初三英语语法练习题答案
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语 法
专题1 名 词
知识网络 ?????规则变化?可数名词名词的分类???普通名词??不规则变化 ??不可数名词:不可数名词的量名??词?所有格的构成???名词所有格?所有格的用法???名词双重所有格??名词的句法作用:作主语、宾语、定语等专有名词 ?? 名词考点一 名词的分类
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 ??物质名词:rain,ice,sunshine不可数名词???抽象名词:love,knowledge ??个体名词:chair,book可数名词? ?集体名词:people,family 考 点二 名词的复数形式
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3.复合名词的复数形式有两种 (1)将主体词变为复数,如: sister-in-law→sisters-in-law(嫂子) boy classmate→boy classmates (2)将复合词中两个词都变为复数,此种复合词中第一个词须是man或woman,如: man worker→men workers woman teacher→women teachers 4.特殊情况 (1)有些名词只有复数形式,如: clothes,shorts,pants,scissors(剪刀),goods,glasses(眼镜) (2)有些名词以s结尾,但不是复数形式,如: news,maths,physics,politics (3)有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义,如: room(空间)—a room(房间) work(工作)—works(著作) (4)不可数名词的数量表达 ①不可数名词本身不可数,但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量,如: a piece of bread/news/paper一片面包/一条新闻/一张纸 a cup of tea/coffee一杯茶/一杯咖啡 ②还可用much,little,a little,a large amount of,some,any,no,lots of,plenty of等来修饰不可数名词,如: much money,some milk (5)数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式,如: He is a four-year-old boy.他是个4岁的男孩。 (four-year-old不能说成four-years-old) a five-foot-deep hole一个五英尺深的洞
考 点三 名词所有格
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1.表示有生命的人或物的名词所有格形式,在此名词词尾加's,或直接加'。
(1)单数名词加's,如:Mary's book
(2)以s结尾的复数名词只加',不以s结尾的复数名词要加's,如:
the three girls' father 这三个女孩的父亲
the children's presents 孩子们的礼物 (3)表示几个人共有,仅在最后一个人的名字后加's,表示各自所有时,需在各个名字后 加's,如: Mary and Jane's car(她俩人共有的车) Mary's and Jane's cars(她俩各自的车)
(4)表示店铺、住宅、公共建筑等地点时,名词所有格后面的名词习惯上省略。如:
the barber's=the barber's shop理发店
to my aunt's=to my aunt's house到我姑姑家
(5)有些指时间、距离、重量、价值、国家和城镇等无生命的名词,也可以加's构成所有
格。如: a week's time 一周的时间 China's population中国的人口 two miles' distance两英里的距离 2.表示无生命的东西的所有格形式:名词+of+所有者,如:
the name of the zoo动物园的名字
the front wall of the classroom教室的前墙
3.双重所有格:即of+'s或of+名词性物主代词,如:
a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书 The friend of his is very kind.他的朋友非常友好。
1.名词作主语 名词在句中作的句子成分很多,但作主语尤为重要,应注意以下几种情况: (1)一些以s结尾的名词。如:maths、physics、news是单数或不可数名词,在句中作主 语时,谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式;但trousers,shoes,glasses等为复数概念,它们在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但a (this)pair of+名词复数时,其主语是
a(this)pair,故谓语动词应用单数形式。如:
Physics is a new subject in Grade Two.
物理在初二是一门新科目。 My glasses are red. 我的眼镜是红色的。 A new pair of pants is on the bed.床上有一条新短裤。 (2)表示时间、金钱、距离、价格等名词后加s作主语时,应视为一个整体,故谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Twenty dollars is enough. 20美元足够了。
Three months is a short time. 三个月很短。
(3)family,class,police等作主语时,若表示整体概念,谓语动词用第三人称单数;当表 示其中的各个成员时,谓语动词用复数形式。如: Her family is moving to Liaoning next week. 她家下周要搬到辽宁去。
Her family are having supper now.
她的家人正在吃晚饭。
(4)the+姓氏名词复数(后加s)表示“??一家”或“??夫妇”,在句中作主语时,谓
语动词应用复数形式。如: The Greens are Americans.格林一家是美国人。 (5)neither+单数名词或neither of+复数名词,在句中作主语时谓语动词用第三人称单数形式,如:
Neither answer is right.两个答案都不对。
Neither of the boys often goes to the zoo on Sundays.
星期天两个男孩都不经常去动物园。
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(6)主语后跟with,except,together with,as well as等短语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致,而不受这些短语的影响。如: Mr Li with his students is discussing the math problem. 李老师和他的学生在讨论数学题。 All the girls except Mary are drawing in the classroom. 除了玛丽以外所有的女生都在教室里画画。 (7)兼有双重身份的人作主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式。 A writer and worker often gives us a talk on Sundays. 一位工人作家经常在星期天给我们做报告。 (8)主语和谓语的就近一致。 就近一致即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。有下面几种情况: ①在there be 句型中或以here开头的句子中,谓语动词be应与后面的名词保持一致,当后面的名词不止一个时,be应和其最靠近的名词的人称和数保持一致。如: There are twenty-two boys and twenty girls in our class. 我们班有22名男生和20名女生。 There is a car and two jeeps behind the house. 房子后有一辆小汽车和两辆吉普车。 Here are two oranges and some milk. 这里有两个橘子和一些牛奶。 ②either...or...(或者??或者??);neither...nor...(既不??也不??);...or...(??或者??);not only...but also...(不但??而且??)等平等结构,连接并列主语时谓语动词的人 称和数应和与之靠近的一个主语保持一致。如: Either you or he has to go shopping this afternoon. 今天下午或者是你或者是他必须去购物。 Neither he nor we are students now. 他和我们现在都不是学生了。 both...and...连接两个主语时,谓语用复数形式。如: Both he and she do well in English. 他和她都擅长英语。 2.名词作定语 (1)名词作定语,一般用单数形式。如: girl students(女学生) paper flowers(纸花) (2)名词作定语时,个别情况用复数形式。如: sports meeting (运动会) 一、单项选择(31分) 1.(2010·安徽)—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now? —Sorry, I know nothing about him. We are ________. A.friends B.neighbors C.classmates D.strangers 2.(2010·河北)I don't think looking after children is just ________ work. A.woman B.woman's C.women D.women's 3.(2010·武汉)—Why are you still waiting in line? —I've missed my ________. A.place B.order C.turn D.time 4.(2010·晋江)—Lily has a silk ________. Listen, she is singing in the next room! —How nice! A.look B.noise C.voice - 4 -
5.(2010·咸宁)—I hear you have to run for half an hour every day.
—Right. It is one of the ________ in my school.
A.choices B.plans C.hobbies D.rules
6.(2010·娄底)—It's said that you have moved into a new house.
—Yeah, and we need to buy some ________ in the mall nearby.
A.food B.furniture C.hamburger
7.(2010·内江)________ mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business. A.Alice and Lily's B.Alice's and Lily's C.Alice's and Lily 8.(2010·宜宾)When I was a student, I liked to sit in the front of the classroom so that I could
see the words more clearly on the ________.
A.blackboard B.desk C.dictionary D.postcard
9.(2010·重庆)Something is wrong with my ________. I can't see anything around me.
A.nose B.ears C.eyes D.mouth
10.(2010·义乌)—The land in the southwest of China is in great need of ________.
—Yes, it hasn't rained for a long time there.
A.milk B.tea C.coffee D.water
11.(2010·鸡西)Which is the mascot of Shanghai Exposition(世界博览会)?
A. B. C.
12 .(2010·广安)—How far is your home from school? — It's about two ________ walk. A.hour's B.hours C.hours' 13.(2010·沈阳)I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a
________. A.letter B.dictionary C.postcard D.notice
14.(2010·沈阳)—Whose computer doesn't work? —________, I think. A C.John D.John's .John has B.John does 15.(2010·襄樊)—What's your job, Henry? —I'm a ________. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners. A.waiter B.reporter C.teacher D.nurse
16.(2009中考变式题)You can get much ________ about the world expo on the Internet.
A.map B.picture C.ticket D.information
17.(2009中考变式题)Let's get some ________ about tourism on the Internet.
A.information B.message C.invention
18.(2009中考变式题)—Oh, my God! We have missed the last bus. What shall we do?
—I'm afraid we have no ________ but to take a taxi.
A.choice B.decision C.reason D.information
19.(2009中考变式题)—Good morning, madam. Can I help you? —Sure, I'd like ________ for cooking vegetables. A.two cups of tea B.three pieces of bread C.one bowl of dumplings D.five kilos of oil
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20.(2009中考变式题)—I hear you have to get up early every morning. —Right. It's one of the________ in my family. A.plans B.orders C.rules D.suggestions
21.(2009中考变式题)—Two________ died in the accident.
—________terrible it is!
A.policemen; How B.policeman; What
C.police; What D.policemans; How
22.(2009中考变式题)Connie took off her________. She wanted to feel the grass with her feet. A.shoes and socks B.shirt and pants
C.cap and gloves D.sweater and jacket
23.(2011中考预测题)—Do you know the woman over there?
—Yes. She's ________aunt.
A.Lily and Lucy B.Lily's and Lucy's
C.Lily's and Lucy D.Lily and Lucy's 24.(2011中考预测题)After playing football for more than half an hour, took________ rest. A.a few minute's B.a few minutes'
C.a little minute's D.a little minutes'
25.(2011中考预测题)—Where are the________?
—They are playing________ basketball on the playground.
A.man teachers; the B.men teachers; the
C.man teachers; / D.men teachers; / 26.(2011中考预测题)Betty has a beautiful________. She can sing very well.
A.voice B.look C.sound D.smell 27.(2011中考预测题)—Oh, there isn't enough________ for us on the bus. —No hurry. Let's wait for the next one. A.floor B.ground C.room D.place
28.(2011中考预测题)—What ________ do you have for Paul?
—I think he should study harder than before.
A.news B.advice C.help D.information
29.(2011中考预测题)—Well, you look so happy!
—Because I got a good ________.
A.work B.news C.job
30.(2011中考预测题)I saw many ________ eating grass on the hill. A.horse B.cow C.rabbit D.sheep 31.(2011中考预测题)It's hot. Let's have some ________. A.wine B.porridge C.ice cream D.strawberries
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the students 专题2 冠 词
? ?单数可数???上文提到过的人或事物名词前一 特?被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物定要用??指?说话双方所默认的人或事物the冠词????世上独一无二的事物????指类别
?泛指单一,每一,任一事物a?n???指类别 ?复数可数?名词,不可 ?数名词前?泛指的人或事物? ?零冠词??指类别考 点一 定冠词的用
?上文提到的人或事物the??被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物特指??说话双方所默认的人或事物
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1.特指双方都明白的人或物。 Take the medicine.把药吃了。 2.上文提到过的人或事。 He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3.指世上独一无二的事物或用于对两个人或事物比较时起特指作用的比较级前。 He is the taller of the two boys.两个男孩中他较高点。 the fox (狐狸),the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4.与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar“美元”;或与形容词或分词连用表示一类人,如:the rich“富人”;the living“生者”。 5.用在序数词和形容词最高级及形容词only, very, same 等前面。 Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。 That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6.与复数名词连用,指整个群体。 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) 他们是这个学校的全体老师。 They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) 他们是这个学校的老师。 7.表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。 8.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9.用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前,但中国乐器前不加the。 play the piano 弹钢琴 10.用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇二人”。 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) 11.用在惯用语中。 in the morning/afternoon/evening,in the end,by the way,at the age of,at the moment等。 12.用于方向名词或表示江河、山脉、海峡等专有地理名称前。 in the southeast of,at the back of,the Red Sea 13.用在逢十的复数名词前,表示年代,也指人的大约岁数。 The young girl is in the twenties. 这个年轻的女孩大约二十几岁。 The war broke out in the forties. 这场战争发生在40年代。 - 7 -
考 点二 不定冠词的用
1.不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量,其意思和“one”差不多。 —What can I do for you, madam?要点什么,女士? —I want an orange skirt for my daughter. 我想为我女儿买条橘黄色的裙子。
2.泛指人或事物的某一类,尤其是作表语时要用a+单数名词,而不用the+单数名
词。
The dog is an honest animal to human beings. 狗是对人类忠诚的动物。 3.用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词前,有“每一”之义,相当于every。 —How much is the meat? 肉多少钱? —It's eight yuan a kilo. 8块钱每公斤。
4.泛指某人或某物。
A boy is looking at you. 一个男孩在看你。
5.用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一份,一场”等。 Would you like a drink? 你想喝杯饮料吗? There will be a heavy rain tomorrow. 明天将会有大雨。 6.用于可视为一体的两个名词前。 a knife and fork 一副刀叉
7.用于某些习语中,如:
a little/few/bit,in a hurry,catch a cold,have a good time,have a rest=rest,after a while,
in a word 8.用于固定结构后,如: quite/half/rather/many/such+a(an)+名词 He's quite a famous artist. 他是个很有名的艺术家。 Many a man would welcome such an opportunity.
许多人会很高兴有这样一个机会。
考 点三 零冠词的用
1.在专有名词前不加冠词,如国名、省名、城市名、街名、公园名等。
Sanya is in Hainan Province. 三亚在海南省。
We live in China. 我们住在中国。
2.一日三餐、球类运动和学科前不加冠词。 He went to school without breakfast this morning. 早上他没吃早饭就去上学了。 They like playing football after school.
他们喜欢放学后踢足球。
I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。
3.表示节日、季节、星期、月份的名词前不加冠词,但若特指某年的某月、某季节, 则需要在月份、季节前加the。 Today is Friday /July 14th. 今天是星期五/7月14日。 It is summer now. 现在是夏天。 Yesterday was March 8th,Women's Day.
昨天是3月8日妇女节。 4.表示称呼或头衔的名词前,不加冠词。 This is Professor Wang. 这是王教授。 He is captain of the team. 他是队长。 5.在有物主代词、不定代词、指示代词等作定语的名词前,不用冠词。 His birthday is September 8th. 他的生日是9月8日。 How much are these shoes? 这些鞋多少钱? - 8 -
6.不可数名词前一般不用冠词。 Which does he like better, fish or chicken? 他更喜欢哪一个,鱼还是鸡? 7.泛指的复数名词前不用冠词。 Animals live in the forest. 动物生活在树林里。 8.与by连用的交通工具前不用冠词,但与take或介词连用时,名词前要加冠词。 They often go to school by bus. 他们通常做公共汽车去上学。 take a bus,in a boat,on the bike 9.在某些固定的词组或习语中,不用冠词。 face to face,watch TV,step by step,at first/last, in trouble/danger,on/in time,go to school/work,at noon/night
特别提醒: 1.不定冠词a/an的区别 a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前,判断一个单词是元音开头还是辅音开头,要根据其读音,而不是根据首字母。如: an honest boy,a useful book There is an “f” in the word “five”. 在“five”中有字母“f”。 我们可以这样来记忆:不见元音不加an,不看字母看发音。 (1)在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x,其他用(2)以u开头的单词,要注意区别。如: an umbrella,an unusual story,an unhappy boy,a university,a useful book 2.有定冠词与无定冠词的区别 ?go to school上学?是学生??at school在上学(1)? (5)? ?go to the school到学校去?不一定是学生?at the school在学校里?a。
go to bed就寝,上床睡觉??(2)?go to the bed向床边走去,走到床前?? ?不一定是去睡觉? ?in class在上课(6)? in the class在班级里??in future今后(7)? in the future将来??in hospital因病住院(3)? ?in the hospital在医院里?不一定是病人??at table吃饭(4)? ?at the table在桌子旁边?next year明年(9)? ?the next year第二年?by sea 乘船(10)? ?by the sea在海边?in bed?睡、病、躺?在床上(11)? ?in the bed?某物?在床上?on earth究竟(12)? on the earth在地球上?
?in front of在???外部的?前面(8)? in the front of在???内部的?前面? - 9 -
3.序数词前面用定冠词与不定冠词的区别 “the+序数词”表示“第几??”;“a+序数词”表示“又一,再一”。如: The cake is delicious,and I would like a_second one. 蛋糕很好吃,我想再吃一块。 4.a number of与the number of的辨析 a number of 意思是“许多”,相当于a lot of;the number of意思是“??的数目,??的数量”,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如: A number of students like playing computer games. 许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。 The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school. 我们学校学生的人数大约是1 500。 5.在句型“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位”中要用the,而不用物主代词。如: take sb. by the hand 抓住某人的手 hit sb. on the head打某人的头 pat sb. on the shoulder拍某人的肩 hit sb. in the face打某人的脸 6.当名词被其他词修饰时,不定冠词a或an的位置应注意: (1)当名词被such,half,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。如: He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door. 他离开得如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。 It took me half an hour to write the letter. 写那封信花了我半个小时。 (但在美国,半个小时也可以说成a half hour。) What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊! Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 许多人到大城市去打工了。 (2)当名词前面的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词后。如: She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station. 她是如此好的一个女孩,她把那位盲人带到了车站。 How nice a film this is! 这是多么好看的一部电影啊! (3)当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather或very时,不定冠词置于quite或rather之后,very之前。如: quite a good book,rather a useful tool,a very interesting story 1.(2010·广安)—Do you know Meimei? —Yes, she is from a university and she is ________ honest girl. A.a B.an C./ 2.(2010·自贡)—What would you like for ________ breakfast, Mr. Green? —Two pieces of bread and ________ cup of tea, please. A.a; the B./; a C./; the 3.(2010·晋江)There are sixty minutes in ________ hour. A.a B.an C.the 4.(2010·衢州)Many people think that 2012 is one of ________ most successful films. A.a B.an C.the D./ 5.(2010·鸡西)If you work hard, you'll get ________ “A” in the exam. A.a B.an C.the 6.(2010·泰安)—What's ________ most useful invention in the 20th century? —________ computer, I think. A.the; A B.a; A C.the; The D./; The - 10 -
7.(2010·龙岩)—Is there ________ clock in your room?
—Yes, there is.
A.a B.an C.the
8.(2010·定西)They often take ________ walk after dinner. A.a B.∕ C.the D.an
9.(2010·菏泽)—May I have a look at ________ book tonight? —Of course, you can. I have ________ old one at home. A.the; a B.a; the C.the; an D.the; the 10.(2010·长沙)My sister can play ________ violin very well.
A.the B.a C./
11.(2010·淮安)Look! There is ________ map of China on the wall.
A.a B.an C.the D./
扬州)—Look! What's that moving high up in ________ sky? 12.(2010· —It must be ________ plane. A.a; the B.the; /
C.the; a D./; a
13.(2010·南京)There is ________ local shop for people to buy daily things in the small village. A.a B.an C.the D./ 14.(2010·铜仁)—Have you found ________ address that you wanted?
—Yes. It's Mr Wang268@163.com.
A.a B.an C.the D./
15.(2010·潍坊)Avatar(阿凡达) is such ________ wonderful science fiction movie that I want to see it ________ second time. A.a; a B.a; the C./; the D./; a
16.(2010·河南)—Shall we pay ________ visit to Expo 2010,Shanghai?
—No,I'd rather stay at home and play ________ football.
A a; the B.the;a
C./; the D.a; /
17.(2009中考变式题)Jack likes playing ________ soccer, but he doesn't like playing ________ piano. A./; / B.the; / C.the; the D./; the 18.(2009中考变式题)Look! ________ man over there is Li Le's father.
A.An B.A C.The
19.(2009中考变式题)The doctor advises me to eat ________ apple a day. A.a B.an C.the D./ 20.(2009中考变式题)—Do you know the story of Goldilaks and the Three Bears? —Yes, I do. It's ________ interesting story. A.a B.an C.the D./ 21.(2009中考变式题)—Do you play ________ piano in your free time? —No, I like sports. I often play ________ soccer with my friends. A./; the B.the; / C.the; the D.a; a 22.(2009中考变式题)There's ________ 800-metre-long road behind ________ hospital. A.an; an B.a; a C.an; the D.a; the - 11 -
23.(2009中考变式题)I hope we can fly to ________ moon one day. A.a B.an C.the D./ 24.(2009中考变式题)It's not ________ good idea to drive for four hours without
________ break. A.a; a B.the; the
C.a; the D.the; a
25.(2009中考变式题)—How about ________ charity show? —I should say it was ________ success. A.the; a B.the; / C.a; a D.a; / 26.(2009中考变式题)After school we usually play ________ basketball for half an hour on ________ playground.
A.the; the B./; /
C./; the D.the; /
27.(2009中考变式题)—What should I buy for Tom's birthday? —How about ________ camera? He loves taking photos? A.a B.an C.the D./ 28.(2009中考变式题)—How was ________ dinner at Mike's house? —It was great. Mike's mum is ________ wonderful cook. A.a; the B.the; a
C.the; the D.a; an
29.(2009中考变式题)There is ________ umbrella near the window. A.the B.an C.a
30.(2009中考变式题)—How do you go to ________ work? —I usually take ________ bus. A.the; a B./; a C.a; a D.the; / 31.(2009中考变式题)We can see ________ full moon on the evening of August ________ th15 every year.
A.the; a B.a; a
C.a; the D.the; the
32.(2009中考变式题)—There is ________ book on the shelf, would you please get ________ book for me? —With pleasure. A.a; the B.the; a
C.a; a D.the; the
33.(2011中考预测题)Jack started to work at ________ early age because his family was very poor. A.a B.an C.the D./
34.(2011中考预测题)Harry Potter is such ________ interesting book that we all like it. A.a B.an C.the D./
35.(2011中考预测题)—How do you like your holiday in Mount Yuntai? —We enjoyed it very much. ________ sight is very beautiful. A.A B.An C.The D./ 36.(2011中考预测题)Tim and Tom are twin brothers. But they have different hobbies. Tim
likes playing ________ chess while Tom likes playing ________ guitar. A.the; / B./; the
C.the; the D./; /
37.(2011中考预测题)We all know ________ sun comes out in the daytime. A.the B.a C./ D.an
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38.(2011中考预测题)—Lily, would you mind turning on ________ light, please? It's a little
dark in the room.
—Of course not.
A.a B.an C.the D./
39.(2011中考预测题)It's reported that ________ terrible earthquake hit ________ south of our country. A.a; the B.the; a C./; the D.an; / 40.(2011中考预测题)Mary has a cold and a high fever. She has to stay in ________ bed.
A.a B./ C.the D.an
41.(2011中考预测题)In the western countries, Father's Day falls on ________ third Sunday
in ________ June.
A.the; / B.the; a
C./; the D.a; /
42.(2011中考预测题)If you drive to the Three Gorges, you will have ________ convenient journey. A.quite a B.an quite C.the quite D.quite the
43.(2011中考预测题)We can have ________ bluer sky if we create ________ less polluted
world. A.a; a B.a; the
C.the; a D.the; the
44.(2011中考预测题)—You've dropped ________ “f” in the word “off”. —Oh, ________ letter “f” is doubled. A.an; a B.a; the C.an; the D.the; the
45.(2011中考预测题)Wuhan is ________ capital of Hubei and it is ________ city with
many places of interest. A.a; a B.a; the
C.the; a D.the; the
46.(2011中考预测题)After school we usually play ________ ping-pong for half an hour on ________ playground. A.the; the B./; / C./; the D.the; /
47.(2011中考预测题)Tom is coming here by ________ plane tomorrow. He is ________
honest boy, I think you will all like him. A./; a B./; an
C.the; an D.the; a
48.(2011中考预测题)—What ________ exciting news it is! Is ________ news true?
—Of course, I heard it when they made a decision.
A.an; the B.an; a
C./; the D./; a
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考
专题3 代 词
点一 人称代词
②用于指时间、人、天气和距离等。 2.人称代词的用法 It's cloudy today.(天气) 今天多云。 (1)主格在句中作主语。 We study English every day. 我们每天都学英语。 ③用于强调句中。 It is Li Ming who is a doctor.当医生的是李明。 (2)宾格在句中作宾语或表语。 I teach them English. 我教他们英语。 ④代表前面提到过的事物。 I have a new pen.It is very beautiful. —Who is knocking on the door? 谁在敲门? 我有一支新钢笔,它很漂亮。 —It's me. 我。 ⑤用于一些固定句型中。 (3)it的用法。 It's time (for sb)to do sth. ①用作形式主语或形式宾语。 It is +时间段+since... It is important for us to learn English well. It takes sb some time to do sth. 对我们来说学好英语很重要。 It's kind of sb to do sth. I found it is important to learn English well. 我发现学好英语很重要。 (4)两个或两个以上的人称代词并列使用时,单数人称的顺序常为2→3→1(即你→他→我),复数人称的顺序为1→2→3(即我们→你们→他们)。 The teacher wanted________to do the work. A.Jim, you and I B.I, Jim and you C.you, Jim and me D.Jim, me and you (5)I永远要大写,无论在句前还是句中,we,you,they均可用来泛指一般人,故译成汉语时不必译成“我们”“你们”“他们”。she常用来代指国家、月亮、大地等。 - 14 -
考 点二 物主代
1.形容词性和名词性物主代词虽都译成“??的”,但形容词性物主代词只能作定语, 后边须有名词;而名词性物主代词后边不可再加名词,它在句中可作主语、宾语或表语。 “名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词”。 ——Is that your bag? 那是你的包吗? ——No, it is hers.(hers=her bag) 不是,是她的。
2.在汉语中,“我的”、“你的”这类词有时可以省掉,而英语中形容词性物主代词一
般是不省略的。
Are these_your coats? 这些是你的外套吗?
3.在“拍、打、拉某人身体的某部分”的句型中,虽译文有“我的”、“你的”之意, 但英语中都不用物主代词,而要用the。 hit sb in the face,take sb by the hand,catch sb by the arm,hit sb on the nose/head 4.名词性物主代词与of连用可作定语。 The handwriting of hers is very good. 她的字很好。
5.物主代词前不能有this, that,some, a, an,the等词修饰。
如不能说the my right hand。
考 点三 反身代词
反身代词是表示或强调自身的代词,有人称和数之分。第一、二人称反身代词由“形容词性物主代词+self(单数)或selves(复数)”构成;第三人称则由“宾格人称代词+self(单数)或selves(复数)”构成。
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1.反身代词的基本用法是在句子中作宾语或表语。常用在动词enjoy,teach,help,buy,wash,hurt,be,look after等词后以及一些介词后。如:buy oneself sth.(为自己购置某物)、enjoy oneself(过得愉快)、help oneself to some food(随便吃点食物)、teach oneself(自学)、wash oneself(自己洗澡)、look after oneself(自己照料自己)。 2.在句子中作主语或宾语的同位语,用来加强语气,表示“亲自,本人”,一般置于被说明的词之后;作主语的同位语时,还可放在句末。 Lucy herself told me the news. 露西亲自告诉我这个消息。 You'd better ask the teacher yourself. 你最好亲自问问老师。 3.反身代词有时可作主语或表语。 Both my brother and myself enjoy playing football. 我哥哥和我都很喜欢踢足球。 Sam is not quite himself today. 山姆今天不太舒服。
4.反身代词不可作定语。如果想表示“属于某人自己的”时,多用“名词+of one's own”或“one's own+名词”的形式。 Children need toys of their own. 孩子们需要有自己的玩具。 5.若宾语与主语指同一个人,则用反身代词作宾语;若宾语与主语不是指同一个人,则 用人称代词宾格作宾语。 Did she buy herself a new watch? 她给自己买了一块新手表吗? Did her father buy her a new book? 她父亲给她买了一本新书吗? 考 点四 指示代词
指示代词是用于指代上下文中所出现的人或事的代
词,表“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等概念,有单复数之分。如下表: 1.this和these用于指距离较近的事物或人,that和those用于指较远的事物或人。 如: This picture is clear and that picture is not clear.
这张图画很清楚,而那张图画不清楚。 2.指示代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语或定语。如: Those flowers are red.(作定语) 那些花是红的。 Is this your book?(作主语) 这是你的书吗?
3.打电话时用that问对方是谁,用this做自我介绍。如: This is Mary speaking.Who's that? 我是玛丽,你是谁? 4.that(those)可以代替前面提到的名词,以免重复,this(these)不能。如:
The population of China is larger than that of India. 中国的人口比印度的多。 Some TV sets made in China are just as good as those made in Japan.
一些中国制造的电视机和日本制造的一样好。
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拓展:指示代词such与same的用法: (1)指示代词such表示“如此的,如此的事物”,具有名词和形容词的性质,在句子中可用作主语、定语、表语等。如: Such is our study plan.这就是我们的学习计划。 I don't like such a book.我不喜欢这样的书。 such作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词,则这个不定冠词应放在such之后,如:such a man,such a play。 (2)same(同样的)也是指示代词。使用时,same之前必须用冠词the。它也具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如: The same happened to me.我也发生了同样的情况。 Thank you all the same.还是要谢谢你。 考 点五 疑问代词
疑问代词who, whom, whose, what 和which都是用来构成特殊疑问句的。who通常作主语和表语,whom作宾语。 注:在口语中who可以替代whom,但是介词前置后就必须用whom。如: For whom did you wait just now? 刚才你等谁呢? 考 点六 普通不定代词及复合不定代词
1.普通不定代词
(1)初中阶段常用普通不定代词,列表如下:
(2)普通不定代词的用法 ①some与any
some和any 均表示“一些”,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;some一般用于肯定句中,any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中。但在疑问句中,若要表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。如: There aren't any girls in the classroom. 没有女孩在教室里。
—Would you like some tea? 你想喝点茶吗? —Yes,please. 好的。
②many与much many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词so,too,as,how连用。如:
There are too many mistakes in your test paper.
在你的试卷中有太多错误。
He never eats so much supper. 他从未吃这么多晚饭。 She has got too much homework to do. 她有太多作业要做。 ③either与neither
either指两个之中的其中一个,neither指两者都不。常构成固定搭配: either/neither of
+名词(代词)的复数+谓语动词(第三人称单数);either... or...和neither... nor...,当连接两个主 语时,谓语动词应与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如: There are trees on either side of the river. 在河的一边有树。
Neither of the books is good. 两本书都不好。
Either you or I am going to America. 要么你去美国,要么我去。 - 17 -
Neither you nor he is wrong. 你和他都没错。
④both与all,neither,none both表示“两者都”,常与and 连用;all指“三者或三者以上都”;neither“两者都不”;none“三者或三者以上都不”,neither/none常与of连用。如: Both she and I are students. 她和我都是学生。 Both plans are good. 两种计划都很好。 All of us should go there at once. 我们所有人都应该立刻去那。 They all agree to stay on the hill. 他们都同意待在山上。 Neither of us is right. 我们都不对。 None of them likes the book. 他们都不喜欢这本书。 ⑤each与every each和every都表示“每一个”。each强调个别,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every强调整体情况,修饰名词时谓语动词也要用单数形式。另外,each可指两个或两个以上的人或事物,而every只可指三个或三个以上的人或事物。如: There are trees on each side of the street. 在河流的两旁都有树。 Every student passed the exam. 所有学生都通过了考试。 Each of us wears a red coat. 我们每个人都穿着红外套。
注:(1)当句子的主语是指人的复合不定代词,如everybody,nobody,anyone等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they;当句子的主语是指物的复合不定代词,如everything,anything,something,nothing等时,其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it。如:
Everybody is here,aren't they? 大家都在这里,是吗? Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都准备好了,是吗? (2)当形容词或else(另外)修饰复合不定代词something,everything,everyone等时,形容词或else必须放在复合不定代词的后面。如:
Xiao Ming, I have something important to tell you.
小明,我有重要的事情要告诉你。 We need one more helper.Can you find anyone else? 我们还需要一个助手。你能再给我们找一个吗?
(3)everyone的意思等同于everybody,只能指人;every one 既可指人也可指物,还可以和of短语连用。如: I would like everyone to be happy. 我希望人人都幸福。 Everyone/Every one likes Mary. 大家都喜欢玛丽。 I have kept every one of her letters. 我把她的每一封信都保存了下来。 She took my bottles of whisky and emptied every one down the sink. 她把我的威士忌酒一瓶一瓶全给倒进水池子里去了。 3.辨析 (1)it,one,that作代词时的区别 ①it特指上下文提到的同一对象是同一事物。如: The book is mine.It's very interesting. 这本书是我的,它很有趣。 ②one泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个,同类而不同一。如: —Who has a pen?谁有钢笔? —I have one.我有一支。 ③that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。如: The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. 冬天北京的天气比广州的天气冷。 - 18 -
1.关系代词主要有who,whom,that,which,whose,它们用来引导定语从句。 2.关系代词用法 (1)who,whom,whose引导定语从句时,其先行词必须是人。who在从句中作主语;whom在从句中作宾语,可以省略;whose在从句中作定语。如: This is the doctor who came here yesterday. 这就是昨天来的医生。 The man(whom)you saw last week has left the town. 你上周看见的那个人已经离开城镇了。 (2)that引导的定语从句,其先行词既可指人,也可指物。which引导的定语从句,其先行词只用来指物。如: The school which you can see by the river is our school. 你看到的那所在河边的学校是我们的学校。
1.相互代词是表示相互关系的代词,在句中常作宾语;只有两个:one another 和each other,译作“相互,彼此”。两者用法基本相同,但在表示两人间的相互关系时,更 多用each other。如: People can use ICQ to talk with each_other by computers. 人们可以使用ICQ在计算机上互相交谈。 2.相互代词的所有格形式为:each other's 和one another's。 They put small presents in each other's stockings. 他们在彼此的长袜中放入小礼物。 这里each other's 是指他们双方的。 3.在有些情况下,汉语中字面上没有“相互,彼此”等词,但译成英语时却要用相互代词。 We don't often see (write to)each other now. 我们现在不经常见面(写信)。 (2010·咸宁)—What a nice MP5! Whose is it? —It's ________. My father bought me last week. A.me B.him C.his D.mine - 19 -
Emma, can you introduce ________ to Alice? I want to meet her. A.him B.his C.me D.my (2010·河北)She is new here, so we know ________ about her.
A.nothing B.something
C.anything D.everything
You are in a bad mood all the afternoon. Maybe you need ________ like me to cheer you up.
A.no one B.none
C.someone D.everyone
(2010·咸宁)—Which would you like to visit, Shanghai Expo Garden or Beijing Bird Nest? —________. I prefer to enjoy the 2010 FIFA World Cup at home. A.Both B.Either C.Neither D.None —How many students are there in the classroom? —________. They are all in the lab. A.Some B.None C.All D.Neither (2010·安徽)—I need something for cutting the paper. —Oh, you want a knife? OK, I'll get ________ for you. A.it B.that C.this D.one —Why don't we take a little break? —Didn't we just have ________? A.it B.that C.one D.this
(2010·宜昌)—Hurry, Mike! The bus is coming. —Wait a moment, please! Let me see if there's ________ left. A.anything else B.something important C.nothing else D.any other things —Would you like ________ to drink?
—Yes, I'd like a cup of coffee.
A.something else B.else something
C.anything else D.else anything
1.(2010·安徽)The teacher asked the boy many questions, but he only answered ________ of them. A.some B.lots C.each D.few 2.(2010·晋江)—Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?
—________ is OK. I don't care.
A.Either B.Neither C.Both
3.(2010·晋江)—Who teaches ________ English? —No one. I teach ________. A.you; myself B.your; myself C.you; me 4.(2010·哈尔滨)Two places of interest in Beijing are well-known to people from home and abroad.One is the Great Wall,________ is the Summer Palace. A.the other B.another C.other 5.(2010·铜仁)—Excuse me, is this Lucy's book? —No, this is ________. ________ is over there. A.mine; Hers B.my; Her C.my; Hers D.mine; Her 6.(2010·苏州)—Wow! You're got so many skirts.
—But ________ of them are in fashion now.
A.all B.both
C.neither D.none
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7.(2010·广州)—Have you brought ________ with you? We won't have time to come back. —Don't worry. All the things we need are here, in this big bag. A.something B.anything
C.nothing D.everything
8.(2010·连云港)—Would you like to have ________ cake?
—No, thanks. I've had two. That's enough.
A.other B.others
C.another D.the other
9.(2010·宁夏)—Help ________ to some cakes, Jim. —Thank you. A.you B.your C.yourself D.yourselves 10.(2010·宁夏)It's difficult for me to decide which one to choose, because ________ of them
are good. A.neither B.both
C.either D.each
11.(2010·宁夏)I don't want to read this book. There is ________ in it. A.something interesting B.nothing interesting C.interesting something D.interesting nothing 12.(2010·兰州)—When shall we go to the museum, this afternoon or tomorrow morning?
—________ is OK. I'm free these days.
A.Both B.All
C.Either D.Neither
13.(2010·内江)—Oh,you're reading a newspaper.Is there ________ in it? —I don't know. I read it just now. A.new something B.anything new C.something new 14.(2010·内江)—Who is Mr Xu?
—He is ________ teacher and he teaches ________ P.E.
A.our; us B.our; our
C.ours; our
15.(2010·宜宾)—Do you know everyone from Class One? —Er..., I know some of ________. A.they B.their C.theirs D.them 16.(2010·宜宾)Several years ago, ________ people knew Sean. But now he is famous in Jinan.
A.few B.any
C.many D.most
17.(2010·东阳)—Is this your sweater, Joy? —No, It's not ________ sweater. ________ is yellow. A.my; My B.my; Mine C.mine; Mine D.mine; My 18.(2010·连云港)Maybe the disaster can destroy our homes, but ________ can destroy the love in our people.
A.something B.everything
C.anything D.nothing
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19.(2010·桂林)How is your father? Please say hello to ________ for me.
A.she B.him C.it D.her
20.(2010·潍坊)I'm expecting a pet dog for long,but mom has no time to buy ________ for me. A.it B.one C.this D.that 21.(2010·泰安) —Jim, Tom is looking for his English book. Is this ________?
—No, that is ________. I don't know where his is.
A.his; mine B.he; mine
C.him; mine D.his; my
22.(2009中考变式题)—Where is my notebook? —I don't know. It isn't here. Maybe ________ took it away by mistake. A.everybody B.nobody C.anybody D.somebody 23.(2009中考变式题)—Hi, John. What are you going to do this Sunday?
—________. Do you have any ideas?
A.Nothing serious B.Nothing much
C.No problem D.Thank you
24.(2009中考变式题)—How heavily it rained this early morning! —Yes. But ________ of the students in our class was late for school. A.some B.none C.all 25.(2009中考变式题)—Which of the two T-shirts will you take?
—I'll take ________, one for my brother, the other for myself.
A.either B.neither C.all D.both 26.(2009中考变式题)—Do you know ________ the man with sunglasses is?
—I'm not sure. Maybe a reporter.
A.who B.what C.where D.how
27.(2009中考变式题)Can you tell me ________ you are going to do next week?
A.if B.what C.how D.where
28.(2009中考变式题)—Bob! Is this your dictionary? —No, it isn't. It's Ask Sally's. She is looking for ________. A.his B.hers C.mine D.yours 29.(2009中考变式题)When I returned to my hometown, I was nearly lost. Almost
________ had changed.
A.nothing B.anything
C.something D.everything
30.(2009中考变式题)—Which would you like, Coke or tea? —________. I prefer coffee. A.Neither B.Both C.Either D.None 31.(2009中考变式题)He has several books on the desk, but ________ of them is on history. A.none B.neither C.all D.both
32.(2009中考变式题)College students are old enough to teach ________.
A.them B.their
C.themselves D.they
33.(2009中考变式题)I don't understand the story though there are ________ new words in it. A.few B.little C.a few D.a little
34.(2011中考预测题)—Which of these two story books will you borrow? —I'll borrow ________ of them. Because they are very interesting. A.either B.all C.neither D.both
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35.(2011中考预测题)—Is this ________ dictionary? —No, it's not ________. A.yours; mine B.your; mine C.your; my
36.(2011中考预测题)Don't wear jeans, or ________ won't be allowed to go to the concert.
A.I B.you C.they
37.(2011中考预测题)Could you give me ________ chance? I'll try my best to finish it. A.other B.the other C.another D.others (2011中考预测题)We will study in the new teaching building ________ was built this year. 38. A.which B.where
C.what D.who
39.(2011中考预测题)—The article was very easy, wasn't it? —Yes, but I don't think ________ can understand it. A.somebody B.anybody C.everybody D.nobody 40.(2011中考预测题)________ students in China go to school by car, but most of them don't. A.No B.Some
C.Many D.All
41.(2011中考预测题)Boys and girls, please keep quiet. I have ________ to tell you. A.something important B.anything important C.important something D.important anything 42.(2011中考预测题)—Would you like tea or coffee?
—________ is OK.I really don't mind.
A.None B.Either
C.Neither D.Both
43.(2011中考预测题)—Wow, what a nice MP4! Whose is it?
—My aunt bought it for my brother and me. It's ________.
A.mine B.his C.ours
44.(2011中考预测题)—Is the woman a teacher? —Yes. She teaches ________ English. A.you B.us C.our D.your
45.(2011中考预测题)—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ________?
—No, I'd rather buy one in the bookstore.
A.one B.it C.another
46.(2011中考预测题)—Tell me ________ about Brother Sharp, please. —He was a beggar(乞丐). He became a blue-eyed boy(红人) on the Internet because of his cool appearance and dressing style. A.nothing B.anything
C.something D.everything
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考 点一 形容
专题4 形容词、副词
1.形容词用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征,在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语。 You must keep your eyes closed_when you do eye exercise.(宾补) 当你做眼保运动时,必须保持你的眼睛是紧闭着的。 There are many _colourful_coral reefs under the sea.(定语) 海底有许多色彩斑斓的珊瑚礁。 Mother looked happy when she received our presents.(表语) 妈妈收到我们的礼物时很高兴。 2.形容词作定语时,一般要放在被修饰的名词前,不定代词或副词后。但enough既可放在被修饰的名词前,也可放在被修饰的名词后。 The boy is old_enough to go to school. 这个男孩已足够大能去上学了。 He has something_interesting to tell his mother. 他有一些有趣的事告诉他妈妈。 3.基数词可与名词(用连字符相连)构成复合形容词,用作定语。这时名词总用单数,而且这个复合形容词总是放在被修饰的名词前,常表示时间、度量等。如: a 5-year-old girl 4.有些形容词只能用作表语,不能作定语。 这类形容词主要有afraid,alone,asleep,alive,awake,ill等。 5.有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如: friendly,lively,silly,lovely等。 6.以-ing结尾的形容词通常修饰物,以-ed结尾的形容词通常修饰人。如: interesting(有趣的),interested(感兴趣的)等。 7.“the+形容词”表示一类人或物。如:the poor等。 8.一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式。 glad,happy,pleased??sorry,sad,sure,keenbe?ready,afraid,able??easy,difficult +to do sth 9.常见形容词的近义词归类。 新的new旧的 old 老的young年轻的 large—big,glad—happy/pleased,clever—bright, 容易的easy难的 hard 硬的soft软的 dear—expensive,broken—worn out,hard—difficult, —well,ill—sick,nice—kind/fine/good/beautiful, fine健康的well病了 ill 坏了good好了 alone —lonely 10错的wrong对的 right 右边的left左边的 .常见形容词的反义词归类。 bad—good,big—small,large—small,black—white, 长的long短的 short 矮的tall高的 busy—free,cold—hot,cool—warm,dead—living/alive, —wet,empty—full,fast—slow,high—low, dry胖的fat瘦的 thin 薄的thick厚的 ill—well,little—much,open—closed,same—different, —dangerous,southern—northern,less—more, 重的heavy轻的 light 亮的、浅色的dark黑暗的、深safeleast —most,worse—better,worst—best,cheap—dear/ expensive,easy—hard/difficult,possible—impossible,
happy—unhappy/sad,early—late
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12.形容词原级用法 (1)说明人或事物自身的特征、性质和状态时用形容词原级。 The pictures on the wall are nice. 墙上的图片很漂亮。 (2)有表示绝对概念的副词very,so,too,enough,quite等修饰时用形容词原级。 The man is very tall. 这个人很高。 (3)表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词原级。 ①肯定句中的结构:“A...+as+形容词原级+as+B” English is as important as Chinese. 英语和语文一样重要。 ②否定句中的结构:“A...+not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B” I am not so fast as lucy.我没有露西快。 - 25 -
③表示“A是B的??倍”时,用“A...+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。(两倍:
t wice;三倍以上:数字+times)
Our school is three times as big as his.
我们学校是他学校的三倍。 This table is twice as long as that one. 这张桌子是那张桌子的两倍长。 ④“half as+形容词原级+as”表示“??是??的一半”。
His apples are half as many as his sister's.
他的苹果是他妹妹的一半多。
13.形容词比较级用法 (1)表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,其结构为“A...+比较级+than+B”。 The oranges in this bag are bigger than those in that bag. 这个包里的橘子比那个包里的橘子大。 (2)有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot, much,even,still,far,rather,any等修饰时,用形容词比较级。
It is much hotter in Guangdong than that in Jilin. 广东比吉林热得多。 (3)表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更??”时,用句型“Which/Who is+形容词比较级,A or B?”表示。 Which book is newer,this one or that one? 哪本书更新一些,这本还是那本? (4)表示“几倍于??”时,用“倍数+比较级+than”表示。 He is two years younger than you. 他比你小两岁。 (5)表示“两者之间最??一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。 Tom is the taller of the two boys. 汤姆是这两个男孩中最高的一个。 (6)表示“越来越??”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。 It's getting warmer_and_warmer in spring. 春天天气变得越来越暖和。 Our school is becoming more_and_more_beautiful. 我们的学校变得越来越漂亮了。 (7)表示“越??就越??”时,用“the +比较级,the+另一比较级”结构。 The_more we get together, the_happier we'll be. 我们越聚在一起就越高兴。 14.形容词最高级用法 (1)表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定 冠词the,句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。 He is the youngest in our class.他是我们班年龄最小的。
Mary's handwriting is the best of the three girls. 玛丽的字在三个女孩中是最好的。 (2)表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A, B or C?”结构。 Who is the oldest,Mary,Nancy or Lily? 谁的年龄最大,玛丽,南希还是莉莉? (3)表示“最??的??之一”时用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的
名词要用复数形式。 The pen is one of the most beautiful pens. 这支钢笔是最漂亮的钢笔之一。 (4)形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最??”。 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 在中国,黄河是第二长河。
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(5)形容词最高级前面可以用物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。 Tomorrow will be my busiest day. 明天将是我最忙碌的一天。 (6)形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。 Li Lei is the_tallest_student in his class. 李雷是班上最高的学生。 =Li Lei is taller_ than any other student in his class. 李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。 =Li Lei is taller_than the other students in his class. 李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。 =Li Lei is taller_than anyone else in his class. 李雷比班上其他任何人都高。 特别注意: (1)-ing形容词与-ed形容词 -ing形容词表示“令人??的”,表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰或说明事物。如:surprising“令人惊讶的”,exciting“令人兴奋的”,interesting“有趣的”等。-ed形容词表示“感到??的”,表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+be+-ed形容词+介词”结构。如:surprised“感到惊讶的”,excited“感到兴奋的”,interested“感兴趣的”等。如: We are all excited about the exciting news. 我们听到这令人兴奋的消息都感到很激动。 (2)形容词最高级前不加the的情况。 如果形容词最高级前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格,则不必加the。如: Monday is my busiest day. 星期一是我最忙的一天。 (3)在同一范围内比较时,必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。如: China is larger than any_other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲其他任何一个国家都大。(在同一范围内,只能和其他对象进行比较)。如: China is larger than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。(在不同范围内,可以和其中任意一个对象进行比较)。 1.副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,在句中可以作状语或表语,宾语补足语。 Please don't leave the room when I am away. 当我不在的时候请不要离开房间。 The radio says the clouds will lift quite_quickly. 收音机上说云将会很快散去。 注:可以用作表语的副词有:in,out,on,off,up,down,over,around。 2.副词的分类 副词一般分为以下几类: (1)时间副词。如:now,often,usually,always,early,then,soon,before,ago等。 (2)地点副词。如:here,there,out,above,below,outside,up,down,downstairs 等。 (3)方式副词。如:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,quietly等。 (4)程度副词。如:very,much,still,almost,quite,so,too等。 (5)疑问副词。如:how,when,why,where等(用于特殊疑问句句首)。 (6)关系副词。如:when,where,why (放在引导的定语从句句首)。 (7)连接副词。如how,where,why,whether等(放在名词性从句句首,主要是宾语从句)。 考 点二 副 词
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(5)“及物动词+副词”组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时,该名词放在副词前或后均可, 如是代词作宾语,则必须将该词放在副词前。 Can I try on the shoes,please? 我可以试穿这鞋吗? Don't cut it down! 别把它砍倒!
(6)程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面,放在情态动词和助动词之后。 I'm very sad to hear that. 听到这个消息我很难过。 pull up...(from)(从??)拉上来 (7)副词常与动词搭配成动词短语。 give up放弃 find out发现,查明(真相) ①及物动词短语 wear out穿破,用坏 sell out售完,卖光 take away 拿走 put away把??收起来,放好send away派遣,解雇 move away搬开,挪走 try out试用,实验 take out 取出
take down拿下,取下 write down记下,写下 put on 穿上(衣服等),上演 put down 放下 look up查阅 try on试穿(衣、帽等) send up发射,把??送上去 hold on(电话用语)不挂断 put up举起,挂起 turn on打开,旋开(电灯、无线电等开关) dress up(给??)穿上盛装,(给??)乔装打扮 pass on传递 turn off关掉,关上(开关) take off脱下(衣服等) give back还回 ring up(给??)打电话 get back取回,要回 look over 查看,检查
look around环顾,寻找
以上这些动词短语可以带宾语,当宾语为代词时,常放在中间。 ②不及物动词短语 come back回来 come around过来 (8)某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接,放在句前。 Suddenly he had a good idea.
突然他想出了一个好办法。
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3.副词的位置 (1)频度副词,如always,often,sometimes,usually等通常放在动词之前。但在句子里如果有助动词或情态动词,则要放在它们之后。如果有系动词be,也要放在系动词之后。 He usually has lunch in the factory. 他通常在工厂吃午饭。 The boy is often late for class. 那个孩子上课经常迟到。 (2)enough作形容词修饰名词时,一般放在所修饰的词之前;作副词修饰形容词或副词时,应放在所修饰的词之后。 I have enough money to buy the book. 我有足够的钱买下这本书。 He's tall enough to get the book down. 他足够高,可以把书取下来。 (3)时间副词和地点副词的位置一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中,则把地点副词放在时间副词的前面,也可把时间副词放在句首。 They went swimming in the river yesterday. =Yesterday they went swimming in the river. 昨天他们去河里游泳了。 (4)方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在被修饰词之后,修饰及物动词时,放在被修饰的动词之前或宾语之后,如果宾语较长,也可把副词放在动词和宾语之间。 Mr father works hard. 我父亲工作努力。 Tom speaks Chinese very well. 汤姆的中文说得很好。 Mr Wang wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 王先生很认真地给他的朋友们写信。
4.副词比较等级用法
(1)副词的比较级、最高级的变法和形容词的比较级、最高级变法基本相同。请参见形容
词比较等级用法。
(2)在两者进行比较“表示A不如B”时,部分双音节和多音节副词除使用“not...as/so
+副词原级+as”结构外,还可使用“less+副词原级+than”结构。 Bill didn't do his homework as_carefully_as Jim. =Bill did his homework less_carefully_than Jim. Bill做作业没有Jim认真。
(3)副词最高级前一般不加定冠词the。
Lin Tao did best in English of all. 林涛的英语最好。
5.几个常用副词的用法区别 (1)how long/how soon/how often/how far how long “多久,多长时间”,是对一个持续的时间段提问,常用“for+时间段”和“since+时间点”回答。 how soon “多快,多久以后”,是对一个短暂性动词提问,用于一般将来时句子中,常用“in+时间段”回答。 how often “多长时间一次”,对频度提问,常用“once,twice,three times a week”等回答。 how far “多远”,对距离提问。 (2)hard/hardly hard “努力地,辛苦地”,“剧烈地,猛烈地”是程度副词。 hardly “几乎不”,是否定副词。 I can hardly_ see the words on the blackboard. 我几乎看不清黑板上的字。 Please pass me my glasses,Linda. 琳达,请把眼镜递给我。 We should learn Chinese hard as a Chinese. 作为中国人,我们应该努力学习汉语。 - 29 -
(3)much too/too much much too“非常,极其,太”,much和too都是副词,much修饰too以加强语气,中心词是too,much too修饰形容词或副词原级。 too much“太多”,中心词是much,too修饰much以加强语气,too much修饰不可数名词。与too many相对,但too many修饰可数名词。 Don't eat any more,you have eaten too_much. 不要再吃了,你已经吃太多了。 You will become _much_too fat some day. 有一天你将会变得非常胖。 (4)too/also/either too 一般不用于否定句,常放在句尾。 also常放在be动词或助动词之后,行为动词之前。 either用于否定句,常放在句尾。 You are a student. I am a student, too. 你是学生。我也是学生。 They are also students.他们也是学生。 You don't know the matter.I don't know, either. 你不知道这件事。我也不知道。
(5)too/enough/so too “太,很”,用于“too...to...”结构,表示否定意义“太??而不能??”。 enough “足够”,用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to...”结构,表示“足够??能??”。 so “如此”,用于“so...that...”结构,表示“如此??以至于??”。 I'm too tired to go on the work. 我太累了而不能继续工作。 The girl is old enough to go to school. 这个女孩足够大能去上学了。 The lake is so deep that nobody dare to swim in it. 这个湖太深了以至于没人敢在里面游泳。 (6)already/yet already常用于肯定句。 yet常用于否定句和疑问句句尾。 I have already_ finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的家庭作业。 Have you finished your homework yet? 你做完家庭作业了吗? I haven't had lunch yet.我还没吃午饭。 - 30 -
知识网络
专题5 数 词
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考 点一 基数词的表示方法
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4.基数词101~999,先说“几百”,再加“and”,再加末两位数。 —How many days are there in a year? 一年有多少天? —Three hundred and sixty-five. 三百六十五天。 5.1000以上的数,先从后向前数,每三位加“,”,第一个“,”号前为thousand,第 二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand million(英式)。 —Can you write the number eighty-five_thousand,six_hundred_and_twenty-six? 你会写数字85,626吗? —Yes, it is 85,626. 会写,它是85,626。 6.百(hundred)、千(thousand)、百万(million)等词前与数字或a(n)连用时,词尾不可加“s”。 The computer was cheap. I spent only two thousand yuan on it. 那台电脑很便宜,我只花了两千元。 7.百(hundred),千(thousand),百万(million)等词与介词of连用时,须用复数形式,表示不确定数目,其前不可与数字连用。 —How many people went to Beijing for the Olympic Games in 2008? 有多少人去北京看2008年奥运会? —Millions of,I think. 上百万,我认为。 8.表示“几十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数,在表示“几十年代”时,可以用基数词的复数形式,也可用阿拉伯数字加“s”或“'s”。 She is in her fifties but she looks young. 她五十多岁,但她看上去很年轻。 From the 1950's(1950s) to the 1970's(1970s),picture-story cartoons were very popular. 从20世纪50年代到20世纪70年代,图画故事的卡通片是很受欢迎的。 9.基数词可与其他词构成合成形容词。 Kate is an eighteen-year-old girl. 凯特是个18岁的女孩。 eighteen的读音以元音开头,故其前要用不定冠词an。 注:这种合成形容词的结构为:“数词+单数名词+形容词”。复合形容词中,词与词之间要加连字符“-”。 10.基数词可用作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。 There are two_thousand students in their school.(定语) 他们学校里有两千人。 Give him three.(宾语) 给他三个。 Two_thirds of the teacher in our school are women teachers.(主语) 我们学校三分之二的老师是女老师。 11.电话号码的读法为顺次读出一个个数字,“0”读作“o”或“zero”。数字连续重现时可用“double(双)”。 62884405读作six two eight eight four four o (或zero)five或six two double eight double four o (或zero)five。 - 34 -
表示顺序的数词称为序数词。序数词一般以与之相应的基数词加词尾th构成;多个单词
时,仅最后一个变为序数词。序数词前一般需加“the”。 1.“基数词”变“序数词”的口诀: 基变序,有规律, 一、二、三特殊记,first,second,third, 从四开始加th,八去t,九去e加th, 五、十二变ve为f加th, 整十后变y为ie加th,若想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。 2.序数词作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语。 She was the_fifth in the exam.(作表语) The first of June is Children's Day.(主语) 3.表顺序时,基数词和序数词间可互换,如: Lesson Five=the fifth lesson 考 点二 序数词
考 点三 分 数
1.分数的表达与读法。 分子须用基数词,分母用序数词。分子如果大于1,分母须用复数形式。先读分子,再读分母。分子为one时可换用“a”。 Two thirds of the students are girls in our class. 在我们班,三分之二的学生是女孩。 2.1/2读作“a(one)half”(而不是a second“一秒钟”);1/4既可读作“a(one)quarter”,又可读作“a(one)fourth”。
Three quarters of the world's books and newspapers are written in English. 世界上3/4的书和报纸是用英语写的。
3.较复杂的分数的读法为“基数词分子+over+基数词分母”。带分数的读法是在整数 与分数之间加读and。 27读作twenty-seven over two hundred and eighty-three 28315读作five and a half 246读作six and four fifths 5
考 点四 其他数的表达
1.小数的读法:小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同,小数点读作“point”,小数点后只需将数字一一读出。 15.67读作fifteen point_six_seven 0.009读作zero point zero zero nine 或nought point nought nought nine 2.百分数的读法:先读基数词,再读百分号“%”(读作percent)。 5%读作five percent 0.5%读作zero point five percent 200%读作two hundred percent 3.年代的读法为两位、两位地读。整百的后读hundred,整千的后读thousand,前常加“the year”。 1937读作nineteen thirty-seven 或:nineteen hundred and thirty-seven
1900年读作nineteen hundred 1905年读作nineteen and(或o)five 或:nineteen hundred and five 2000年读作the year two thousand
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5.年、月、日的英语顺序为“月,日,年”。“日”用序数词读和写(写时也可用基数词);“日”读在“月”前时要加读“of”。 July 7(th),2005 2005年7月7日 读作:July the seventh two thousand and five 或the seventh of July two thousand and five Today is Thursday,September 19th. 今天星期四,9月19日。 6.计时法有24小时制和12小时制两种。24小时制时刻的读法为: 06·00(英式)或06:00 读作:zero six hundred hours 21:25或21·25 读作:twenty-one twenty-five 7.12小时制时刻的读法分为顺读法和倒读法。顺读法是依次读“点钟数、分钟数”。倒读法中,在前半小时:“分钟数+past+已过点钟数”;在后半小时:“分钟数+to+下个钟点数”。半小时用“half”,一刻钟用quarter。 6:00读作:six(o'clock) 7:30顺读:seven thirty 倒读:half past seven 9:15顺读:nine fifteen 倒读:a quarter past nine 2:45顺读:two forty-five 倒读:a quarter to three 21:50顺读:twenty-one fifty 倒读:ten to ten in the evening=9:50p.m. 24:00读作:twenty-four hundred hours=midnight The bus usually leaves at 19:15. 公共汽车通常在19:15离开。 (读作a quarter past seven in the evening 或nineteen fifteen) 8.一些数学公式的读法:“加”用plus/and,“减”用minus,“乘”用times,“除”用divided by,动词多用单数,如: 3+5=8读作:Three plus/and five is eight. 9-2=7读作:Nine minus two is seven. 6×5=30读作:Five times six is thirty. 8÷4=2读作:Eight divided by four is two. - 36 -
知识网络
时间介词? ?介词的分类?地点介词
??方式介词
?定语 状语 介词介词的功能? ?表语 宾语 介词+名词?? 介词短语?动词+介词 ??be+形容词+介词
介词是一种虚词,不能单独充当句子成分,但可以与名词、代词或其他
词类、短语或从句组成介词短语,在句中作状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语。 介词可分类如下:
专题6 介 词
??????? 1.表时间时,at强调“点”,in强调“段”,on强调“日”和某日的早、中、晚。 I got there at eight this morning. 今天早上我八点到那。 Beijing held the Olympic Games in 2008. 北京2008年举行了奥运会。 The twin sisters were born on a Friday evening. 这对双胞胎姐妹在一个星期五的晚上出生。 2.表示“在一段时间之后”时,“in+时间段”用于将来时,“after+时间段”用于过去时。 My friend will be back from Beijing in two days. 我的朋友将在两天后从北京回来。 We finished the work after three months. 我们在三个月后完成了工作。 3.表示“延续的一段时间”时,可用“for+时间段”或“since+过去的时间点”,常 与含延续动词的完成时连用。 —How long have you been in this city?
你在这座城市待了多久了? —For ten years. 十年。 Mr Smith has lived here since 1998. 史密斯先生自从1998年就住在这。 4.表示“直到??”或“直到??才??”时,用“until(till)+时间点”。 注:till多用于口语,且不能放在句首。 She won't be back until(till) July. 她到七月份才回来。 - 37 -
5.“during+时间段”表示“在??期间”;“by+时间点”表示“到??为止”,“在??之前”,常用于将来时和完成时中。 They taught there during 2005~2008. 他们在2005~2008期间在那教书。 The teacher had already started teaching by the time she got to class. 当她到班级的时候老师已经开始讲课了。 6.表地点时,in表示“范围较大的地方”,强调“空间”;at表示在“范围较小的地方”,强调“点”。 I live in China. 我居住在中国。 We often wait for the bus at the bus stop. 我们通常在公共汽车站等车。 7.表位置时,in表示“在??内”,on表示“在??上”(接触表面),on还可以表示“在两边”“在左/右边”。 They are putting up a picture on the wall. 他们正在往墙上张贴画。 The girl on the right is a famous actress. 右边的女孩是一个著名的演员。 8.over表示与某物不接触的“正上方”,under与其相对,表示“正下方”。 The sky is over our heads. 天空在我们头顶上。 The cat is under the table. 那只猫在桌子底下。 9.above表示“在??的上方”,“高于”;below与其相对,表示“在??的下面”,“低于”。 The temperature will stay above zero in the day time,but at night it will fall below zero again. 白天气温将保持在零度以上,但在晚上又将降到零度以下。 10.“across+表面”表示“横过”;“through+空间”表示“穿过”、“贯穿”;“over”表示从上面“越过”。 The Changjiang River is too wide for so young a boy to swim across. 长江太宽了,这么小的孩子游不过去。 The plane flew over the high mountains. 飞机飞越了群山。 The sunshine got into the room through the glass. 阳光透过玻璃进入房间。 11.behind表示“在??的后面”,其反义词组“in front of”表示“在??的前面”,注意与in the front of 的区别。 We must keep our hands behind our backs. 我们必须一直把手放在背后。 I was walking down the street when a friend of mine stood in front of me. 当一个朋友站在我面前时,我正沿着街道散步。 There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室的前面是黑板。 12.at/in the front of 表示“在??里面的前部”,at the back of表示“在??里面的后部”,in the middle of 表示“在??的中部”。 Xiao Ming sits at/in the front of the classroom. 小明坐在教室前面。 The twin sisters sits at the back of the classroom. 那对双胞胎姐妹坐在教室后面。 The teacher is standing in the middle of the classroom. 老师在教室中间站着。 - 38 -
13.between表示“在两者之间”,包括两个以上的人或物中任何两者之间;among表 示“三者或三者以上的中间”。 When we talk about the universe,we mean the earth, the sun,the moon and the stars and the space between them. 我们谈论宇宙时,指的是地球、太阳、月球和星星以及它们之间的空间。 Some supermarkets open between 8:30 a.m. and 8:00 p.m.. 一些超市在早上8:30到下午8:00之间营业。
Do the students know the differences among the four words? 学生们知道这四个单词之间的区别吗? 14.在与方位名词east,west,south,north连用时,in表示“在内部”,“to”表示“在 外部”,on强调“接壤”。 Hunan lies on the south of Hubei.
湖南在湖北的南面。 Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。 China lies to the west of America. 中国在美国的西部。 15.表示“在??上”时,不是都用“on”,有时须用in。 ?in the tree 用于指树上的鸟、人等。 在树上??on the tree用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。 ?in the wall镶嵌在墙内,指窗户、门、钉子等。 在墙上??on the wall在墙的表面之上,指地图、画像等。
??in the newspaper用于指报上的内容。 在报纸上?on the newspaper用于指放在报纸上的东西,如
?? 眼镜等。 ?to 16.on the/one's way?+名词?副词 在去??的途中 by the way 顺便说一下
They met each other on their way home (to school).
他们在回家(去学校)的路上相遇了。
By the way, who lost the money?
顺便问一下,谁丢了钱? 17.表“用”时“with+工具、手段”,“by+交通工具(单数)”,My daughter bought some books with the money she had saved. 我女儿用她节省的钱买了些书。
He told us something interesting in Japanese.
他用日语告诉了我们一些有趣的事情。 As a middle school student, don't write with a pencil. 作为一个中学生,不要用铅笔写字。 He always goes to school by bus.
他总是坐公共汽车去学校。
18.be made of +从成品上看得出的材料
be made from+从成品上看不出的原料
be made in+产地
be made by+制造者 It is said that this kind of cloth is made of silk and it is made in China. 据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。
This wine is made from grapes.
这酒是葡萄酿的。
This machine is made by Uncle Wang. 这机器是王伯伯制造的。 - 39 -
in+语言、嗓音”。“
20.介词和形容词的常见搭配: be good at (在??方面好) be weak in (在??方面差) be good for (对??有好处) be bad for (对??有坏处) be late for (迟到) be sorry for (为??遗憾,抱歉) be full of (充满) be busy with (忙于) be angry with (对某人生气) be afraid of (害怕) be interested in (对??感兴趣) be different from (与??不同) be strict with sb.(对某人严格) be strict in sth.(对某事严格) be fond of (喜爱) 21.be used for(=be used to do sth.)意为“被用来做??”。介词for表示用途,后接名词或动词-ing形式。be used by 意为“被??使用”,介词by后面接动作的执行者(宾语)。be used as 意为“被用作??”,介词as表示“作为”,be used to doing sth.意为“习惯于做??”,to是介词。 The stamp is used for sending letters. 邮票是用来邮信的。 English is widely used by travellers and business people all over the world. 英语被全世界的旅行者和商人广泛使用。 English is used as the second language in many countries. 英语在许多国家被当作第二语言。 I am used to getting up early every morning. 我习惯早晨早起。 19.介词和动词的固定搭配。 (1)同一动词和不同介词的搭配: look at (看) look for(找) look after(照顾) look over(检查) look out of (朝??外面看) look (a)round(环视) arrive in+大地方(到达) arrive at+小地方(到达) hear of (听说) hear from(收到??的来信) spend+钱+on sth.(花钱做某事) spend+时间+(in) doing sth.(花时间做某事) (3)其他的介词和动词的搭配: listen to (听) come from (来自??) fall off (从??上摔下) try out (试验) knock at/on (敲) prefer...to... (比起??来还是??好) learn by oneself (自学) take care of (照顾) stop...(from)doing (阻止??做??) help oneself to+食物 (随便吃??) get to (到达) Thanks to (多亏,由于) (2)同一介词和不同动词的搭配: ask for (要求) leave for (动身去) send for (派人去请) pay for (付钱) wait for (等待) agree with sb (同意某人) begin with (以??开始) help with (在??方面帮助) catch up with (赶上) get on/along with (与??相处) make friends with (与??交朋友) - 40 -
连 词
专题7 连 词
知识网络 连词?联合关系:and,not only...but also...,???? neither...nor...等???并列连词?转折关系:but,however等因果关系:so,for等????选择关系:or,either...or...等?连词的分类??引导宾语从句that,if,whether等???引导主语从句that,what,whether等??从属连词?引导表语从句that,whether等????引导状语从句since,though,where等??连词在句中的位置??连词的特殊用法
考 点一 并列连词
并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的并列连词有and,but,or,for,so,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor,not only...but also...等。 1.表示平行或对等关系 and和both...and...两者都?? neither...nor...既不??也不?? not only...but(also)...不但??而且?? when就在这时,突然?? Hold on to your dream,and one day it may just come true. 坚持你的梦想,总有一天它会实现。 Yesterday evening I was playing the piano when the doorbell rang. 昨天晚上,当电话铃响的时候我正在弹钢琴。 2.表示转折关系 but但是 yet然而 while然而 while常用来表示前后鲜明的对比 It's a beautiful place,but there were so many people there that I couldn't find a proper place to take photos. 它是一个漂亮的地方,但是有太多的人以至于我不能找到合适的位置拍照。 3.表示选择关系 or或者;否则 or else否则 not...but...不是??而是?? either...or...或者??或者?? 在并列的否定句中,用or代替and构成完全否定,如果所连接的两部分都有否定词,用and而不用or连接。 When you are learning English,use it,or you will lose it. 当你学英语的时候,要用它,否则你就会丢了它。 The shoes don't fit me.They're either big or small. 这些鞋不适合我,它们不是大就是小。 4.表示因果推理关系 for因为,此时它引导的从句只能位于句尾,前面用逗号隔开。 - 41 -
考 点二 从属连词
1.引导名词性从句的主要有that(无词义,可省略),if和whether,后两者可与or not连用,他们在句中不作成分,在ask,wonder,not know, want to know,not be sure等后常用whether或if从句,而不用that从句。 The foreigner asked me if I could speak English. 那个外国人问我是否会讲英语。 2.引导时间状语从句的主要有when,while,as,after,before,until/till,since,as soon as等。 I arrived at the airport after the plane had taken off. 飞机起飞后我到达了飞机场。 3.引导原因状语从句的主要有because,since,as等。 More and more kids become unhappy because they have too many activities to do. 越来越多的孩子变得不开心,因为他们有太多活动要参加。 4.引导条件状语从句的主要有if,unless,once等。当从句中需用一般将来时的时候,总是用一般现在时去代替。 The sports meeting will continue unless it rains this afternoon. 运动会会在下午继续除非下雨。 5.引导目的状语从句的主要有so that,in order that等。 6.引导让步状语从句的主要有even if,even though,(although)though等。but和 (although)though不能同时出现在一个句子中。although 比though更正式。 The story is hard to understand though there are no new words in it. 这篇短文很难理解尽管里面没有生词。 7.引导地点状语从句的主要有where等。 8.引导比较状语从句的主要有than,as等, 在as(so)...as中,后一个as是连词,引 导比较状语从句。 Do you think that art is as interesting as music? 你认为美术和音乐一样有趣吗? 9.引导方式状语从句的主要有as,as if,as though等。 10.引导结果状语从句的主要有so,so that,so...that...,such...that...等。
The mountain was so steep that few people in our city reached the top. 这座山如此陡峭以至于我们市有很少人能爬到顶峰。 点三 易混连词 考
1.when,while,as 三者均可译为“在??时候”。when引导的从句,动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是终 止性的。一般来说,当主句的动作正在进行时,when引导的从句的动作才发生;while
引导的从句中,动词只能是延续性的,一般来说,当while引导的从句的动作正在进行时,主句的动作才发生;as表示随着短暂动作的发生,另一行为伴随发生。 He was riding to school when he was hit by a car this morning. 当他被一辆小汽车撞到的时候他正骑车上学。 You'd better turn off the water while you brush your teeth. 当你刷牙的时候你最好关掉水。 She sang as she walked. 她一边走一边唱歌。 2.so...that...,such...that... 从句+形容词/副词+that从句; so+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数+that从句; so+many/much/few/little+名词+that从句; such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that从句; such+形容词+不可数名词/可数名词复数+that从句。 Hangzhou is so beautiful a city that lots of visitors come here every year. 杭州如此美以至于每年许多游客来这。 She is such a good girl that we all like her. 她是如此好的一个女孩,以至于我们大家都喜欢她。 There are so many students on the playground. 操场上有如此多的学生。 - 42 -
专题8 动 词
考 点一 动词的分类
动词按含义及它们在句中的作用分为四类:行为(实义)动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。 1.行为(实义)动词 实义动词意义完整,能够独立作谓语。根据其在句中是否需要宾语,又可细分为:及物动词和不及物动词。 (1)及物动词(vt.)要求跟宾语。 I learn_English_every day.(English是learn的宾语) 我每天都学英语。 (2)及物动词可以跟 “双宾语”(直接宾语和间接宾语),也可跟“复合宾语”(宾语和宾语补足语)。 People give me their money. 人们给我钱。 In England,people usually call me Jim for short. 在英国,人们通常简称我Jim。 I found a small boy cry in the corner yesterday. 昨天我发现一个小男孩在角落里哭。
注:①带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有:make,let,have,see,watch,notice, hear等。 ②带双宾语的动词有:give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, write, read, return等。 ③“短语动词”相当于实义动词,主要有下列五种形式: 动词+介词:相当于一个及物动词。如:look after“照顾”,look for“寻找”。 这类短语动词有的作及物动词,有的作不及物动词。如:ring up“打电话”(用 动词+副词:作及物动词),look out“小心”(用作不及物动词)。
动词+副词+介词:这类短语动词一律用作及物动词。如:do away with“去掉”,go back to“回到(某处)去”,go on with“与(某人)相处”。 动词+名词+介词:这类短语动词也只能用作及物动词。如:take care of“照顾”,take part in“参加”。 be+形容词+介词:这类形容词包括起形容词作用的分词,这类短语动词也相当于及物动 词。如:be ready for“做准备”, be full of“充满”, be interested in“感兴趣”。 2.系动词
系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、
性质、特征或身份。
常见的系动词有:be,become(变成),get(成为,变得),look(看上去),seem(似乎,好 像),turn(变得),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(感觉),keep(保持)。 这些词没有被动语态形式,也不用于进行时态。 3.助动词 助动词(v.aux.)本身无词汇意义或意义不完全,不能单独用作谓语。助动词有be,have,
shall(should),will(would)和do。助动词在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态以
及否定和疑问结构。
(1)助动词be有下列几种形式:
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助动词be的功能有两个:与现在分词构成各种进行时态;和过去分词构成各种被动语态。 攀枝花)Mary with her sisters ________ Chinese in China. ①(2010·A.are studying B.have studied
C.is studying D.study ②(2010·宿迁)I ________ the charity show on TV when the telephone rang. A.watch B.watched C.am watching D.was watching 答案:①C;②D
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(2010·滨州)—Have you ever been anywhere for a trip? —A trip? I ________ away from my hometown even once. A.went B.have gone C.have been D.have never been 答案:D ①(2010·菏泽)—It's dangerous to swim here. Look at the sign. —Oh, I ________ notice it. Thanks for telling me. A.haven't B.won't C.don't D.didn't ②(2010·兰州)They ________(agree) with each other, so they argued for a long time.
①(2010·扬州)—It's said that an airport ________in Yangzhou.
—It's true. That's what we are getting excited about these days.
A.builds B.will build
C.is building D.will be built ②(2010·江西)—Hello, Sandy. This is Jack. What are you doing? —I'm watching a match. It started at 7 p.m. and ________ on for another half an hour. A.has been B.was C.had been D.will be
③(2010·常州)—What's his plan after he leaves school?
—He ________ (go) to Beijing for further education.
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4.情态动词 情态动词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、语气或情态等,如“可能”、 “应当”。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词一起作谓语。情态动词多数没有人称和数 的变化。主要有:can/could,may/might,must,need,dare,will/would,shall/should等。如: I can dance.我会跳舞。
(1)can的用法:①表示能力,意为“能、会”;②表示推测,意为“可能”;③表示请
求允许,意为“可以”。以can开头的一般疑问句,其肯定和否定回答分别用can和can't。
①(2010·攀枝花)—Look! The lights in the teachers' office are still on. Is Mr. Li working? —No. It ________ be Mr. Li. I saw him leave just now. A.may not B.mustn't C.can't D.needn't
②(2010·沈阳)Trees ________ fight air pollution.They are natural air conditioners.
A.should B.must C.need D.can
(2)may 的用法:①表示请求、许可,意为“可以”;②表示猜测,意为“可能、也许” 等。can与may均可用来征求意见或允许,意为“可以”,一般可互换使用;③以may开头 的一般疑问句,其肯定回答应用may,而其否定回答则多用mustn't,而不用may not。 常州)—Have you decided where to spend your summer holiday? ①(2010· —Not yet. We ________ go to Qingdao. A.must B.should C.need D.may
②(2010·广安)—Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the zoo? —Sorry, I'm new here. Please ask that policeman. He ________ know. A.can B.need C.may (3)must的用法:①表示“必须、应该”;②表示推测,“一定”。must表示推测时一 般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句中一般应用can,否定句中也用may,但may not表而can't表示“不可能”。否定句中,mustn't表示禁止,意为“不允许”; 示“可能不”,③以must开头的疑问句,肯定回答应用must,而否定回答则常用needn't,needn't表示
“不需要、不必”,相当于don't have to。
①(2010·扬州)—Must I mop up the floor now? —No, you ________. A.needn't B.can't C.shouldn't D.mustn't
②(2010·赤峰)—Must I answer this question in English?
—No, you ________.
A.mustn't B.needn't
C.can't D.shouldn't
(4)need的用法:need 既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。need作情态动词时,没有人 称和数的变化,后跟动词原形,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。而need作实义动词时,有 人称、数的变化,后接带to的不定式。 You needn't come to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. 如果你有重要的事,下午的会就不必来了。 Does she need to come? 她需要来吗? 注:①比较can和be able to 两者表示能力时用法相同,但can只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式,其他时态要 用be able to来表示。另外,be able to常常有做成了某件事的意味。 ②must和can't must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为“一定”。推测的否定形式,疑问形式用 can't, couldn't表示。 如: He must be working in his office.
他一定在办公室工作呢。 Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
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现在时:谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式???过去时:谓语用动词的过去式?一般??常?将来时:谓语用will/be going to+动词原形?见?进行时:谓语用am/is/are+动词的现在分词八?现在??完成时:谓语用have/has+动词的过去分词 ?种进行时:谓语用were/was+动词的现在分词时???完成时:谓语用had+动词的过去分词态?过去?将来时:谓语用would或was/were going to??? +动词原形?1.一般现在时 考 点二 动词的时态
概念:(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作; He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。 (2)表示现在的情况或状态; He is a teacher. 他是个老师。 (3)表示客观事实和普遍真理。 The sun rises from the east. 太阳从东边升起。
构成形式:am/is/are或实义动词的原形(主语是第三人称单数时,动词要用第三人称单数
形式)。 时间状语:always,often,usually,sometimes,once a week,every day等。 动词第三人称单数形式的构成:
s,如lives,works等。 ①一般动词在词尾直接加-es,如goes,does, washes, passes等。 ②以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾的,加-③以辅音字母+y结尾的,把y变为i,再加-es,如fly—flies,study—studies,
worry—worries;以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加-s,如enjoy—enjoys,play—plays。 ④特殊:have—has,am/are—is It will be a long time before Jack finishes his work. 杰克要完成他的工作需要很长时间。 Autumn Day usually comes in September or October every year. Mid-中秋节通常都在每年的九月或十月。
考查热点:如果主句为一般将来时,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句和when,until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。 What about going climbing if it doesn't rain tomorrow? 如果明天不下雨,去爬山怎么样?
2.一般过去时
(1)概念:表示过去发生的动作,存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
(2)构成形式:
①肯定式:be(was,were);行为动词(过去式)
②否定式:was/were+not;行为动词didn't+动词原形 ③疑问式:was/were+主语+谓语;行为动词did+主语+动词原形 (3)动词过去式的变化:
动词过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况,不规则变化应特别记忆。规则变化有如
下形式:
①一般在动词后直接加-ed。如:climbed,worked,asked等。
②以-e结尾的动词在后面直接加-d。如:lived,described,agreed等。 ③以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y变为i再加-ed。如:cry—cried,copy—copied,try—tried 等。以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加-ed。如enjoy—enjoyed,play—played等。 ④以重读闭音节结尾的单词,如果末尾只有一个辅音字母,则先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:stop-stopped,plan-planned,prefer-preferred等。
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(4)与一般过去时连用的时间状语有: ago,yesterday,last week,the day before yesterday, long long ago, once upon a time (5)一般过去时的用法: ①表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 —Did you wash your clothes? 你洗衣服了吗? —I was going to wash my clothes but I had visitors. 我将要洗,但是我来客人了。 ②表示过去经常反复发生的动作,常与always,usually,often, never,sometimes等连用(过去常常做某事也可用used to do sth来表示)。 ③since从句常用一般过去时。 It is ten years since I came here. 自从我来这已经有十年了。 3.一般将来时 (1)概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。 (2)构成形式:“will/shall+动词原形”或“am/is/are going to+动词原形”。 (3)与一般将来时连用的时间:tomorrow,next week,in a few days,next Sunday, in+一段时间等。 (4)当主语是I或we第一人称时,问句中一般用shall,表示征求对方的意见。 When shall we finish homework? 我们应该什么时候完成作业? (5)be going to+v.(动原)表示计划、打算做某事,表示已决定的,很可能发生的事,或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。 Look at the clouds,there is going to be a storm. 看那些云,将会有暴风雨。 (6)下列几种情况只可用shall(will)表将来,而不可用be going to结构。 ①表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。 Will you please lend me your pen? 请把你的钢笔借我用一下,好吗? ②表示意愿时。 We will help him if he asks us. 如果他愿意,我们会帮助他。 ③表单纯性的将来,与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。 The sun will set at 7:30 this afternoon. 太阳会在下午7:30落下。 (7)当主句为一般将来时态时,在if,as soon as,until, when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那就给你打电话。 (8)位移词的进行时表将来。 (9)there be结构的一般将来时为there will be/there is going to be。 (10)will/shall, be about to do 与 be going to 的区别。 ①一般将来时的基本结构为“will/shall+动词原形”,表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。 ②be about to do 结构表示客观、马上就要发生的事,一般不与具体的时间状语连用。 ③be going to 结构表示必然或很可能发生的事情;be to do结构表示按职责、义务和要求必须去做或即将发生的动作。 - 48 -
4.现在进行时 (1)概念:表示现在或现阶段正在发生或持续的动作。 (2)构成形式:am/is/are+动词的-ing 形式。 (3)与现在进行时连用的时间状语及提示语有:now,these days, right now, at present, at this moment, Look!, Listen!等。 (4)go,leave,arrive,start等位移词用现在进行时表将来。 The train is coming soon. 火车一会就来了。 (5)当时间状语为now,these days等时或当句子中含有look,listen,can you see,can't you see之类的暗示词时,要使用现在进行时。但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态 的句子中: 表示感觉的动词。如:see,hear等。 表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如:like,love等。 表示希望的动词。如:want,would like等。 表示状态的动词。如:be等。 表示归属的动词。如:have等。 表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如:know,think等。 5.现在完成时 (1)概念:①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 ②表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。 (2)构成形式:have/has+动词的过去分词。 (3)与现在完成时连用的时间状语有for a long time,recently,yet,lately,ever,never,already,since,by this time,before,just,in the past/last few years,since+过去的时间点, since+时间段+ago,since+从句(一般过去时)。 (4)现在完成时与表示一段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用时,应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性的,而不能是非延续性动词,如:come→be here,go→be there,die→be dead,borrow→keep,buy→have,join→be in,leave→be away,begin to study→study等。 (5)have been to,have gone to,have been in 的用法区别: have been to 表示“过去曾去过某地”,说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其他地方,总之,现在已不在该地;have gone to则表示“已去了某地”,说话时不在说话地点,或在去某地的途中,或已到了某地,总之现在还未回来;have been in表示“已在某地待了多久”,后面跟副词时不用in。 —Where is Mrs Smith? 史密斯夫人在哪? —She isn't here.She_has_gone to England. 她不在这。她去了英国。 (6)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 现在完成时强调过去某一动作与现在的关系,对现在造成的影响、结果等,不与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示与现在的关系,可与表示过去的时间状语连用。 6.过去进行时 (1)概念:表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。 (2)构成形式:was/were+动词的-ing形式 ①表示往返、位移的动词的过去进行时常可用来表示过去将来时。 We wanted to tell her that the train was_leaving an hour later. 我们想告诉她火车将在一小时后开。 ②注意区别:一般过去时表示在过去某个时间“发生了的动作”或“存在了的状态”,而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(表明信写完了) Mary was_writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(只表明“一直在写”,不清楚“是否写完”,也许信还没有写完) - 49 -
(3)常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有两类:一类是表过去的“某点”时间,如:at that time,this time,last week,“when he came in”类时间状语从句等;另一类是表过去的“某 段”时间,如yesterday morning等。 What were you doing at nine o'clock last Sunday morning? 上周日上午九点钟你在干什么? While John was walking to school,he saw a cat in a tree. 当约翰步行上学时,他看见一只猫在一棵树上。 7.过去完成时
(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个时间之前已经发生的动作或一直延续的动作或状态。它表
示动作所发生的时间是“过去的过去”,常用“助动词had+过去分词”构成。
By the time she got up,her brother had already gone into the bathroom.
她起床的时候,她的弟弟就已经进了盥洗室。 (2)过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不同:过去完成时的时间参照点是 某个“过去的”时间;现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。因此现在完成时中的很多 规则, 也适用于过去完成时。 When I got to the cinema, the film had_been_on.
当我到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
(3)常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the end of) +过去的时间,for+时间段,since +时间点,when引导的时间状语从句(从句中谓语动词用过去时)等。 By the end of the match,they had kicked two goals and we had kicked four. 到比赛结束时,他们已踢进两个球,我们进了四个球。 —Did you see Tom at the party? 在聚会上你看见汤姆了吗? —No,he had_left by the time I got there.
没有,我到那的时候他已经走了。
8.过去将来时 (1)概念:过去将来时立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来。 (2)时间状语:the next day (morning,year...),the following month(week...)等。 (3)基本结构: ①肯定形式:was/were going to+do;should/would+do
②否定形式:was/were+not+going to+do;should/would+not+do
③疑问形式:was或were放在主语前;should/would提到主语前。如:
They were going to have a meeting. 他们曾经打算开个会。 He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday. 他说他要到上海去度假。
④过去将来时经常用在间接引语、宾语从句中。如:
Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book.
吉姆问露西她是否要买那本新书。
点三 动词的语态 考
1.动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态表示主语是谓语
动词的执行者,被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
A talk on science will be given in our school next Monday.
下周一在我们学校将会有一场关于科学的演讲。 2.被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词有人称、数和时态的 变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词,或 “动词+介词”构成的及物动词短语。 现以及物动词ask为例,其各种时态形式的被动结构如下表所示。
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