大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

期末考试范围?1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）?2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%）?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.?3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%）4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论（comment)。（30%）如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 AUnit10 B

Unit1 A

Key concepts

reservation: 谦逊的 coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神

Q1、what is a reserved person like?

Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.

Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?

Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.

Q3、what is sportsmanship?

Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.

Case study

Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?

Answer: The loud speaking and speaking their native language made the reserved British feel quite unhappy. The Englishman is reserved, he doesn’t show much emotion and seldom gets excited.

Unit1 B

Key concepts

the pioneering spirit 创业精神 trying something new 探索精神 equality 平等 national optimism 民族乐观

freedom自由 the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言 rags-to-richer白手起家 social mobility社会流动性 American dream 美国梦

Comprehension questions

1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?

The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom. The American is competitive, friendly, spontaneous, adaptable, efficient, energetic, and kindhearted.

2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an important part of the American character?

1). Except for the slaves, immigrants came to America voluntarily in search of greater prosperity and freedom. (para3)

2). In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward in search of land and gold. (para4)

3). The desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation. Many Americans change residences every year. (para5)

4). Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. (para7)

3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?

The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.

Impact: Americans are optimistic and adventurous. The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress. Every day in every way I am getting better and better.

4. What are the basic roots of American character?

The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.

Case study

Q;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people. The American did something that he thought is friendly, but the English seemed quite unfriendly to him, so he felt uncomfortable. American is a bit casual, optimistic and outgoing. He called the first names and touched the people on the shoulder.

But, English are reserved and conservative. They dislike physical touch and dislike to show much emotion. It’s also not polite to call the first names.

Suggestions:

1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.

2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.

Passage C The Chinese Character

Comprehension Questions

1. Apart from family, what are other important units in Chinese society? How do they work?

Clan. A clan is the aggregate of kinship. A clan may comprise a whole village or suburb, and counties, provinces and state are conglomerates of a vast number of villages and suburbs with such clan populations.

Grouping linked by friendship or marriage is also another important unit in Chinese society. A district may have all its groupings so associated together, and this forms the basis for common action in an emergency.

2. Why is China a country with highly complicated social relationship? What are supposed to be the advantages and disadvantages of it?

Chinese society appears as a mass of circles or groupings rather than status or levels. Within each circle or grouping the people are related in clan or closer kinship and offer cooperation and succor to each other. Marriage and friendship created links with other clans and groupings. Therefore, a district may have all its groupings so associated together. So, the social relationship in China is more close and complicated than Western countries.

Such kind is good for the steady of a society and peaceful life, good for governing but not good for development, for any new ideas and reformation. It is as personal oriented society. Sometimes it is easy to deal with something, but other times it makes things more complicated and even hinder the development of a society. For example, the complicated social relation becomes a big barrier for the implementation of law

and justice. It may give rise to the unequal of chance and resources. ...(a free answer question)

3. Can you list some of the characteristics of the general character of the Chinese people based on the text. Try to give the possible reasons for the formation of such character.

Chinese people are compromising, patient, mediative, harmonious, obedient, passive, pacific, long-viewing, tolerant, filial, conservative, thrift, friendly, diligent, and so on. They tend to be in low profile, hide their strength and depreciate their success. The character of Chinese is caused by many factors. From the text, we know its closely related to the organization of Chinese society. The Chinese society is organized by clans or friends of close association. It is a big circle of complicated relations. To maintain the steady of the circle, such kinds of character are of significant importance.

Case Study

China is a society of complicated social relation. Friend is a very important factor in society. Chinese people take care of maintaining friendship and tend to avoid direct conflict or making other lose face. In this case, to maintain the face of Jimmy, I would not mention the borrowed money in the face of Jimmy. But Jimmy keeping reminding \of the money made \feel quite embarrassed, and a bit angry. \thought Jimmy was not friendly.

America is a society advocates individualism and their social relation is quite loose. They think friend is friend, money is money. What's more, compared with Chinese society, it is one with low-contexted culture, in which people would put everything in words and say it directly. In the case, Jimmy reminded \about the money lest \forget about it. To Jimmy, it was the fault of \not mentioning about the borrowed money earlier. So, when \\

What’s more, Americans don’t readily give money to others, which will most likely render a sense of humiliation about one’s ability to earn one’s own living. So in this case, Jimmy is a bit annoyed for “I” not remind him to pay back the borrowed money. He thought that he had been looked upon by “I”.

Unit2 A

key concept:

Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想 humanism 人道主义

individualism个人主义 collectivism集体主义 individual's right个人权利

1. According to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?

Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”

2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?

In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit,an organization or a community .

3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values? In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .

4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism? Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.

(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups . (2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group. (3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.

(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.

5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?

Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.

No, I don’t think so .

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism” has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .

6. Are all the Westerners individualists? Are all the Chinese collectivists? (P20 para20)

Saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is relative, not absolute.

Case study

1.Would you please help Shi Hai interpret the Chinese saying he mentioned? Common fame is seldom to blame; shoot the bird which takes the lead; The outstanding usually bear the brunt of attack.

2. Would you please make suitable explanations for his declining the promotion so that Joe would understand him?

Chinese people respect collectivism and emphasize cooperation, so individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit .so he thinks he should not receive the honor personally.

Unit3 A

key concept:

Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主

1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults? The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the child is a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.

2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so high in the United States?

(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S

(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.

3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?

(1)American old people live apart from their children. Some families may place older relatives in nursing homes.

(2)Their financial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.

4. As a child in a Chinese family, how can you make your parents happy? Answer is open.

1). To advance the family as a group and bring honor to the family name as well.2).To show filial duty and responsibility to parents. 3). To emphasize the peace and harmony of a family.

case1: Q1：He will feel amazing and sympathy for her ,for which she is old enough

but still living alone. Q2:

1. In individualist cultures like that of the US, children are alienated from parents because parents chain them to be independent, “push them out of the nest”. 2. Because of the cultural emphasis on self-reliance, the mother feels it is inappropriate to ask for help, and the children may even think it is inappropriate to offer.

3. Individualism leads people to feel they should stay out of each other’s business.

Case2:

1). It is an offence to slap a child in America, but not in China. In America,

ill-treating the children is illegal. The police may arrest the

parents and send the children to DCFS shelter.

2) In America, a sense of equality often exists in American homes. 3). In China, parents regard their children as private prosperity.

Chinese think Beating means love, scolding means affection to children.

Unit3 B

Key concepts：

A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时 Personal goals个人目标/Individual’ needs个人需求 Responsibilities 职责A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆 Stable 稳固 Connection VS contract关系和合约

Comprehension questions

1. What are the characteristics of American social relationship?

Impermanent and loose, individual’s needs come first, contractual and compartmentalized.

2. Why is American social relationship impermanent?

They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.

3. Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese social relationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ? what is the difference between each part?

The circle of Chinese social relationshipIntimated friendsformer classmatesGrandparentsParentsI acquaintantsSpouseChildrenColleagues/ neighborsAcquaintances

2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the ○

3 the difference geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○

between inner and out side is from most important to least important.

4. What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and American? ? 1). Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few. (para8) ? American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized because they are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. (para9) ? 2). Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. (para10) ?

5. Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different cultures? If you do, what are they? Answer is open.

Both regard friendship as a very important thing to individuals.

Case 1

? Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together . ? It’s not appropriate for the Americans to use personal connections to help a friend get something hard to obtain.

? This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality. Case 2

? 1. Not really, just because their children like to play together, these two women plan to get together at each other’s houses. ? 2. They are common friends. a). American friendships are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. b). They view themselves and others as a composite of distinct interests. c). Their children like to play together, so they have some common interests. d). They may get together just because their kids would enjoy that.

Case3

? Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school. ? No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship. ? Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is impermanent and based on a shared class, activity or event .If one drop out of it, they may lose contact with the friends with whom they shared

that activity.

Unit5A

Key concepts：

Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈 harmony 和谐 violence and cruelty暴力和残酷 conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养 pragmatism实用主义

1.What are the functions of chopsticks?

Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.

2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knives at dinner? The ancestors of many Western countries lived by hunting. Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.

3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?

That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasized the delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and taste that Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.

4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?

Under the influence of pragmatism, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy to Westerners, having little to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.

5.Do you know why vegetables became the staple food of the Chinese, while meat became the main food of Americans?

? 1. Historically, China is an agricultural country, while the ancestors of Americans lived by hunting.

? 2. Environmentally, China has a large amount of population and lack of land to support a cattle industry. America has an abundance of fertile, flat land for grazing cattle and food production. ?

Case Study:

? 1.Why did Ling Hong’s mother keep on encouraging Susan to eat more even after Susan refused?

? In Chinese culture, Ling Hong’s mother kept on encouraging Susan to eat more is to show the hospitality of the host to Susan. ? 2.Why did Susan feel embarrassed when Ling Hong’s mother put some food in her bowl with her chopsticks?

? Because in western culture, food is usually served separately to each person----partly for hygiene reasons and partly due to individualism.

Unit6 A

Key concepts ：

1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas, make things. 2.Exploring:探索

1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；

2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；

3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like

3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other people

Originality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. the quality of being new and original (not derived from something else) Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.

1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can you find the theories supporting the different teaching methods?

Chinese educationmethodShow a child how to do something, or teach by holding his hand.Western educationLet a child explore the unknown, develop their own way.theories?The child is neither old ?Learning through enough nor clever enough to playing.realize the desired action of his own, what possible gain is ?Originality and independence is more achieved by having him struggle?importance. ?Learning should take place ?Unless creativity has by continual careful shaping and molding applies equally to been acquired early, it may never emerge;the arts.?If skills are not acquired early, ?Skills can be picked they may never be acquired. up later. ?No hurry to promote creativity. 2. Answer is open.

3. Answer is open. Don’t help the baby stand immediately. Let the baby explore and experience, and try to find the balance to stand by itself.

Case1:

Firstly, Chinese students are used to take what the teacher's said as authority, and try to memorize what is given in lessons. On the other hand, teaching in China focus more on knowledge than on creation, to make students with the same ideas, the same knowledge. Moreover, to them, it is impolite to challenge the teacher's words, to form different ideas from the teacher. But to the Westerners, things are quite different. The aim of western education is to produce students with different ideas, to develop their creativity. To them, the more questions asked in class means more attention you give to what the teacher says. And more interest you show to the topic and the teacher. So, in this case, Professor Johnson mistook the silence of the students as their no interest in his subject, and felt disappointed.

Case2

1. Because the American teacher thought that I was an adult, I should at least have some ideas about a question, no matter how difficult it is, even the answer is totally wrong.

2. Chinese educators are used to “teaching by holding his hand”. So long as the students are shown how to do something, they are less likely to solve a problem effectively by themselves. They may lack of creativity and self-reliance.

unit7A

Key concepts；

1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.

2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time

3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.

4. Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.

5. People oriented:以人为方向的 do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.

6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.

Comprehension questions (p82)

1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures?

Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.

2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic people hold toward time? Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.

3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?

Difficulties: M-time-oriented person should keep waiting.

Feelings: To feel put down, angry and frustrated.

4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting? Difficulties: P-time-oriented person dislikes to squeeze people in . They

prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them.

Feelings: To feel compelled and uncomfortable.

5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?

? M. S: stimulating, productive, desirable, punctual ? W: without reference to logic and human needs ? .

? P. S: Being oriented toward people, emphasizing human needs. ? W: wasteful and distracting, not punctual

Case1(para3)?1.No , I don't like . Robert is a monochronicpeople , these people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds ,minutes ,hours ,etc), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled .They love to plan in detail, make lists, keep track of activities and organize time into a daily routine. so Robert does things like this.?2. I'm a polychronicpeople , I dislike doing things in haste.

Case2(para5)?The director is a polychronicpeople , people in such kind of cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time , they do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments ,therefore ,in these cultures, personal interaction an relationship development are more important than making appointments or meeting deadlines. so the director had the behavior toward Katherine .

Unit10 B

课后四个comprehension questions:

western culturesattitudes toa good thingconflictsQ1-2reasons for different attitudes toconflictsQ3many Asian culturessome religious groups like Amishdestructive for relationships1opportunities;2 release tensions;3 renew relationships.individualistic approach1direct confrontation; 2recognizing conflict; 3 working through it in an open, productive wayindividualist culture: they are concernedwith individuals preserving their own dignity1 disturbsthe peace; 2 a threat;communal approach 1 adhere to the consensus 2 use intermediaries in dealing with conflictcollectivist culture: they are concerned with maintaining harmony in interpersonal relationships and preserving the dignity of others. approaches to conflicts Q4reasons for different approachesQ4

Case Study:

These two approaches to conflict resolution reflect different underlying cultural values involving identity and face saving. ? Question 1: Why does the secretary quit her job?

? The manager has made a number of mistakes, by not understanding that in some cultures it is not acceptable to criticize people in front of others. This is because a public telling-off leads to a \of face\It can also be unacceptable to show emotion at the workplace. Although there are always going to be times when criticism is necessary, in this cultural context, direct criticism, even in a one-to-one situation, is not acceptable. ?

Question 2: Can you give some suggestions to handle the situation?

Verluyten, who has carried out research into indirectness and conflict avoidance amongst executives in a range of countries, suggests that there are three ways of dealing with the situation:

? 1 Blur the sender. This means that you don't criticize the person directly. but

do so through a friend or colleague.

? 2 Blur the receiver. This means that you mention the problem in front of the whole group, rather than pick out an individual.

? 3 Blur the message. This could mean talking about a hypothetical case, or asking indirect questions, such as \the baby?\It might even involve giving excessive praise-- the secretary would then know that something was wrong.

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