ISO14405-1-2010Geometricalproductspecifications(GPS).Dimensionaltolerancing.Part1_Linearsiz
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ISO14405-1-2010
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INTERNATIONAL ISOSTANDARD 14405-1
First edition2010-12-15
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1:
Linear sizes
Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Tolérancement dimensionnel — Partie 1: Tailles linéaires
Reference numberISO 14405-1:2010(E)
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Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................iv Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................v 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8
Scope......................................................................................................................................................1 Normative references............................................................................................................................2 Terms and definitions...........................................................................................................................3 Specification modifiers and symbols................................................................................................14 Default specification operator for size..............................................................................................16 General.................................................................................................................................................16 ISO default specification operator for size.......................................................................................17 Drawing-specific default specification operator for size................................................................18 Drawing indication for special specification operators for size.....................................................18 General.................................................................................................................................................18 Indication with one or more specification operators.......................................................................20 Indication of the toleranced feature on which the size characteristic is defined.........................23 Complete toleranced feature of size..................................................................................................23 Specific fixed restricted portion of the feature of size....................................................................24 Any restricted portion of the feature of size of a specified length.................................................25 Any cross section of a feature of size...............................................................................................26 Specific cross section of a feature of size........................................................................................27 Requirement applied individually for more than one feature of size.............................................28 Requirement applied simultaneously for more than one feature and considered as one
feature of size......................................................................................................................................28 Flexible/non-rigid parts.......................................................................................................................29
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Annex A (normative) Proportions and dimensions of graphical symbols.................................................30 Annex B (informative) Overview diagram for size.........................................................................................31 Annex C (informative) Former practice and consequences.........................................................................32 Annex D (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model.............................................................................33 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................35
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14405-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification.
ISO 14405 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geometrical product specification (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing: Part 1: Linear sizes
Part 2: Dimensions other than linear sizes
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Introduction
This part of ISO 14405 is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences chain links 1 to 3 of the chain of standards on size. The ISO/GPS Masterplan given in ISO/TR 14638 gives an overview of the ISO/GPS system of which this document is a part. The fundamental rules of ISO/GPS given in ISO 8015 apply to this document and the default decision rules given in ISO 14253-1 apply to specifications made in accordance with this document, unless otherwise indicated.
For more detailed information of the relation of this part of ISO 14405 to other standards and the GPS matrix model, see Annex D.
Produced workpieces exhibit deviations from the ideal geometric form. The real value of the dimension of a feature of size is dependent on the form deviations and on the specific type of size applied. The type of size to be applied to a feature of size depends on the function of the workpiece.
The type of size can be indicated on the drawing by a specification modifier for controlling the feature definition and evaluation method to be used.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14405-1:2010(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1:
Linear sizes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 14405 establishes the default specification operator for linear size and defines a number of special specification operators for linear size for feature of size types “cylinder” and “two parallel opposite planes”. It also defines the specification modifiers and the drawing indications for these linear sizes. This part of ISO 14405 covers the following linear sizes: local size;
two-point size; spherical size; section size; portion size; global size;
direct global linear size;
least-squares size; maximum inscribed size; minimum circumscribed size; indirect global linear size; calculated size;
circumference diameter; area diameter; volume diameter; rank-order size;
maximum size; minimum size; average size; median size;
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mid-range size; range size.
This part of ISO 14405 defines tolerances of linear sizes when there is: a + and/or limit deviation (e.g. 0/ 0,019) (see Figure 9);
an upper limit of size (ULS) and/or lower limit of size (LLS) (e.g. 15,2 max., 12 min. or 30,2/30,181) (see Figure 11); an ISO tolerance class code in accordance with ISO 286-1 (e.g. 10 h6) (see Figure 10) with or without modifiers (see Tables 1 and 2).
This part of ISO 14405 provides a set of tools to express several types of size characteristic. It does not present any information on the relationship between a function or a use and a size characteristic.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 286-1:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes — Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits
ISO 10579:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Non-rigid parts
ISO 8015:—1), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Fundamentals — Concepts, principles and rules ISO 14660-1:1999, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 1: General terms and definitions
ISO 14660-2:1999, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical features — Part 2: Extracted median line of a cylinder and a cone, extracted median surface, local size of an extracted feature
— General concepts — Part 1: Model for ISO 17450-1:—2), Geometrical product specifications (GPS)
geometrical specification and verification
— Part 2: Basic tenets, ISO 17450-2:—3), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — General concepts
specifications, operators and uncertainties
ISO 81714-1:—4), Design of graphical symbols for use in the technical documentation of products — Part 1: Basic rules
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 8015:1985) 2) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-1:2005) 3) To be published. (Revision of ISO/TS 17450-2:2002) 4) To be published. (Revision of ISO 81714-1:1999)
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO 286-1, ISO 8015, ISO 14660-1, ISO 14660-2, ISO 17450-1, ISO 17450-2 and the following apply.
3.1
specification modifier
GPS specification element that changes the default definition of the basic GPS specification when applied
NOTE Specification modifiers may be defined by International Standards, national standards or by company standards/documents.
[ISO 17450-2:—, 3.5.2]
3.2
feature of size
geometrical shape defined by a linear or angular dimension which is a size (3.8)
NOTE 1
The features of size can be a cylinder, a sphere, two parallel opposite surfaces, a cone or a wedge.
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NOTE 2 In International Standards such as ISO 286-1 and ISO/R 1938, the meanings of the terms “plain workpiece” and “single features” are close to that of “feature of size”.
[ISO 14660-1:1999, 2.2]
NOTE 3
The types of feature of size covered by this part of ISO 14405 are given in Figures 1 and 2.
a) Nominal features of size (internal and external)
b) Extracted feature
a b
Size of internal feature of size. Size of external feature of size.
Figure 1 — Feature of sizes relative to two opposite planes
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a) Nominal features of size (internal and external)
b) Extracted feature
a b
Size of internal feature of size. Size of external feature of size.
Figure 2 — Example of feature of size relative to a cylinder
3.3
upper limit of size ULS
largest permissible size of a feature of size (3.2) [ISO 286-1:2010, 3.2.3.1]
3.4
lower limit of size LLS
smallest permissible size of a feature of size (3.2) [ISO 286-1:2010, 3.2.3.2]
3.5
default specification operator
ordered set of default specification operations only, in the default order
NOTE 1
The default specification operator can be
an ISO default specification operator specified by ISO International Standards, or a national default specification operator specified by national standards, or
a company default specification operator specified by company standards/documents, or a drawing default specification operator indicated on the drawing according to one of the above.
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NOTE 2 The default specification operator applies when the ISO basic GPS specification is used on the drawing.
NOTE 3 According to the ISO basic GPS specification for size, the tolerance is indicated by upper and/or lower deviation limits, or upper and/or lower limits of size (see Table 4), or by ISO tolerance codes in accordance with ISO 286-1 with no specification modifiers (3.1). NOTE 4
The ISO default specification operator for size is given in this part of ISO 14405 (see 5.2).
NOTE 5 Adapted from ISO 17450-2:—. The definition and first note are identical and the original second note and examples are not included here. Notes 2 to 4 have been added.
3.6
drawing-specific default GPS specification operator
specification operator required by technical documentation, applicable only for the actual specification and containing only default specification operations in the default order
NOTE 1
See ISO 8015.
NOTE 2 The drawing-specific default specification operator of size is indicated by a specific statement close to the title block (see 5.3).
3.7
special specification operator
specification operator including one or more special specification operations
NOTE 1 NOTE 2 operator.
The special specification operator is defined by a GPS specification.
A special specification operator may be a complete specification operator or an incomplete specification
is a special specification operator, because one of the EXAMPLE 1 The specification for a shaft of 30 ± 0,1
specification operations, the association of the minimum circumscribed cylinder, is not a default specification operation. EXAMPLE 2 The specification of Ra 1,5 using a 2,5 mm filter for a surface is a special specification operator, because one of the specification operations, the cut-off length used in the filtration, is not a default specification operation.
[ISO 17450-2:—, 3.3.7]
3.8 size
intrinsic characteristic of a feature of size (3.2) that can be defined on a nominal feature or on an associated feature
NOTE 1 In this part of ISO 14405, the size corresponds to the diameter of a cylinder, or to the distance between two parallel opposite planes. Depending on the type of feature of size, the terms “diameter” and “distance” are synonyms for size.
NOTE 2 A size is angular (e.g. angle of a cone) or linear (e.g. diameter of a cylinder). This part of ISO 14405 only deals with linear size.
3.9
size characteristic
characteristic relative to a size (3.8) and defined on an extracted feature See Figure B.1.
NOTE A size can be evaluated by more than one size characteristic (e.g. the two-point diameter or the diameter of the associated feature, taken on the extracted feature).
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3.10
local size
local linear size
local size characteristic
local linear size characteristic
size characteristic (3.9) having by definition a non-unique result of evaluation along and/or around the feature of size (3.2)
NOTE 1 For a given feature, an infinity of local sizes exists.
NOTE 2
In this part of ISO 14405, “local size” is used instead of “local linear size”.
NOTE 3 In Figure 3, examples of local size are shown. These examples do not take into account the rank-order size (3.11.2.2).
3.10.1
two-point size
local size distance between two opposite points taken on the feature of size (3.2)
NOTE 1 A two-point size taken on cylinder can be called a “two-point diameter”. In ISO 14660-2, this is defined as a local diameter of an extracted cylinder.
NOTE 2 A two-point size taken on two opposite planes can be called a “two-point distance”. In ISO 14660-2, this is defined as a local size of two parallel extracted surfaces.
3.10.2
section size
global size (3.11) for a given cross section of the extracted feature
NOTE 1 A section size is a local size (3.10) for the complete toleranced feature of size (3.2).
NOTE 2
The cross section is defined with the same criterion as the one taken to define the direct global size (3.11.1).
NOTE 3 On an extracted feature that corresponds to a cylinder, it is possible to define an infinite number of cross sections in which the diameter of the associated circle can be defined (with a specific association criterion). This is a section size.
3.10.3
portion size
global size (3.11) for a given portion of the extracted feature
NOTE
A portion size is a local size (3.10) for the complete toleranced feature of size (3.2).
3.10.4
spherical size
local size diameter of the maximum inscribed sphere
NOTE This local size, defined by a sphere, applies to the feature of size types “cylinder” and “two parallel opposite
planes”.
See Figure 3 c).
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a) Extracted feature under consideration which could be either an internal or external feature and either a cylinder or two opposite planes
b) Two-point size
c) Spherical size
d) Section size obtained from a direct global size with maximum
inscribed criterion (other criteria are possible)
NOTE
Only a portion of the extracted feature of length L is considered.
e) Portion size from a direct global size with maximum inscribed criterion (other criteria are possible)Key d size [in Figure 3 b)]
L considered length of the portion of the cylinder P position
S d
diameter of the maximum inscribed sphere
Figure 3 — Examples of local size
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3.11
global size
global linear size
global size characteristic
global linear size characteristic
size characteristic (3.9) having by definition a unique result of evaluation along and around the toleranced feature of size (3.2)
3.11.1
direct global size
direct global linear size
direct global size characteristic
direct global linear size characteristic
global size size (3.8) of the associated feature, which is of the same geometrical type as the feature of size (3.2)
NOTE 1
The different direct global linear sizes on the complete toleranced feature are given in Figure 4.
NOTE 2 Different criteria may be used for this operation of association, and different results are obtained depending on the criterion chosen. The association criteria described in this part of ISO 14405 are total least-squares, maximum inscribed and minimum circumscribed.
3.11.1.1
least-squares size
global size size (3.8) of the associated feature established from the extracted feature(s) with the total least-squares criterion
NOTE
In this part of ISO 14405, “total least-squares” is referred to only as “least-squares”.
3.11.1.2
maximum inscribed size
global size size (3.8) of the associated feature established from the extracted feature(s) with the maximum inscribed criterion
NOTE In the case of an internal feature of size, the maximum inscribed size was previously called “mating size for an internal feature”.
3.11.1.3
minimum circumscribed size
global size size (3.8) of the associated feature established from the extracted feature(s) with the minimum circumscribed criterion
NOTE In the case of an external feature of size, the minimum circumscribed size was previously called “mating size for an external feature”.
3.11.2
indirect global size
indirect global linear size
indirect global size characteristic
indirect global linear size characteristic
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) or global calculated size (3.11.2.1)
NOTE An indirect global size can be, for example, an average of a set of two-point size values taken on the extracted cylindrical surface.
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a) Extracted feature under consideration which could be either an internal or external feature and either a cylinder or two opposite planes
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b) Maximum inscribed size
c) Minimum circumscribed size
d) Least-squares size
Figure 4 — Illustration of direct global sizes
3.11.2.1
calculated size
size (3.8) obtained by using a mathematical formula that relates the intrinsic characteristic of a feature to one or several other dimensions of the same feature
NOTE
The calculated size can be a local size (3.10) or a global size (3.11).
3.11.2.1.1
circumference diameter
of an extracted cylinder calculated size (3.11.2.1), giving the diameter, d, obtained from the following equation:
d=
L π
where L is the length of the integral extracted line in a cross section, normal to the axis of the least-squares associated cylinder
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See Figure 5.
NOTE 1
The circumference diameter is defined in a cross section.
NOTE 2 Several criteria can be used for the operation of association to orient the cross section, and different results are obtained according to the chosen criterion. The default criterion is the least-squares associated cylinder of the feature (see ISO 14660-2:1999, 4.2.1).
NOTE 3 In cases where the feature is non-convex, the circumference diameter can be larger than the minimum circumscribed diameter and depends on the filtration criteria used.
a)
Key
L length of the outline (extracted line)
d circumference diameter, equal to L divided by π
b)
Figure 5 — Example of circumference diameter
3.11.2.1.2
area diameter
of an extracted cylinder calculated size (3.11.2.1), giving the diameter, d, obtained from the following equation:
d=
where A is the area limited by the integral extracted line of a cross section, normal to the axis of the least-squares associated cylinder See Figure 6.
NOTE 1
The area diameter is defined in a cross section.
NOTE 2 Several criteria may be used for the operation of association to orient the cross section, and different results are obtained according to the chosen criterion. The default criterion is the least-squares associated cylinder of the feature (see ISO 14660-2:1999, 4.2.1).
a)
Key
A area inside outline of the extracted line d area diameter, calculated from A
b)
Figure 6 — Example of area diameter
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3.11.2.1.3
volume diameter
of an extracted cylinder calculated size (3.11.2.1), giving the diameter, d, obtained from the following equation:
d=
where
V is the volume limited by the integral extracted cylinder;
L is the height of the cylinder taken between two parallel planes perpendicular to the axis of the
least-squares associated cylinder with the maximum distance between them and containing a complete section of the feature See Figure 7.
NOTE Several criteria may be used for the operation of association to orient the cross sections intersecting the extracted cylinder and defining L; different results are obtained according to the chosen criterion. The default criterion is the least-squares associated cylinder of the feature (see ISO 14660-2:1999, 4.2.1).
Key
V volume of the extracted feature L length of the cylinder
d volume diameter, calculated from V and L
a
Two parallel planes perpendicular to the axis of the least-squares associated cylinder with the maximum distance between them and containing a complete section of the feature.
Figure 7 — Example of volume diameter
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3.11.2.2
rank-order size
size characteristic (3.9) defined mathematically from a homogeneous set of local size (3.10) values obtained along and/or around the toleranced feature
NOTE 1 A rank-order size can be used to define an indirect global size (3.11.2) from a local size (3.10) [portion size (3.10.3), section size (3.10.2), spherical size (3.10.4), two-point size (3.10.1)].
NOTE 2 A rank-order size can be used to define a local size from another local size (for example to define a rank order section size from a two-point size taken in the section). NOTE 3
The different types of rank-order size defined in this part of ISO 14405 are illustrated in Figure 8.
3.11.2.2.1
maximum size
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the maximum of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature
3.11.2.2.2
minimum size
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the minimum of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature
3.11.2.2.3 average size
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the average of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature
3.11.2.2.4 median size
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the median value of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature median size
NOTE The median value allows the population of local size values to be split into two equal portions (50 % above and 50 % below). Depending on the function of repartition of the population, the median size and the average size can be identical or different.
3.11.2.2.5
mid-range size
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the mean of the maximum and the minimum of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature
3.11.2.2.6
range of sizes
rank-order size (3.11.2.2) defined as the difference between the maximum and the minimum of the set of values of a local size (3.10) along and/or around the toleranced feature
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Key
1 set of values of local sizes 2 position along the axis 3 maximum size (= 10,497 88) 4 minimum size (= 9,542 81) d values of local size
5 6 7 8
average size (= 10,011 69) median size (= 9,969 86)
mid-range size (= 10,020 345) size range (= 0,955 07)
Figure 8 — Example of rank-order sizes based on the two-point size
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3.12
envelope requirement
simultaneous use of a combination of the two-point size (3.10.1) as the specification operator applied for the least material limit of the size (3.8) and either the minimum circumscribed size (3.11.1.3) or the maximum inscribed size (3.11.1.2) as the specification operator applied for the maximum material limit of the size
NOTE
The “envelope requirement” was previously referred to as the “Taylor principle”.
3.12.1
envelope requirement for external features of size
simultaneous use of a combination of the two-point size (3.10.1) as the specification operator applied for the lower limit of size (LLS) (3.4) and the minimum circumscribed size (3.11.1.3) as the specification operator applied for the upper limit of size (ULS) (3.3)
3.12.2
envelope requirement for internal features of size
simultaneous use of a combination of the two-point size (3.10.1) as the specification operator applied for the upper limit of size (ULS) (3.3) and the maximum inscribed size (3.11.1.2) as the specification operator applied for the lower limit of size (LLS) (3.4)
3.13
common feature of size tolerance
single tolerance applied to several separate features considered as one feature of size (3.2) See 7.7 and Figure 27.
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4 Specification modifiers and symbols
For the purposes of this part of ISO 14405, the specification modifiers and symbols in Tables 1 and 2 apply. To define in a dimensional specification a specific type of size characteristic available for upper and/or lower limit specification, modifiers or symbols shall be used in the sequence as defined in Table 3.
The combination of these modifiers and symbols is described in Clauses 5, 6 and 7. Rules for the presentation of graphical symbols are given in Annex A.
Table 1 — Specification modifiers for linear size
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ISO14405-1-2010
ISO 14405-1:2010(E)
Table 2 — General specification modifiers for size
NOTE was previously defined in ISO 8015:1985. There has been no change in the
meaning of as defined in this part of ISO 14405.
Table 3 — Sequence of modifiers to refer to a specific size characteristic
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
Copyright International Organization for Standardization
Provided by IHS under license with ISO
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Not for Resale
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