外文翻译--工业生态学在亚洲发展中国家的潜力

外文翻译

On the industrial ecologypotential in Asian Developing Countries

Author：S.F Chiu Nationality：Philippines

Source：“On the industrial ecologypotential in Asian Developing Countries\

Journal of Cleaner Production.Volume.12, Issues 8-10, Pages 1037-1045. October-December 2004

1 Introduction

The economy of the Asian Developing Countries (ADCs) is the largest in the developing world. The Asian economy has experienced the most rapid increase of its history during the last two decades. However, as with economic growth of the entire industrial world, this increase has generated severe environmental challenges. The ADCs moved quickly to encourage local industrialization and attract foreign investment in the absence of a comprehensive sustainable development scheme.

There is some encouraging evidence that industrial ecology is beginning to yield positive benefits in ADCs. Some activities are spontaneous; they were economy and technology-driven. Others were introduced and partnered with international organizations, such as the United Nations Development Programmed (UNDP) PRIME project in the Philippines, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) project in China, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) involvement in Thailand and China, and ADB project in Sri Lanka. All these projects have comprehensive benefits, but there are still many barriers and difficulties. Since ADCs have different political, economic, environmental and resource constraints than the economies in developed countries, ADCs need to review and craft suitable strategies to put industrial ecology into place, instead of using the models developed for developed countries.

China’s central government pays attention to environmental protection and

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supports the application and development of environmental management strategies, such as industrial ecology. As the national agency of environmental protection, the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) led the first EIP project in Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region in 2000. In October 2001, the department of Science, Technology and Standard in SEPA initiated another EIP demonstration project in Yantai, Shandong province. Meanwhile, SEPA is preparing to develop relevant policies to support the application of industrial ecology. Preventive strategies, such as cleaner production, have been included into the law in 2002. Another important initiative of SEPA is the Circular Economy Demonstration project in Liaoning province, the biggest heavy industry base in China. Under this project, some EIP projects will be initiated in Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, and Yingkou, and some efforts on integrated materials management will take place at the municipal level. On the basis of these, a virtual eco-industrial network (EIN) at the provincial level will be established that will focus on improving eco-efficiency and provide other regions with a working model。

The developing economies are looking up to the strategies put in place by their developed neighbors. Taiwan, Korea, and Japan have launched industrial ecology programs. Japan was the first to introduce several recycling oriented economic society programs such as the ecotown project, product stewardship and corporate social responsibility. The Taiwan government approved the establishment of two environmental technology parks in Hua Lian and Kaohsiung in January 2003。 The Korean National Cleaner Production Center recently started the task leading a 15-year, three-phase establishment of EIP networks nationwide.

An overview of many Asia Pacific eco-industrial development initiatives revealed that, EIPs have been understood initially as an holistic system and integrated system; but when the projects were started, they often only carry out exercises of material or by-product exchanges without conducting an estate-wide inventory and analysis of resource flows and their balances. Furthermore, only a very few initiatives have gone beyond material flows; for example, such questions as the management and organizational arrangements for inter-organizational and network management platforms and systems or the planning of community and stakeholder participation have been given very little attention, because the focus has mainly been on the physical flows of matter and energy. The design of industrial ecology initiatives is very inflexible and restricted by the nature of the industrial estates in ADCs, i.e. some

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include big multinational companies while others are occupied by numerous SMEs.

These situational factors of ADCs led to the following conclusions on the important Asian EID issues.

First, there is the question of the terminology usage. The terms and concepts applied have included eco-industrial development EID, EIP, EIN or industrial symbiosis.

Second, there is a need for an organized plan to improve the communication of industrial ecology concepts to various stakeholders like business, government and the general public. This part is critical for the successful implementation of the industrial ecology concepts.

Third, ADCs must create policies both at the local and national level that will assist in the recognition of the importance of the eco-industrial development approach.

Fourth, the lack of financial support for the industrial ecology projects must be addressed.

Fifth, continuous research and development must be conducted in order to improve the ability to adapt to the changing economic and social conditions in ADCs. Studies must be made to further develop the knowledge on how to better define indicators 。Documentation of the research work and case studies must be enhanced.

2、Analyses

Strengths

Developing economic structures. After the 1997 financial crisis, the Asia Pacific country economies recovered quickly. Foreign investment and domestic industrialization, for example in China, has increased substantially. This situation will provide the region with a rich diversity of industrial and other societal actors. Such diversity will open up new paths to innovation, learning and cooperation.

? Human resources. There is obviously an abundance of human resources in Asia and the Pacific region.

? Research. The academia and research institutions have already gathered some important eco-industrial development experience, as they have long been involved in several regional and international industrial ecology initiatives.

? The role of the government. Some key drivers of industrial ecology projects

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have already been identified through the implementation of different projects in ADCs. In many Asian economies, such as China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam; the government has had the key role in running EIP projects. In other economies, such as Philippines, India, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka; the governments, together with different stakeholders, play a critical role to lead the projects of sustainable development.

? Increasing awareness. General awareness of sustainable development has increased. The corporate world is beginning to understand that industrial ecology can also contribute to competitive capability.

Weaknesses

? Fuzzy terminology. Lack of complete understanding of eco-industrial development; the terminology is vague, goals are not clear, and there are many difficulties when deciding on how to measure eco-industrial development or what indicators and metrics should be used in such measurements.

? Lack of financial resources. There is a lack of funding and subsidies to promote industrial ecology education and information dissemination.

? Insufficient education. Lack of industrial ecology education that would reach the many stakeholders affected by or affecting industrial ecology projects.

? Unclear roles of different public sector bodies. The roles of various government units in sustainable development work are overlapping. There is a lack of coordination mechanisms and implementing infrastructures.

? Failure to understand the strategic potential of industrial ecology. Lack of a mindset to promote proactive utilization of industrial ecology as a strategic capability-building tool for national development.

? Implementation of policy. There is lack of good governance, capability and transparency in the implementation of rules and regulations in many developing economies. There is an imbalance of East–West development and wealth distribution in many economies in the region .

? Lack of proper technology and know-how. The technology and know-how available in the region are not sufficient. Current industrial technology focuses on the first half of the life cycle, that is, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing of the finished consumer product. There is a big gap in skills and know-how in terms of the latter steps of the life cycle, that is, from post-consumption to the loop closing and disposal stages.

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? Insufficient management systems and practices. There are problems in the current management structures and systems; there is a lack of integrated system-based management of industrial clusters. Companies are yet to develop joint management structures and initiatives and they still tend to focus on intra-organizational instead of inter-organizational management.

3、Conclusion

The following points need to be taken into account when the concepts and principles of industrial ecology are adopted and used in developing countries, in our case, in ADCs.

First, there are severe environmental problems and threats in these developing economies and they are rapidly becoming more severe, because unsustainable economic growth has been and continues to be rapid, resources are scarce and the population is growing while poverty continues to be among the major problems of economic and social development.

Second, this means that new perspectives and approaches are needed in ADCs to reduce the environmental burden of rapid economic expansion. In fact, industrial ecology has emerged as such a potential approach during recent years.

Third, it is critically important for the developing countries to try to avoid what seems to be the usual way of interpreting industrial ecology in the literature. This usual way to use industrial ecology and related tools adopts these tools only after the main policy guidelines; plans and strategies have been developed. In this context, there is a big risk that industrial ecology will only be used to control the emissions and wastes and perhaps, to support and sustain economic structures that are inherently unsustainable. Instead of such instrumental, end-of-pipe or clean-up efforts, industrial ecology must be used as the basic strategy of holistic and preventive national economic development of ADCs. If ADCs fail to integrate industrial ecology into the mainstream policies and strategies of economic development, and instead, adopt industrial ecology merely as an ‘add on’ or a tool that is used under the dominant economic model, it is very likely that ADCs cannot move the economic development process toward sustainability.

What happened in developed countries was, we argue, because the environmental and sustainability concerns were perceived as being in conflict with the

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