

后者对项目提供实际的帮助。在这种情况下，以下哪个陈述最好地说明了项目

经理的相对权力？

A）项目经理很可能不会受到项目干系人的责难。

B）在这个强矩阵中，权力的平衡倾向于职能经理。

C）在这个紧密矩阵中，权力平衡倾向于项目经理。

D）在这个强矩阵中，权力平衡倾向于项目经理，

40. Currency fluctuations. political instability, and competition from national and regional governments and spccial interest groups can interfere with project management of international projects. Project managers for international projects should recognize the primary factors in cross-cultural settings and place special emphasis on____.

A）establishing a performance reporting system

B）developing a system to manage communications

C）establishing and following a production schedule for information distribution to avoid responding to requests for in formation between scheduled communications

D）using translation services for formal, written project reports

币值波动、政治动荡、中央和地方政府之间的竞争，以及不同利益集团之间的冲突会干扰国际项目的管理。管理国际项目的项目经理应该意识到跨文化环境的主要影响因素，并应特别重视_____.

A）建立绩效报告系统

B）建立沟通管理系统

C）建立和执行产生进度表以方便信息分配，避免在定期会面之间出现情况的变化

D）翻译正式、书面的项目报告

41. As the leader of a project team, the project manager may be required to assess the competencies of his or her team members. Occasionally. some weaknesses or areas for improvement be identified the project manager should_____.

- A）remove any team members who have demonstrated weaknesses in critical knowledge areas

B）communicate those weaknesses and establish a performance improvement program

C）hire additional resources to compensate for weak areas

D）wait for the team members to faik in an assignment to justify termination

作为项目团队的领导，项目经理可能要评估项目组成员的胜任能力。有时会发

现一些弱点或需要改进的领域，此时项目经理应该____.

A）辞退任何在关键的知识领域中表现弱点的项目团队成员

B）就这些弱点进行沟通，并建立绩效改进计划

C）雇用其他人员来补偿弱的领域

D）等待项目团队成员在工作中遭到失败，并以此为理由辞退他

42. One organizational option for improving communications and teamwork is using a tight matrix. This approach also serves to facilitate___.

A）fast-tracking

B）concurrent engineering

C）resource leveling

D）work on geographically dispcrsed or virtual teams

一个公司为改善沟通和团队协作可以选择使用一个紧密矩阵的形式把大家组织起来。这种方法还能促进____.

A）快速跟进B）并行工程

C）资源平衡D）地理上分散或虚拟团队的工作

43. Progressive elaboration is a characteristic of projects that integrate the concepts of temporary and unique in project plan development. progressive elaboration also is terms of____.

A）assumptions

B）constraints

C）project management information system

D）organizational policies and procedures

渐进明细是结合了项目的一次性和独特性的特点。编制项目计划的过程中，渐进明细在____方面也是重要的。

A）假设B）制约因素

（c）项目管理信息系统D）组织政策和程序

44. Which of the following qualifications is the most important for a project manager?

A）Supervisory experience.

B）Negotiation skill.

C）Education in a technical field.

D）Ability to work well with others.

以下资格要求中对于项目经理最重要的是____.

A）管理经验B）谈判技巧

C）技术领域的教育背景D）与他人有效合作的能力

45. You need to be both a leader and a manager in your project management work. You realize that leadership without management or management without leadership probably will produce poor results. Which one of the following key responsibilities best represents project leadership?

A）Establishing direction, aligning people.

B）Getting things done through other people.

C）Using charismatic power to motivate others.

D）Using all types of power, as appropriate. as motivational tools.

你的项目管理工作组中你需要同时扮演一个领导者和管理者的角色。你认识到没有管理能力的领导力或者没有领导力的管理都会产生差的结果。下面哪一个主要责任最好地代表了项目领导能力？

A）决定方向，协调人员，鼓舞和激励他人。

B）通过别人完成事情。

C）利用个人的人格魅力来激励别人。

D）利用各种可用的力量来作为激励工具。

46. When a process is considered to be in control, it____.

A）should not be adjusted

B）may not be changed to provide improvements

C）shows differences caused by expected events or normal causes

D）should not be inspected or reworked for any reason

当一项流程被认为是处于控制之下的时候。它一_____.

A）不应该被调整

B））能通过对其进行调整以达到某些方面的改进

C）显示了预期事件或正常原因引起的差异

D）不能因为任何原因而进行审查或返工

47. Because of a new government regulation, you had to changc the scope of your telecommunications project. Several changes were made to the project's objectives. You have updated the project's technical and planning documents as needed. Your next step should be to____.

A）notify stakeholders as appropriate

B）revise the company's knowledge management system

C）obtain formal acceptance from your sponsor and customer

D）prepare a performance report

你在管理一个电信项目，由于最近政府出台了一项新的规定，你不得不改变原定的项目范围。对于项目目标作了几个变更。你更新了项目中使用的技术和计划文件。你的下一步是_____.

A）恰当地通知项目干系人

B）修改公司的知识管理系统

C）从项目发起人和客户那里获得对范围变更的正式认可

D）准备一个业绩报告

48. Life-cycle costs are the total costs____.

A）to the organization for the ownership and acquisition of the project over its full life

B）for each project phase or process group

C）excluding the operational considerations, when the contractor is only concerned with manufacturing

D）excluding the production cost

生命周期成本包含____.

A）组织在整个周期内拥有并获取项目的所有成本

B）每一个项目阶段或过程组的所有成本

C）当承包商只关注生产时，排除运行成本的所有成本

D）生产成本外的所有成本

49. In a program or project plan, there are always revisions to account for new or missing data. Which one of the following provides the best reason for performing a revision of the plan?

A）A supplier has changed the way their product is delivered to your supplier.

B）Project tasks are crashed to meet their end dates.

C）Human resources will remain constant throughout the project.

D）Historical data on a similar project suggests that risk events are not included in the current plan.

在一个项目集或单个项目的计划过程巾，经常需要修改计划以说明新增加或丢失的信息。下列哪种情况下最需要对计划进行修改？

A）某个供货商变更了给你的供货途径。

B）项目需要赶工以满足工期。

C）人力资源在项目过程中要保持稳定。

D）同类型项目的历史数据暗示现在的项目计划没有考虑风险。

1.9.2 答案解析

1.答案：D.战略计划是一种自上而下的、长期性的、较宏观的规划，它不是短期的，不是运行层的，也不是战术的。

2.答案：D.战略（计划）、战术（计划）和运行（计划）都是通用管理（general management）知识和技能的一部分。战术计划一般都是短期的、详细的、具体的，基于更多确定的信息，特别相对战略计划而言，但短期的计划不一定就是战术计划，

3.答案：D.项目的本质特征是3点：（1）临时性；（2）独特的产品、服务或成果；（3）渐进明细。临时性特征决定项目有确定的开始和结束，渐进明细意味着项目有很多相互关联的活动。因此D是不正确的（“每个月”也是一个明显的错误说法）。

4.答案：B.由于项目的临时性和独特性等特点，项目管理肯定是需要的，比如，由于职能“抛过墙”的现象严重，即使职能经理都承担相应的责任，项目也可能达不

到日标的要求。D错误是因为项目目标或范围一开始不是很明确。也需要项目管理。

5.答案：B.一个项目的成功，离不开从过去项目中吸取经验教训，这些历史记录、经验教训一般由项目管理办公室存档。项目管理办公室还为项目经理提供指导和支持。所以B正确。选项A有一定的正确性，但在美国人的思维中不可取，选项C和D完全错误。

6.答案：B.考点是项目生命周期及其阶段特征，参考PMBOK 2008的第16页（图2-1）。

7.答案：c.范围说明，是项目各项后续决策的依据，这些决策包括项目团队和项目客户确认项目目的和主要可交付成果。

8.答案：C.执行组织的战略目标，是长期的、自上而下的、宏观的目标。所有组织的目标和行为。都必须与执行组织的战略相一致。

9.答案：D.在整个项目和项目的任何一个阶段中。5大过程组都是缺一不可的，都非常重要，所以选D.

io.答案：A.成本补偿合同是指买家根据卖家实际的成本，加上一定的利润，来支付报酬。这种合同通常对工作的具体范围没有完全定义。所以当变更出现时，比较难判断。总价合同一般用于产品定义明确、项目范围明确的情况。当变更发生时·很容易辨别。

11.答案：D.只有批准的变更才能被纳入计划并执行。所以应该选D.工作规划前。客户和承包商共同存档并同意变更，

12.答案：A.变更会引起时间、成本、进度、所需资源等方面的种种变化。如果缺乏任务的细节，会导致变更难以融入到承包人的系统中。

13.答案：C.设定项目的战略目标是实施组织高管或者用户团体的责任。项目经理、职能经理，一般是把战略目标分解成可操作的具体目标，所以C正确。

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