第一章传播学的研究对象与基本问题

elationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environmnt. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law

第一章 传播学的研究对象与基本问题

第一节 从传播的定义看传播学的研究对象

一、如何把握传播概念

（一）关于传播的定义与传统

1、社会学传统：美—库利——社会互动理论倡始人。强调传播的社会关系性，把传播看做是人与人关系得以成立和发展的基础。

2、符号学或语义学传统：美—皮尔士——符号学的创始人，强调符号作为精神内容的载体在传播中所起的特殊作用。

3、他们开创了界定传播概念的两传统，一是社会学的传统，一是符号学或语义学的传统。后来，这两传统逐渐发生融合。信息概念引入后，人与人之间的社会互动行为的介质是作为意义和符号、精神内容和物质载体之统一体的信息。

(二)传播的实质与其他定义

1、传播的实质：是一种社会互动行为，人们通过传播保持着相互作用和影响的关系。

2、施拉姆：当我们从事传播的时候，也就是在试图与其他人共享信息——某个观点或某个态度。传播至少有三个要素：信源、讯息和信宿。

3、阿耶尔：传播在广义上指的是信息的传递，它不仅包括接触新闻，而且包括表达感情、期待、命令、愿望或其他任何什么。

二、传播与信息

传播学考察的主要对象—始终都是人类的社会信息及其传播活动。

（一）社会信息科学与传播学

1、社会信息与自然界的其他信息的联系和区别

A.联系（共同点）：

以质、能波动的形式表现出来。精神内容的载体都表现为一定的物质讯号，

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. o promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone \n rules\w, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglyagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses o an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relatons, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \o clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law作用于人的感觉系统并引起反馈。因此，社会信息也具有物质属性(至少就精神内容与载体的不可分离性而言)。

B.区别：

第一（特殊性质），它并不单纯地表现为人的生理层次上的作用和反作用，而伴随着人复杂的精神和心理活动，伴随着人的态度、感情、价值和意识形态；（两个伴随）

第二，作为社会信息的物质载体——符号系统本身，也是与物质劳动密切相关的人的精神劳动的创造物。（一个创造物）在此意义上，我们把社会信息看做是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。 2、（传播学与信息科学是相互影响和相互渗透的）信息科学对传播学的巨大贡献：

（1）把信息概念引进了传播学领域，提高了传播学理论表述的科学性和严谨性；（提高两性）

（2）拓宽了传播学的视野，使它能够把人类传播活动放在更大的系统和环境中加以考察，这有助于探索人类社会传播的一般和特殊规律。（一宽一大）

（二）信息

1、信息：信息是物质的普遍属性，是一种客观存在的物质运动形式。它在物质运动过程中所起的作用是表述它所属的物质系统，在同其他任何物质系统全面相互作用的过程中，以质、能波动的形式所呈现的结构、状态和历史。——最广义的信息概念。一切表述事物的内部或外部互动状态或关系的东西都是信息。信息是由物理载体和意义构成的统一整体。

2、社会信息：除人的生物和生理信息以外的、与人类的社会活动有关的一切信息。社会信息是物质载体和精神内容的统一，主体和客体的统一，符号和意义的统一。

3、社会学视点和信息科学视点结合的传播概念：传播是社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。

三、传播的定义和特点

1、传播：即社会信息的传递或社会信息系统的运行。

2、传播的基本特点是什么？

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone %ules\ll law law, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law

第一、社会传播是一种信息共享活动。独有—多人共有。共享意味着社会信息的传播具有交流、交换和扩散的性质。

第二、社会传播是在一定社会关系中进行的，又是一定社会关系的体现。

①“传播和社区有共同词根，彼此不可分。”（施拉姆）

② 传播产生于一定的社会关系，这种关系可能是纵向，也可是横向的。

③ 它又是社会关系的体现，传受双方表述的内容和采用的姿态、措辞等无不反映其社会角色和地位。

④ 社会关系是人类传播的一本质属性，通过传播，人们保持既有社会关系并建立新的社会关系。

第三、从传播的社会关系性而言，它又是一种双向的社会互动行为。任何传播都是通过信息的授受和反馈展开的社会互动。

第四、传播成立的重要前提之一，是传受双方必须要有共通的意义空间。否则传而不通，导致误解。在广义上，共通的意义空间还包括人们大体一致或接近的生活经验和文化背景。

第五、传播是一种行为，是一种过程，也是一种系统。行为、过程、系统是人们解释传播时的三个常用概念，它们从不同角度概括了传播的另一些重要属性。

3、传播学现状：

20世纪出现的一门新兴的社会科学和边缘学科，与诸科学联系渗透因而对象和研究领域不甚明确。分科领域（大众传播学、文化传播学、广告传播学等）繁荣，基础理论研究却显薄弱。

第二节 传播学是研究社会信息 系统及其运行规律的科学 一、社会传播的系统性

（一）传播学及其类型

1、传播学的研究对象：社会信息系统，传播学是研究社会信息系统及其运行规律的科学。

2、系统：由相互联系、相互制约的若干部分结合在一起并且具有特定功能的有机整体。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. o promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone \n rules\w, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglyagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres nd better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relatons, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \o clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law3、一切事物都处于一定的系统之中。社会传播同样具有系统性。

4、社会传播的五种基本类型：

A.人内传播——是个人接受外部信息并在人体内部进行处理的活动。具有典型的系统性，主要表现在人体本身就是一个由相互联系、制约的各部分构成，能对个人信息进行处理的有机整体（完整的信息系统）

B.人际传播——(个人与个人间的信息传递)是由两个个体系统相互连结所形成的新的信息系统。在这个系统里，人们通过信息的授受，保持着相互影响和作用的关系。

C.群体传播——(主指自然发生的社会群体，如家庭、亲友、社交圈等)是更大的系统，它不仅存在许多个体系统的活动，这些个体系统的有机结合还产生了新的输出物——群体规范和群体价值。群体信息系统的一个重要功能就是帮助个人实现社会化，在社会化完成之后还依然对个人的社会态度和行为发挥重要的制约作用。

D.组织传播——组织是一个比自然群体结构秩序更严密的社会集合体。其特点：具有明确的组织目标，其结构和分工的设置都为实现这一目标，因此组织本身就是一个执行特定功能的系统。现代组织的典型形态—企业的基本目标是从事生产，而生产是一种综合的活动．是人力、物力和财力的有机结合，系统性显而易见。

E.大众传播——伴随着近现代印刷、电子传播技术的发展而产生的一种特殊的社会信息系统。

5、大众传播的特点体现在：

(1)（主体活动）大众传播是专业传播机构从事的有组织的传播活动； (2)（对象）传播对象是广泛而分散的、不定量多数的一般社会成员； (3)（手段）采用现代化技术手段大量生产、复制和传播信息； (4)（内容）传播内容是公开的，有别于私下或内部传播；

(5)（机制）也有反馈机制(如读者来信或视听众热线电话等)，但是迟延的，受众对传播过程缺乏即时的干预能力。

这些特点使大众传播拥有广泛而巨大的社会影响力。在现代社会，大众传播是人们获得外界信息的主要来源，是实现国家和社会目标的重要手段，是各利益集团争取和维护自身利益的工具，又是社会文化和娱乐的提供者。在这个意义上，大众传播既是社会互动系统，也是极其重要的社会管理和社会控制系统。

综述：任何传播活动都是在一定的信息系统中进行的，传播的系统性是普遍存在的。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone %ules\ll law law, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law

二、社会信息系统的特点

（一）社会信息系统的特点：

1、社会信息系统是一个开放性系统。收集、整理、传达系统内部和外部环境变化的信息，由此保持社会内部的联系与协调。开放性是社会信息系统执行其功能的一个重要前提。

2、社会信息系统是由各种子系统相互连结、相互交织而构成的整体。每个子系统既具有相对独立的结构和功能，与其他子系统互为环境，又与其他子系统相互交织、相互作用，其总体运动形成了社会信息系统的大运行。

3、社会信息系统是一个具有双重偶然性的系统。指传播的双方都存在着不确定性，通过传播所作出的选择有受到拒绝的可能性。是人类社会社会信息系统所特有的属性，与它是以人为主体的活动有关。因为人的活动不仅受到生物运动规律的制约，而且受到精神和心理的运动规律制约，影响社会信息系统运动及其结果的变量就更多、更复杂。社会信息系统是一个多变量的系统，这些变量如果处理不当，便会引起传播障碍和传播隔阂。

4、社会信息系统是一个自我创造、自我完善的系统。社会信息系统是以人为主体的，而人能够主动发现社会自身以及社会与自然之间的不平衡，并主动地进行调整使之实现平衡。

（二）传播障碍与传播隔阂

1、传播障碍：包括结构和功能障碍，如传播制度是否合理、传播渠道是否畅通、信息系统的各部分功能是否正常等等。

2、传播隔阂：由于社会信息系统的参加者——无论是个人、群体还是组织——都是具有特定利益、价值、意识形态和文化背景的主体而产生的隔阂，既包括无意的误解，也包括有意的曲解。

3、传播障碍和传播隔阂的存在是社会信息系统的一个必然现象。社会信息系统永远处于平衡与不平衡、矛盾的存在与克服的辩证运动的过程中。

4、传播学把社会信息系统及其运行规律作为自己的研究对象，通过对该系统及其各部分的结构、功能、过程以及互动关系的考察，探索、发现和克服传播障碍和传播隔阂的科学方法，找到社会信息系统良性循环的机制，推动社会的健全发展。这一点，决定了传播学作为社会科学和应用科学的性质。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. o promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone \n rules\w, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglyagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres nd better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse

elationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relatons, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \o clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law

三、社会信息系统的运行与社会发展

1、传播障碍和传播隔阂

（1）存在： 社会信息系统是一个存在着众多可变因素的系统，参与系统活动的个体或群体是伴随着丰富的精神和心理活动的主体，这个特点决定其具有不确定性，容易产生传播障碍和传播隔阂。（传播障碍包括结构与功能障碍；传播隔阂包括个人之间，人－群，员－组，群－群、组－组、世代－世代、文化－文化间隔阂等。还包括无意误解和有意曲解。）

（2）危害：～的存在会造成社会成员的认知、判断、决策和行动的混乱，带来一系列社会问题，甚至造成社会混乱和国家解体。（前苏联）

（3）解决：然而，他们的存在是社会信息系统的一必然现象。关键在于人如何科学认识、把握并解决这些矛盾，把社会发展推向高阶段。

2、传播学任务和性质（传播学把社会信息系统及其运行规律作为自己的研究对象，也就给自己确定了这样的）

（1）任务：它必须通过对该系统及其各部分的结构、功能、过程以及互动关系的考察，探索、发现克服传播障碍和传播隔阂的科学方法，找到社会信息系统良性循环的机制，由此来推动社会的健全发展。这一点，决定了传播学作为社会科学和应用科学的性质。（作为社会科学，传播学研究的焦点始终是人以及人在社会信息系统中的主体活动。作为应用科学，传播学应为发现和解决社会传播实践中的问题提供较为合理的方法。在这个方面，传播学的价值就在于它引导人们从信息系统的角度考虑问题。）

3、从微观到宏观，传播学研究对社会实践和社会发展都具有极其重要的意义。

第三节 马克思主义精神交往理论与传播学

一、在人类交往活动的大系统中把握传播

（一）物质生产与交往

1、马克思和恩格斯在著作《德意志意识形态》中提出了“交往”的概念。“交往”包括两方面，一是以物为媒介的人与人的交往关系，二是以“语言”为媒介的人与人的精神交往关系。交往与生产密不可分，分工产生于生产的需要，而交往则

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone %ules\ll law law, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law是实现生产和分工的保障。

2、生产和交往是有机的成对概念。人类的生产活动可分为两大类：物质生产，与此相应的是人与人之间的物质交往活动；一类是精神生产，相应的是人与人之间的精神交往。

3、物质生产和精神生产构成了人类生产活动的总体，而物质交往和精神交往则构成了人类交往活动的总体。马克思的“精神交往”概念与现代的“传播”概念之间，存在着密切的联系。精神交往指的是以“语言”为媒介的人与人的社会关系，而现代传播学中，传播指的是以“信息”（广义上的语言）为媒介的人与人的社会关系，两者涉及的对象和范畴没有多大差异。我们把精神交往理论看作是马克思和恩格斯的传播观。

（二）（学好传播学重要前提是）必须从辩证唯物论和历史唯物论的立场出发，树立科学的传播观的原因（基于几种现实需要）

第一、（有糟粕），在我国．传播学是主从西方尤其美国引进的。其中不乏精华。但也有不少唯心主义的糟粕。为使它成为一门真正的科学，我们必须从唯物史观出发重新建构传播学理论体系。

第二、（哲学指导的普遍性），传播学属于一门社会科学。离不开哲学世界观的指导，考察人类的传播活动，同样必须从科学的传播观出发。

第三、（研究目的），研究传播学的重要目的之一，是为了探索社会信息系统良性运行的规律，理顺我国社会的传播结构和传播关系，为社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设服务。这也要求我们必须将唯物史观贯穿于传播学研究之中。

☆马克思和恩格斯关于物质交往和精神交往的理论为确立唯物主义的传播观提供了重要的出发点。

（三）为什么说马克思和恩格斯的“交往”理论是唯物论传播观的出发点?

1、物质交往和精神交往构成人类交往活动的总体。两者既相互区别，又相互联系，两者的辩证运动推动着人类交往活动的总体发展。马克思和恩格斯关于物质交往和精神交往的理论为确立唯物主义的传播观提供了重要的出发点。

2、联系：他们的“精神交往”概念与现代的“传播”概念之间，存在着密切的联系。

A.对象范畴 ○1在马恩那，精神交往指的是以“语言”为媒介的人与人的社会关系，而现代传播学中，传播指的是以“信息”(广义上的语言)为媒介的人与人的社会关系，两者涉及的对象和范畴并没多大差异。

B.使用概念 ○2马恩在论述精神交往之际，也大量使用了现代传播学的基本概念。这说明，我们把精神交往理论看做是马恩的传播观，并非牵强附会的理解。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. o promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone \n rules\w, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglyagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres nd better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relatons, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \o clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law

3、区别：（ 马克思主义精神交往理论与行为主义传播学的本质区别）

（1）视野广阔:在行为主义传播学那里，传播基本上是作为孤立的精神或心理现象来看待的，往往单纯地研究信息或研究传播；而马克思主义精神交往理论则要求把精神交往放在人类社会交往的大系统中加以考察，不但要研究人的精神活动本身，而且要研究精神活动与物质活动的关系、与物质生产和物质交往的关系，这有助于我们从更广阔的视野来观察人类社会的传播活动和传播关系。

（2）两个考察:马恩认为，精神交往与精神生产相联系的，人们精神交往关系也是与一定阶段的精神生产力发展水平以及精神生产资料的占有方式密切相关的。从此观点来观察人类的传播活动，我们首先不能不考察精神生产力的水平对社会传播发达程度的制约；其次，我们也不能不考察人们在精神生产过程中的地位以及精神生产资料的占有方式对传播关系的制约作用。美国的行为主义传播学有意无意地回避这些重大问题，因而不能从根本上揭示人与人之间的传播关系的本质。

（3）信息及生产:从马克思观点看，精神生产作为一种生产必然有它的产品—信息，其行业叫信息产业。信息既然是产品，必然有其价值和使用价值，这是信息产品和其他物质产品的共性。但信息又有其个性，一般物质产品消费的是其本身，多是—次性的，而信息的消费则是其精神内容(意义)，一般是多次性的。精神内容的生产与一定的思想、观念、道德、法律、宗教和意识形态等相联系。美国行为主义传播学虽不否认信息中包含着思想、观念和价值倾向，然而却不想从信息的生产过程和生产结构中去寻找产生这些倾向的原因。

综上所述，我们不能孤立地考察传播，而应该把它放在人类生产和交往活动的总体(社会大系统)中加以考察；我们也不能抽象地考察人与人之间的信息互动，而应该把它放在具体条件下、放在与其他社会因素的普遍联系和相互作用关系中加以考察，这是马恩的精神交往理论给予我们的重要启发，也是我们考察社会信息系统及其运行规律的基本出发点。

二、从物质交往和精神交往的辩证关系中把握传播

（一）试述精神生产和精神交往与物质生产和物质交往的辩证关系

1、两个历史唯物主义观点：

（1）一定的精神生产和精神交往与一定的物质生产和物质交往相适应；

① 人类的精神生产和精神交往起源于物质生产和物质交往活动。

② 物质生产力的发展水平对精神生产和精神交往起着重要的制约作用。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. To promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone %ules\ll law law, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres and better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulseelationship between Government and business. The \neral Secretary of \ord succinctly summarized the new relationship between Government and business, as pure politics, reshaping the political relationship specified in the direction. District leaders in handling political and business relations, engage in trading power for money, and finally stumbled, we a lesson, always keep in mind that \ean\cticing \o open a sincere engagement with private enterprise to help solve practical difficulties; \Clear \clarify the Division of power, exercised in accordance with, private entrepreneurs with innocent purity, not abusing power for personal gain, not to engage in trading power for money. Third, in order to maintain fairness and justice. Fairness and justice is the lifeline of the rule of law, is the best development environment. Currently, lax law enforcement and the judicial sector in our region also exist to varying degrees, lawenforcement departments and individual window units power for personal gains and bribes, thick friends, relations, human cases, money cases in which seriously infringe on the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises and people. Especially some law enforcement and inspection for profit purposes, deliberately looking for corporate loopholes, found directly under the ticket does not give business improvement opportunities. We recruit a company doesn't easily, cultivating a business more difficult, never for personal gain, systematic harassment, card, last checked to check to get the enterprise collapsed. o guarantee the legitimate rights and interests. Always proceed from the overall situation of reform and development of services, fully consider the characteristics of production and management in non-public enterprises and social benefits, an accurate grasp of legal limits, protect the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs and practitioners in innovation and entrepreneurship, enhancingexpectations and confidence. To promote strict enforcement. Strengthening law enforcement procedures, improve law enforcement performance evaluation, strengthening the supervision of law enforcement, exploration and practice of risk control mechanism of law enforcement to further standardize the social security, urban management, road traffic administrative law enforcement, effectively free, extensive law-enforcement and lax enforcement of law enforcement and other issues. o uphold justice. Justice is the last line of Defense to safeguard fairness and justice, to unequivocally support the courts and procuratorates independently exercise level ... Judicial activities were rampant, must not be allowed to run, favors, money, must not be allowed to knowingly violate the miscarriage, violations of the legitimate rights and interests of the masses must not be allowed to abuse of power, to make forest mass can be felt in every judicial cases in equity and justice. Four to deepen grass-roots governance according to law③ 精神生产和精神交往关系反映着物质生产和物质交往关系。

（2）它们之间的关系并不是简单的物质决定精神，而是更多地表现在相互作用之中。这个辩证关系也是我们理解现代的信息生产和信息传播，乃至现代信息社会的一把钥匙。其独立性和能动性主要表现在：

① 精神生产和精神交往的发展，反过来也推动着物质生产和物质交往的发展。

② 在物质生产达到一定的发达程度之际，精神生产的状态如何将会成为制约社会发展的主要矛盾。

③ 精神生产和精神交往既然与物质生产和物质交往相区别．就意味着它具有与物质生产和物质交往不同的特殊规律。

马克思主义的精神交往理论并不能取代传播学，但它为传播学提供了科学的传播观。这种传播观就是：我们既不能忽视物质生产和物质交往的基础作用，也不能无视作为精神生产和精神交往的信息生产与传播的特殊规律。仅强调前者，会导致一种简单的“经济基础还原论”；仅强调后者，只能使传播学成为一种“头重脚轻”的理论，这也是欧洲批判学派的一些学者面临的困境。只有从普遍联系和相互作用的系统观点出发，我们才能对人类社会的信息生产与传播作出科学阐释。

三、研究传播学，为中国的社会发展服务

（一）建设中国特色的社会主义传播学所要坚持的几项原则：（一关系两化一宗旨）

1、正确处理“批判”和“借鉴”的关系；传播在西方诞生，无论是“管理”学派还是“批判”学派，其诞生环境和考察对象都是资本主义制度下的传播活动，其结论并不能照搬于中国。必须进行全面、系统、客观的分析，汲取精华，弃去糟粕。

2、实现传播学的本土化和中国化；因为西方传播学理论在许多情况下并不能解决我国社会主义制度下的传播实践问题，生搬硬套，必然缺乏说服力或引起逻辑和思想的混乱。

3、研究传播学，要从为我国社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设服务这一基本宗旨出发。我们应把处于社会主义初级阶段的中国社会信息系统及其运行状况作为主要考察对象，探索中国社会信息传播活动中的各种理论和实践课题，包括如何通过理顺我国政治的、经济的、文化的以及社会的、群体的、组织的、人际的现实传播关系，来推动社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设等重大问题。

rass-roots governance according to law is an important foundation for promoting the construction of rule of law, but also the most basic development environment. Despite my good social order in General, but there are law-abiding consciousness, social order is not standard, regardless of faith, Twining visit visit and other outstanding problems. We want to actively promote the field of multi-level governance according to law, promote the continuous improvement of the social environment. o promote universal compliance. Actively foster the rule of law culture, carry out law publicity and education on honesty and trustworthiness, guide the masses and consciously abide by the law, failing to find method, problem-solving method, method of gradually changing the world, he is not looking for but someone \n rules\w, abide by the good atmosphere. To strengthen the comprehensive management of public security. Deepening peace xingan construction, stronglyagainst violence crime, mafia and serious criminal offences, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, carry out criminal policy of temper justice with mercy, the maximum stimulating social vitality, and earnestly safeguard social harmony and stability. To resolve social conflicts by law. To further smooth channels of reporting social conditions and public opinion, improving regulation, arbitration, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms, implement fully the petitioners ' cases \d-party\nd supervising system of letters and calls, and to resolve the involved law lawsuit into the orbit of rule of law, vexatious, Twining visit visit, disturbing social order and other malicious extortion, resolutely crack down. Five, improving cadres Vitale, provide strong protection for forest development XI General Secretary stressed that the comprehensive revitalization in Northeast China, needs a high quality, solid style, cadres of the dare to play. Cadre cadres is a pledge, should want to do work and able to do good, enthusiasm is paramount. Treat party cadres, it is necessary to Strict management, and warm care, enable the broad masses of cadres work hard work, this is two parallel principles. In strict accordance with the standards of good cadres selection and appointment, the real officers, dare officers, those who want to play, good as excellent cadres at all levels of leadership in the past. At present, some leading cadres work initiative is not high, beyond political, idle, lazy governance governance, not as, slow, messy and a phenomenon still exist to varying degrees, affected and restricted economic and social development. We must mobilize the enthusiasm of cadres as an urgent task, adhere to combination of incentives and constraints, and adhere to the strict management and warm care, practical solution \not to\oblem, motivate cadres nd better lead the masses to an undertaking, the cadres and create the new achievement in a dare to play, good at shows as new. To identify the problem, accurate pulse

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