英语难句分析及翻译

英语难句分析及翻译

1. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful that detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.

2. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

3. Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who exel in ―sensitivity‖ or ―the ability to express compassion ‖ merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as ―the capacity for hard work‖) essential in producing wealth?

4. The questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will inevitably be less an exploration of abstract matters in a spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the

careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars – only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers – will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.

5. For the woman who is pracitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.

6. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

7. She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

8. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of

institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.

9. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources.

10.My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics.

11.It can be inferred from passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the

fifteenth century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?

12.But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet thoroughly.

13.Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

14.Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the Diaspora ( the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), but the spirit ( of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament) is very close to that of the Talmud , one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.

15.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution : specifically , the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated , that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.

16.Unless they succeed, the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible.

17.Its subject to use Maynard Mack’s categories is ―life-as-spectacle,‖ for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic Iliad, however, presents ―life-as-experience,‖ readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.

18.A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.

19.The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.

20.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle id not layered, but that heterogeneity is created

tending by fluids rich in rather ―incompatible than solid elements‖(elements toward liquid

state )percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.

21.Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1980, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.

22.The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that

kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels , from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.

23.Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to ,finally, a conquered people—a charter minority on our own land.

24.But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.

25.The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.

26.Nevertheless,researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.

27.This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.

28.There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of

inappropriate social relationships either between those who are who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.

29.Many critics of Eamily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse , the first part, where a ―romantic‖ reading receives more confirmation.

30.Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.

31.More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.

32.The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a dingle copper-ore source.

33.A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives,

generated the tensions that ultimate led to the American Revolution.

34.They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected.

35. Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.

36.Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United States in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in women’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, ―remains the basic factor‖ in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable.

37.Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.

38.However,recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut.

39.Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his

reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.

40.A very specialized feeding adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut-sized(or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.

41.These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.

42.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose such sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.

43.This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.

44.An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size closer proximity to Earth.

45.Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.

46.As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part to the energy to be reflected

back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.

47.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.

48.For example, the spiral arrangement of scale-bract complexes on ovule-bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.

49.Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the ―social, legal, and economic subordination‖ of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of ―the whole female sex into public industry‖.

50.Trasitionally,pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.

51.Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported overlong distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuing loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen that is one to

three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.

52.It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of ―dead-end‖ jobs, thenceforth considered ―women’s work‖.

53.For one thing, population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.

54.But the play’s complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity as compatible is no more ―contradictory‖ than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.

55.Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.

56.Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot legitimately observed.

57.Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it .

58.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?

59.She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as baler and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

60.Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

61.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.

62.Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.

63. They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth , not

of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.

64.But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent evolution—the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.

65.The idea of an autonomous discipline called ―philosophy‖, distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, on close examination, to be of quite recent origin.

66.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain that each of a human’s 10‖ neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.

67.For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism , the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.

68.If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific—a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether manor woman, can perform—the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.

69.Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.

70.However, some broods possess a few snails of the opposing hand, and in predominantly sinistral broods, the incidence to dextrality is surprisingly high.

71.In experiments, an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs, but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.

72.Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.

73.Under the force of this view , it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action ,it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status to being wholly condemned.

74.And Walzer advocates as the means of eliminating this tyranny and of tyranny and of restoring genuine equality ―the abolition of the power of money outside its sphere‖.

75.Is it not tyrannical, in Pascal’s sense, to insist that those who excel in ―sensitivity‖ or ―the ability to express compassion‖ merit equal wealth with those who excel in qualities (such as ―the capacity for hard work‖) essential in producing wealth?

76.Mores, which embodied each culture’s ideal principles for governing every citizen, were developed in the belief that the foundation of a community lies in the cultivation of individual powers to be placed in service to the community.

77.Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful

description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.

78.As a consequence, it may be prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated , or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

79.The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell’arte troupes on tour in Spain.

80.This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment , was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v.Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship.

81.The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry list of specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids

organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class.

82.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks , Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.

83.Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the ―Old World‖ categories ( of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a ―status quo‖ defended or attacked).

84.The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to clam manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered ―starting lines‖.

85. ―Reform‖ in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, ―a piece of the action,‖ as if were ,for the disenfranchised.

86.This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.

87. According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quatrz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.

88.In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.

89.Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller ) as both ―normal‖ and having a valuable economic function.

90.The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs.

91.But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued

productively.

92.Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources.

93.In such a context, what is recognized as ―dependency‖ in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms , an admission of weakness or failure.

94.In addition, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six board.

95.Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth Century who considered women in the West, when they considered Women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.

96.Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.

97.Unfotunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight

and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans.

98.If a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNA’s will accumulate to high levels.

99.The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan.

100.In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

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