哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕 中英对照精解

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

Jus

stice: What’ss the Right TThing to Do?

Episode On

One PART ONEE: THE MORAL SSIDE OF MURDEER谋杀的道德侧侧面

If you haad to choose bbetween (1) kiilling one perrson to save tthe lives of five others and (2) doing nothing even though yyou knew that five people would die right beforre your eyes if you did notthing—what woould you do? What would be the right thing to do? That’s tthe hypotheticcal scenario

ndel uses to llaunch his course on morall reasoning. Professor Michael San

After thee majority of students votees for killingg the one persson in order to save the lives of five others, Sandel presents three simmilar moral conundrums—each one artfully desiigned to make the decisionn more difficult. As studennts stand up too defend theirr conflicting choices, it becomes clear that thhe assumptionss behind our mmoral reasoninng are often contradictory, and the question of what is rightt and what is wwrong is not always black and whitte.

episode ['epiis ud] n. 插曲曲, 一段情节, 片段片, 轶事

moral ['m r l] adj. 道德的的 hypothetical [''haip u'θetik l]] adj.假设的,假定的假,爱猜想的 scenario [si'naa:ri u] n. 情节节梗概, 剧本 reasoning ['ri:zni ] n. 推论论, 推理, 论证 vote [v ut] nn. 投票, 选举v. v投票, 选举, 表决 conundrum [kk 'n ndr m] nn. 谜语, 难题 artfully ['a:tfulli] adv.艺术地,有技巧地有,熟练地地,狡诈地 defend [di'fend] v. 防护, 辩护辩, 防守 conflict ['k nfllikt] n.冲突,矛盾矛vi. 冲突,争执争 conflicting [k n'flikti ] adj. 相冲突的 defend [di'fend] v. 防护, 辩护护, 防守 assumption [ 's mp n] n.假定假,设想,担任(职责等职),假装 contradictory [.k ntr 'dikt rii] adj. 矛盾的n.n矛盾 cannibalism [''kænib liz m] nn.吃人肉的习性性, 同类相食 utilitarian [.juu:tili't ri n] n.功利主义者功adjj.功利的,实用的的 legal ['li:g l] adj. 法律的, 合法的合, 法定的的 shipwrecked [' iprekt] adj. 失事的失, 遭海难难的 crew [kru:] n. 全体船员

amongst [ 'm st] prep. 在 ... 之中,在...之间之(=among) cabin ['kæbin] n. 船舱, 机舱机, 小木屋

vaiv] 活下来, 幸存幸; 残留 survive [s 'v

debate [di'beeit] n.v. 辩论论, 讨论 validity [væ'lliditi] n. 有效性性, 正确性, 正当当 doctrine ['d ktrin] n. 教义义, 主义, 学说

PART TWOO: THE CASE FOOR CANNIBALISMSM 食人肉案件

Sandel iintroduces thee principles oof utilitariaan philosopherr, Jeremy Bentham, with a famouus nineteenth hcentury legaal case involvving a shipwreccked crew of ffour. After nnineteen days lost at sea, the captain decides to kill the wweakest amongsst them, the young cabin bboy, so that the restt can feed on his blood andd body to surrvive. The ccase sets up a classrroom debate abbout the morall validity of f utilitarianiism—and its doctrinee that the righht thing to do is whatever pproduces the grreatest good for the greatest numbber.

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哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

Funding for this program is provided by... Additional funding provided by...

This is a course about justice and we begin with a story.

Suppose you’re the driver of a trolley car,

and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour. And at the end of the track

you notice five workers working on the track. You try to stop but you can't, your brakes don’t work.

You feel desperate because you know

that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die. Let’s assume you know that for sure. And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right,

a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker, working on the track.

Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track killing the one but sparing the five.

Here’s our first question: what’s the right thing to do? What would you do? Let’s take a poll.

How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track? Raise your hands.

How many wouldn’t? How many would go straight ahead? Keep your hands up those of you, who would go straight ahead. A handful of people would, the vast majority would turn.

Let’s hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think

 2 / 29 

此节目由以上公司 以上人士提供赞助

这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课 让我们先从一个故事讲起

假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机

而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶 在铁轨末端

你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作 你尽力想停下电车, 但是你做不到 电车的刹车失灵了

你觉得十分绝望，因为你知道

如果你就这样撞向这5个工人，他们必死无疑 假定你很清楚这一点

正当你感到无助的时候, 你突然发现 就在右边

一条岔道，那根轨道的尽头 只有一个工人在那里工作

你的方向盘没有失灵, 只要你愿意 你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上 撞死一个工人但却因此救了另外5个人 现在提出第一个问题，我们该怎么做才对? 你会怎么做? 我们做个调查看看

有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上,请举手

多少人不会?多少人选择就这样笔直开下去? 选笔直开下去的人先别放手 少数人会

大多数人选择转向 让我们先听听看

现在我们研究下你为什么觉得

fund [f nd]资金,基金,专款

course [k :s]学科，课程，教程 hurtle ['h :tl] v.猛冲;飞驰,猛烈碰撞 suppose [s 'p uz] 假定; 设想，料想 trolley ['tr li] 〔英〕手推车；〔美〕(有轨)电车 brake [breik]制动器<->break [breik]毁坏,打破

美剧 绝望的主妇Desperate Housewives desperate:绝望的,穷途末路的,拼命的 crash into 碰到，撞在

assume [ 'sju m] 假定，想像，设想

steering ['sti ri ] 舵把,方向盘；掌舵,驾驶,转向。 steer [sti ] 掌(舵)驾驶(船/车);指导领导操纵 spare [sp ] 不伤害,不损害,使某人免遭(麻烦)。

poll [p ul]投票，投票数； take a poll:投票表决

handful ['hændful] 少数,少量,一小撮;一把 majority [m 'd :riti] 大多数,过半数,大部分

investigate [in'vestigeit] 研究，调查；审查。

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

it's the right thing to do.

Let’s begin with those in the majority who would turn to go onto the side track. Why would you do it?

What would be your reason? Who’s willing to volunteer a reason? Go ahead. Stand up.

Because it can't be right to kill five people when you can only kill one person instead. It wouldn’t be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead. That’s a good reason. That’s a good reason. Who else?

Does everybody agree with that reason? Go ahead. Well I was thinking it’s the same reason on 9/11

with regard to the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes

because they chose to kill the people on the plane and not kill more people in big buildings. So the principle there was the same on 9/11. It’s a tragic circumstance but better to kill one so that five can live,

is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would turn? Yes?

Let’s hear now from those in the minority, those who wouldn’t turn. Yes.

Well, I think that’s the same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism.

In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other. So what would you do in this case?

You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide, you would crash into the five and kill them? Presumably, yes. You would? -Yeah.

 3 / 29 

这样做是正确的

让我们先从大多数人开始吧,谁选择转向的？ 你为什么这么选？

你的理由是什么？谁愿意给我一个理由的？ 站起来说吧

因为当你可以只撞死一个人时 却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的

当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定不对 这是个好理由

这是个好理由其他人呢？

每个人都同意刚刚那个理由么? 你来 我觉得这和9.11的一项事件是同样原因

我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为英雄

因为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人 从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命

所以原因和9.11事件中那些人的选择是相同的 虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人 好过撞死五个

你们大多数人是不是都这么想 选择转向的各位，是么？

现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法 选择直行的人……

我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义 的诡辩相似

为了拯救一个种族,你抹去了其他的种族 那么在这个事例中你会怎么做？ 你会，为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义 而选择撞死那5个人么? 理论上，是这样 真的？ 是

volunteer [.v l n'ti ] vt自愿去做,自动请求去做。n自愿者 adj自愿的 志愿的

regard sb/sth (with sth); ~ sb/sth as sth将某人[某事物]视为;认为某人[某事物]是

principle ['prins pl] 本质,本体,根源,本原,源泉。 tragic ['træd ik]悲剧的;悲剧性的,悲惨的。 circumstance['s :k mst ns]事故,情况,环境

minority [mai'n :riti]少数,较少票数,少数(党,民族)

mentality [men'tæliti] 智力;精神;心理,意识;思想 genocide ['d en said] 种族灭绝

totalitarian [t u.tæli't ri n] 集权主义者 race [reis] 人种，民族，种族；竞赛 horror ['h r ] n战栗，可怕的事物；痛恨

presumably [pri'zju:m bli]推测起来大概,可能

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

Okay. Who else? That’s a brave answer. Thank you.

Let’s consider another trolley car case

and see whether those of you in the majority want to adhere to the principle

“better that one should die so that five should live.” This time you’re not the driver of the trolley car, you’re an onlooker. You’re standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track.

And down the track comes a trolley car, at the end of the track are five workers, the brakes don’t work, the trolley car

is about to careen into the five and kill them.

And now, you’re not the driver, you really feel helpless until you notice standing next to you, leaning over the bridge is a very fat man. And you could give him a shove.

He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolley car.

He would die but he would spare the five.

Now, how many would push the fat man over the bridge? Raise your hand. How many wouldn’t?

Most people wouldn’t. Here’s the obvious question.

What became of the principle “better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one?”

What became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case? I need to hear from someone who was in the majority in both cases.

How do you explain the difference between the two? Yes.

The second one, I guess, involves an active choice of pushing a person down which I guess that person himself would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at all.

 4 / 29 

好吧，还有谁？这是个大胆的想法 谢谢

让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子 看看是不是那些占多数的人 仍然会坚持刚才的原则

“牺牲一个人总好过撞死5个人.” 这次你不是电车的司机了 你是个旁观者，你站在桥上 俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨 此时电车开过 铁轨尽头有5个工人 刹车失灵

电车马上就要冲向那5个人了

而这次，你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法 直到你突然发现，你旁边 一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥上 你可以推他一下

他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路

虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救. 这次，多少人会推一把桥上的胖子 举起你的手

多少人不会这样做？

绝大多数人不会问题显而易见

刚才的原则发生了什么?牺牲一个人总比牺牲5个人好？

刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么了么?我要听听。

两次都站在多数人阵营里的人的想法 你怎么解释前后不同的选择? 你来

第二个例子, 我觉得,涉及到主动选择的问题。我想去推一个人，而那个人本不会涉及到这场事故里

adhere [ d'hi ] 遵循,坚持;追随,依附to;黏附to;

onlooker 目击者,旁观者

overlook俯视,眺望,瞭望;漏看,忽略;监督

careen [k 'ri:n] n,v(使)倾斜;(美)摇摇摆摆向前冲

lean 倚靠;依靠;依赖;倾斜,偏向袒护 shove [ v] 使劲猛推

obvious [' bvi s] 明显的，明白的，显而易见 sacrifice ['sækrifais] 牺牲,把…奉献给… endorse [in'd :s] 保证，担保；承认，赞成

involve [in'v lv] 包括，涉及，引起，包含 situation [.sitju'ei n]地点;形式,局面;境遇,处境

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

and so to choose on his behalf, I guess, to involve him in something that he otherwise would have escaped is, I guess, more than what you have in the first case where the three parties, the driver and the two sets of workers, are already, I guess, in the situation.

But the guy working, the one on the track off to the side,

he didn’t choose to sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he?

That’s true, but he was on the tracks and… This guy was on the bridge.

Go ahead; you can come back if you want. All right. It’s a hard question. You did well. You did very well. It’s a hard question.

Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction of the majority in these two cases? Yes.

Well, I guess in the first case where you have the one worker and the five, it’s a choice between those two and you have to make a certain choice and people are going to die because of the trolley car,

not necessarily because of your direct actions. The trolley car is a runaway thing and you’re making a split second choice.

Whereas pushing the fat man over is an actual act of murder on your part.

You have control over that where as you may not have control over the trolley car.

So I think it’s a slightly different situation.

All right, who has a reply? That’s good. Who has a way? Who wants to reply? Is that a way out of this?

I don’t think that’s a very good reason because you choose to - either way you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill the person, which is an act of conscious thought to turn, or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an active, conscious action.

So either way, you’re making a choice. Do you want to reply?

 5 / 29 

我们替他做了选择, 把他卷入进来，而这件事本behalf [bi'hɑ:f] 利益,维护,支持 与他无关；但第一个例子里，三方, 司机、两队on one’s behalf: 替/给/为/代表某人 工人已经身在这麻烦事当中了。

但是那个在铁轨上单独工作的家伙

他没有自己选择牺牲他的生命,而胖子也是这样, 不是么?

是的, 但是他已经在铁轨上了所以…… 那那个胖子也已经在桥上了啊

你愿意的话可以待会儿接着说. 好吧.

这是个很困难的问题，你做的很好，你做的很好问题很难.

还有谁能综合解释一下为何多数人在两个事例中的选择截然不同? 你。

是的, 我觉得在第一个例子中一个工人和五个工人这两者之间选择，你不得不做出选择，工人们是死于那辆电车

而不是因你直接行为必然造成的电车失控了, 你必须在一瞬间做出选择

而推那个胖子的话，就你的行为来说，是确确实实的谋杀行为。

你可以控制自己是否推他，但你没办法控制电车是否撞向工人

所以我认为这两个场合略有不同

很好, 谁想对他说的做出回应?很好,谁想回应? 谁想说? 有别的答案么?

我觉得那不是一个很好的理由，因为你选择...无论你怎么选你都是在选择杀人。因为不管你是选择让电车撞向另一边的一个人，这是你自己有意识的行为,还是你选去推桥上那个胖子，这也是你自己主动, 而且有意识的行为 所以无论你怎么做,你都在做选择 你想回应她的说法么?

reconcile ['rek nsail] 使一致,使调和

reaction [ri'æk n] 反作用，反应；反冲；反动力

a split second:极短的时刻,一瞬间,刹那 runaway：失控物,逃走者,逃亡者 murder:凶杀，谋杀

conscious ['k n s] adj.神志清醒的, 意识到的, 自觉的, 有意的 n.意识

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

I’m not really sure that that’s the case. It just still seems kind of different.

The act of actually pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing him, you are actually killing him yourself. You’re pushing him with your own hands.

You’re pushing him and that’s different than steering something that is going to cause death into another.

You know, it doesn’t really sound right saying it now. No, no. It’s good. It's good. What’s your name? Andrew.

Andrew. Let me ask you this question, Andrew. Yes.

Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man, I didn’t have to push him, suppose he was standing over

a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that. Would you turn?

For some reason, that still just seems more wrong. Right?

I mean, maybe if you accidentally like leaned into the steering wheel or something like that.

But... Or say that the car is hurtling towards a switch that will drop the trap.

Then I could agree with that. That’s all right. Fair enough.

It still seems wrong in a way that it doesn’t seem wrong in the first case to turn, you say.

And in another way, I mean, in the first situation you’re involved directly with the situation. In the second one, you’re an onlooker as well. All right.

-So you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man.

All right. Let’s forget for the moment about this case.

 6 / 29 

我不是很确定我刚刚说的是完全对的 它只是看起来好像有点不同 把一个人推向铁轨的行为，他死了,你事实上是自己亲手杀了他 你亲手去推他了

你推他了这就造成了不同，前者则是你打方向盘造成了别人的死亡。

好吧, 现在说起来似乎就不是那么对了 不, 不, 你说的很好了，你叫什么? 安德鲁

让我问你个问题，安德鲁 好的

假如我站在桥上，在胖子身边

我不必一定要去推他,假设他站在一扇活动门旁 而我可以像这样用方向盘打开那扇门,你会开么？

那个多少那个看起来更加不对了 是么?

我是说, 可能你只是不小心靠到了方向盘上,或者类似的

或者说电车冲到了那个转换器上导致活动门打开了

那我会赞同 好的

在第一种情况下是正确的选择，这会儿就不对了...你说

换种说法, 我觉得, 在第一种情况下 你已经直接卷入事件中了

而在第二种情况下你只是个旁观者 好的

所以你不得不选择是否卷入进去，是否要推那个胖子。

好吧, 让我们先暂且不考虑这个事例

trap [træp] n. 圈套, 陷阱, trap door: 地板门; 天窗; 活板门

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

That’s good. Let’s imagine a different case.

This time you’re a doctor in an emergency room and six patients come to you.

They’ve been in a terrible trolley car wreck. Five of them sustain moderate injuries,

one is severely injured, you could spend all day caring for the one severely injured victim but in that time, the five would die.

Or you could look after the five, restore them to health but during that time, the one severely injured person would die. How many would save the five? Now as the doctor, how many would save the one?

Very few people, just a handful of people. Same reason, I assume. One life versus five? Now consider another doctor case.

This time, you’re a transplant surgeon and you have five patients, each in desperate need of an organ transplant in order to survive. One needs a heart, one a lung, one a kidney, one a liver, and the fifth a pancreas.

And you have no organ donors. You are about to see them die. And then it occurs to you that in the next room there’s a healthy guy who came in for a check-up. And he’s – you like that –and he’s taking a nap, you could go in very quietly, yank out the five organs, that person would die, but you could save the five. How many would do it? Anyone? How many? Put your hands up if you would do it. Anyone in the balcony?

I would. You would? Be careful, don’t lean over too much. How many wouldn’t? All right. What do you say? Speak up in the balcony,

you who would yank out the organs. Why?

 7 / 29 

很好现在想象一个不一样的场景

这次你是急诊室里的一个医生，有六个病人向你求助

他们都被电车重重压过 其中五个人中度受伤,

另一个受到重伤, 你可以花一整天 救治那个重伤的受害者

但是同时另外五人会因此死掉

或者你可以去照顾那五个让他们恢复健康，但是同时,那个受重伤的病人会死

现在作为一个医生多少人会选择去救那五个人？多少人选救那个重伤的？ 很少人，非常非常少

我猜是同样理由吧，一条生命对五条生命？ 现在考虑另一个关于医生的例子

这次，你是个器官移植的外科医生你有五个病人他们每个人都迫切需要进行器官移植才能活命 一个人需要心脏一个人需要肺脏，一个人需要肾一个人需要肝脏而第五个人需要胰脏

你因没有可用的捐献器官将不得不看着他们死去然后你想到 在隔壁的房间 有一个健康的家伙来医院做检查

而且他正在,-你像那个家伙- 他正在打瞌睡 你可以悄悄的走进去取出他的五个器官 虽然这个人会死但你却救了另五条人命 多少人会这么做？有么？多少人？ 如果你会这么做举起你的手 二楼的呢？ 我会。你会么?小心，别走极端（不探出身体太多）多少人不会？好吧，你有什么说法么 在二楼的同学,

你会取出那个人的五个器官, 为什么? imagine [i'mæd in] vt.想象,幻想,猜测 vi. 想象 emergency [i'm :d nsi] n. 紧急状态, 突发事件 patient ['pei nt] n. 病人

wreck [rek] n. 失事,破坏,残骸v.使失事,使瓦解,拆毁;毁灭,营救失事船只,船失事 injury ['ind ri] n. 损害, 伤害 moderate ['m d rit] adj中等的,适度的 severely [s 'virli] adv. 严格地, 激烈地 victim ['viktim] n. 受害者, 牺牲

sustain [s s'tein] vt.承受,支持,经受,维持

versus ['v :s s] prep.对

transplant [træns'plɑ:nt] vt.移居,移栽(植物), 移植(器官) n. 移植,被移植的事物 surgeon ['s :d n] n. 外科医生 lung [l ] n.肺； kidney ['kidni] n肾 liver ['liv ] n.肝脏

pancreas ['pæ kri s] n. 胰脏 donor ['d un ] n. 捐赠人

check-up ['t ek p] n.核对,检查,体格检查

yank [jæ k] v. 猛拉,猛拔

balcony ['bælk ni] n. 阳台, 楼座, 包厢

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

I’d actually like to explore as lightly alternate possibility of just taking the one of the five who needs an organ who dies first and using their four healthy organs to save the other four.

That’s a pretty good idea. That’s a great idea

except for the fact that you just wrecked （raked） the philosophical point.

Let’s step back from these stories and these arguments to notice a couple of things about the way the arguments have begun to unfold.

Certain moral principles have already begun to emerge from the discussions we’ve had.

And let’s consider what those moral principles look like. The first moral principle that emerged in the discussion said the right thing to do, the moral thing to do

depends on the consequences that will result from your action. At the end of the day, better that five should live even if one must die.

That’s an example of consequentialist moral reasoning. Consequentialist moral reasoning locates morality in the consequences of an act, in the state of the world that will result from the thing you do. But then we went a little further,

we considered those other cases and people weren’t so sure about consequentialist moral reasoning.

When people hesitated to push the fat man over the bridge or to yank out the organs of the innocent patient,

people gestured toward reasons having to do with the intrinsic quality of the act itself,

consequences be what they may. People were reluctant. People thought it was just wrong, categorically wrong,

to kill a person, an innocent person, even for the sake of saving five lives.At least people thought that in the second version of each story we considered.

 8 / 29 

我只是想提出另外一种稍稍不同的选择，只要从那五个病人里找出第一个死去的，然后就能用他健康的器官来救另外四个人 这是个非常好的主意好主意 只可惜你的办法

掠过了我们要讨论的哲学观点 我们先把这些事例和争论放一边 注意一些别的事情我们的争论是如何 开始展开的

一些道德准则已经在我们刚刚的讨论过程中开始显现出来了

现在让我们认真思考，那些道德准则究竟是什么讨论中涉及到的第一条 事情的正确以及道德与否 取决于你的行为所产生的后果 如果在最后可以有五个人活下来

那么哪怕牺牲一个人的生命也是值得的 这个例子体现了结果主义的道德推理

结果主义的道德推理将行为的道德与否取决于 该行为所产生的后果即我们的行为 对外界产生的影响

但是当我们进一步讨论的时候,

我们加入了一些别的事例，于是大家就对结果主义的道德推理产生疑问了

当你们犹豫是不是要推那个胖子的时候，或是不是要取走那个无辜病人的器官 你们在考虑是不是要这么做的时候 会考虑到这个行为的本身

无论结果如何，这么做你们并不情愿 人们觉得这是错的而且大错特错

即使是为了救5个人而杀害一个无辜者也是错的 至少大家在刚刚我们的故事中是这么想的

alternate [` lt r,ne t] v.轮流, 交替; 使轮流, 使交替adj.轮流的

rake [reik] n. 耙子v.了望,耙平,擦过,掠过; wreck [rek]n.失事, 破坏, 残骸

v. 使失事, 使瓦解, 拆毁; 毁灭,船失事 argument ['ɑ:gjum nt] n. 辩论,争论,

unfold [ n'f uld] v. 展开,开放,显露

moral ['m r l] adj.道德的,精神上的n.道德,品行

consequence ['k nsikw ns] n.结果,后果 consequentialist结果主义的

consequential [.k nsi'kwen l] adj.结果的 reasoning ['ri:zni ] n. 推论,推理,论证

morality [m 'ræliti]n.道德,美德,品行,道德观

hesitate ['heziteit] vi.犹豫,不情愿

Innocent ['in snt] adj.清白的,无辜的,无害的,天真纯洁的,无知的

gesture ['d est ] n.手势,姿态v.用手势表示 intrinsic [in'trinsik] adj.固有的,内在的 reluctant [ri'l kt nt] adj.不情愿的,勉强的

categorically [.kæti'g rikli] adv.绝对地,无条件地 sake [seik] n.缘故,理由,目的,利益

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

So this points to a second categorical way of thinking about moral reasoning. Categorical moral reasoning

locates morality in certain absolute moral requirements,

certain categorical duties and rights, regardless of the consequences. We’re going to explore in the days and weeks to come the contrast between consequentialist and categorical moral principles.

The most influential example of consequential moral reasoning is utilitarianism, a doctrine invented by Jeremy Bentham, the 18th century English political philosopher.

The most important philosopher of categorical moral reasoning is the 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

So we will look at those two different modes of moral reasoning, assess them, and also consider others.

If you look at the syllabus, you’ll notice that we read a number of great and famous books,

books by Aristotle, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, John Stewart Mill, and others.

You’ll notice too from the syllabus that we don’t only read these books; we also take up contemporary, political, and legal controversies that raises philosophical questions.

We will debate equality and inequality,

affirmative action, free speech versus hate speech, same sex marriage, military conscription,

a range of practical questions. Why?

Not just to enliven these abstract and distant books

but to make clear, to bring out what’s at stake in our everyday lives, including our political lives, for philosophy.

And so we will read these books and we will debate these issues, and we’ll see how each informs and illuminates the other.

This may sound appealing enough, but here I have to issue a warning. And the warning is this, to read these books in this way as an exercise in self-knowledge,

 9 / 29 

所以这就引出了第二种道德推理绝对主义的道德推理： 绝对主义的道德推理 认为道德有其绝对的道德原则

有明确的责任和权利而无论其结果是怎么样的 在未来的几周内我们将讨论结果主义和绝对主义之间道德准则的区别

结果主义的道德准则中最著名的理论是功利主义，杰里米·边沁提出的学说 他是18世纪的一位英国政治哲学家 而绝对主义道德推理的代表

是18世纪的德国哲学家 伊曼纽尔·康德

我们将探索这两种不同的道德推理，评估它们，同时也将考虑其他的一些道德推理模式 如果你看过教学大纲，你会发现 我们将要阅读大量的名家著作

亚里士多德，洛克，伊曼纽尔·康德， 约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等等 你也会发现我们不只是读它们

我们也会举一些当代的有关政治或者法律的争议事件，并借此提出些哲学上的问题 我们将辩论何为平等与不平等,

反歧视行动，言论自由与攻击性言论、同性之间的婚姻、征兵

等等一系列现实问题，为什么呢？

不只是为了让这些久远且抽象的书生动起来 更是要在哲学层面上弄清一些我们日常生活中的问题包括我们的政治生活、哲学等

所以我们将阅读这些书，对一些事件展开辩论 这样我们就会看到它们之间的联系

这听起来很有吸引力但是我需要提醒你们一点 读这些书，可以作为你们认知自我的一种练习

contrast ['k ntræst,k n'~]n.v.差别,对比,对照物 influential [.influ'en l] adj.有权势的,有影响的n.有影响力的人物

doctrine ['d ktrin] n.教义,主义,学说

assess [ 'ses] v.估定,评定 syllabus ['sil b s] n.摘要,大纲

controversy ['k ntr v :si] n. (公开的)争论, 争议 contemporary [k n'temp r ri]

n.同时代的人 adj.同时代的,同时的,现代的 debate [di'beit] n.v 辩论, 讨论

affirmative action 肯定行动,反歧视行动 affirmative [ 'f :m tiv] adj.n.肯定的,正面的 military ['milit ri] adj.军事的n.军队 conscription [k n'skrip n] n.征兵,募兵 at stake 在危急关头

enliven [in'laivn] vt. 使活跃

inform [in'f :m] v.通知,告诉,向…报告,告发 illuminate [i'lju:mineit] vt.照明,阐释,说明 appealing [ 'pi:li ] adj.引起兴趣的, 动人的 issue ['i ju:] n.发行物,争论点 vi.发行 illuminate [i'lju:mineit] vt.照明,阐释,说明 appealing [ 'pi:li ] adj.引起兴趣的, 动人的 

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

但同时也有一定的冒险

这种冒险既有个人层面上的也有政治层面上的 修政治哲学的学生们应该都知道这点

冒险来自于这样一个事实，哲学教化的同时也扰动着我们，使我们和本来已知的事物产生矛盾，这是个讽刺。

这门课程的难度正在于它在教你一些你已经知道The difficulty of this course consists in the fact that it teaches what you

的东西 already know.

It works by taking what we know from familiar unquestioned settings and 它使我们一些本来毫无疑问熟悉的事物一下子变

得陌生 making it strange.

刚刚一开始时就起到了这种作用 That’s how those examples worked,

the hypotheticals with which we began, with their mix of playfulness and 我们开始时的那些假设虚构事件混合了趣味性和

严肃性 sobriety.

那些哲学书也有同样的力量 It’s also how these philosophical books work.

哲学使我们原本熟悉的东西变的陌生 Philosophy estranges us from the familiar,

它不是给我们更多新信息而是给予我们另一种看not by supplying new information but by inviting and provoking a new

待事物的方法 way of seeing but,

所谓的冒险就是一旦那些熟悉的东西变陌生了，and here’s the risk, once the familiar turns strange, it’s never quite the

它们就再也不会和以前一样了 same again.

自我认知就像一个失去天真的过程，无论你多么Self-knowledge is like lost innocence, however unsettling you find it; it

不安的寻找，你也无法回到无思或未知的状态了can never be un-thought or un-known.

这个过程困难却又不得不全身心投入 What makes this enterprise difficult but also riveting

to read them in this way carries certain risks,

risks that are both personal and political,

risks that every student of political philosophy has known.

These risks spring from the fact that philosophy teaches us and unsettles us by confronting us with what we already know. There’s an irony. is that moral and political philosophy is a story and you don’t know where the story will lead.

But what you do know is that the story is about you.

Those are the personal risks. Now what of the political risks?

One way of introducing a course like this would be to promise you that by reading these books and debating these issues, you will become a better, more responsible citizen; you will examine the presuppositions of public policy,

you will hone your political judgment; you will become a more effective participant in public affairs.

 10 / 29 

irony ['ai r ni] n.反讽,讽剌,讽剌之事

hypothetical ['haip u'θetik l] adj. 假设的, playfulness 英['pleifulnis]美['plef ln s] n. 玩笑;嬉闹

sobriety [s u'brai ti] n.清醒,严肃,节制 estrange [is'treind ] vt.使疏远

invite [in'vait] v.邀请;请求;招待;征求 provoke [pr 'v k] v.激怒,煽动,挑拨 innocence [' n s ns]

n.无罪;天真无邪,纯真;清白;无知 unsettle英[' n'setl]美[ n's t!]

vt. 使心神不宁;使动摇;使不安定;使混乱

enterprise ['ent praiz]n.1.(有一定冒险性的)事业 2.进取心,事业心 3.企业,公司

riveting [ riv ti ] 非常动听的，令人着迷的：完全吸引或凝聚某人注意力的,迷人的

rivet ['r v t] n.铆钉v.用铆钉固定,注目,敲进去

responsible [ri'sp ns bl] adj. 有责任的, 责任重大的, 负责的, 可靠的

presupposition [.pri:s p 'zi n] n.预先假定,臆测 participant [pɑ:'tisip nt] n. 参与者

partial ['pɑ: l] adj.部分的,偏袒的,偏爱的

道德和政治的哲学就像个故事，你不知道它会将你带向何方

但你清楚的知道，这是关于你的故事

以上是个人层面的冒险，那么政治层面上的呢？有一种介绍这门课程的方法是向你承诺：你读了这些书，参与了这些讨论之后，

你将会变成一个更好的、更负责的公民 你将审视那些对公共政治领域的假设

你的政治判断力将得到锻炼你将得以更加积极的参与到公共事业中去

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

But this would be a partial and misleading promise.

Political philosophy, for the most part, hasn’t worked that way. You have to allow for the possibility that political philosophy may make you a worse citizen rather than a better one or at least a worse citizen before it makes you a better one,

and that’s because philosophy is a distancing, even debilitating activity. And you see this,

going back to Socrates, there’s a dialogue,

the Gorgias, in which one of Socrates’ friends, Callicles, tries to talk him out of philosophizing.

Callicles tells Socrates “Philosophy is a pretty toy if one indulges in it with moderation

at the right time of life. But if one pursues it further than one should, it is absolute ruin."

"Take my advice,” Callicles says, “abandons argument. Learn the accomplishments of active life,

take for your models not those people who spend their time on these petty quibbles but those who have a good livelihood and reputation and many other blessings.”

So Callicles is really saying to Socrates “Quit philosophizing, get real, go to business school.”

And Callicles did have a point. He had a point because philosophy distances us from conventions,

from established assumptions, and from settled beliefs. Those are the risks, personal and political. And in the face of these risks,

there is a characteristic evasion. The name of the evasion is skepticism, it’s the idea – well, it goes something like this –

we didn’t resolve once and for all either the cases or the principles we were arguing when we began

and if Aristotle and Locke and Kant and Mill haven’t solved these questions after all of these years,

who are we to think that we, here in Sanders Theatre,

 11 / 29 

但是这样的承诺可能片面而且存在误导 政治哲学, 在很大程度上，并没有那种作用 你需要承认的是政治哲学

可能使你变成一个更坏的公民而非更好的 或者至少会在你成为好公民之前先让你变坏 那是因为哲学,是个使人冷漠甚至衰弱的活动。而且，你看

苏格拉底时代有一段对话 苏格拉底的朋友卡利克勒 希望能说服他离开哲学

他对苏格拉底说 “哲学确实很美好” 但只是当你在生命中的恰当时刻

适度涉入的时候（才美好）可是如果你过于沉迷它，它将把你毁灭

“听我的吧” 卡利克勒说“放下那些哲学争论，想想什么才是现实生活中真正的成就” 别学那些在模棱两可的哲学语句中浪费时间的人,你该看看那些真正过的好的人富足的生活，以及名誉等等其他的东西

所以卡利克勒实际上是在对苏格拉底说“放下哲学吧, 哥们, 现实点，转投商学院吧 不过卡利克勒说对了一点，哲学会使我们 和原先的惯例、预定的假设及固有观念变得疏远以上就是我要说的个人与政治层面上的冒险 当面对它们的时候

我们有个特别的回避方式，它的名字叫怀疑主义,它的意思是，像这样的，

我们才刚开始学，没有办法一下子彻底解决那些我们争论的案例或原理，

而且如果亚里士多德, 康德, 洛克, 穆勒他们用了那么多年也没有解决这些问题， 我们以为我们自己是谁? 像这样，在沙滩剧院里，

allow for 考虑到，顾及

distance ['dist ns] n.距离,远方,冷淡

vt.与 ... 保持距离,把(对手)甩在后面

debilitate [d 'b l te t] v. 使衰弱

Gorgias 《苏格拉底对话录:高尔吉亚篇》柏拉图作

philosophizing哲学思维

indulge [in'd ld ] vt.纵情于,放任vi.放纵自己于 moderation [.m d 'rei n]n.缓和,适度,节制 pursue [p 'sju:] v. 追捕,追求,继续从事 ruin ['ruin] v.n.毁灭, 毁坏,破产,崩溃,废墟 accomplishment n.成就

quibble ['kwibl] n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话 livelihood ['laivlihud] n.生计,营生,生活 blessing ['blesi ] n.祝福,祷告

convention [k n'ven n] n.大会,协定,惯例 assumption [ 's mp n]n.设想,假定;承担 established [is'tæbli t] adj已制定的,确定的 settled ['setld] adj.固定的,稳定的,定居的 evasion [i'vei n] n.逃避,藉口,偷漏(税)

Character ['kær kt ]n.个性,性情;人物,字母,符号 characteristic [.kærikt 'ristik] adj.特有的,典型的n.特性,特征,特色

skepticism ['skeptisiz m] n.怀疑论,怀疑态度,怀疑主义

resolve [ri'z lv] n.坚决,决心v.使分解,解决,解析

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

And so, maybe it’s just a matter of each person having his or her own principles and there’s nothing more to be said about it, no way of reasoning.

That’s the evasion, the evasion of skepticism, to which I would offer the following reply. It’s true, these questions have been debated for a very long time but the very fact that they have recurred and persisted may suggest that though they’re impossible in one sense, they’re unavoidable in another.

And the reason they’re unavoidable, the reason they’re inescapable is that we live some answer to these questions every day.

So skepticism, just throwing up your hands and giving up on moral reflection, is no solution.

Immanuel Kant described very well the problem with skepticism. when he wrote “Skepticism is a resting place for human reason, where it can reflect upon its dogmatic wanderings, but it is no dwelling place for permanent settlement." "Simply to acquiesce in skepticism,” Kant wrote,

“can never suffice to overcome the restlessness of reason.” I’ve tried to suggest through these stories and these arguments some sense of the risks and temptations, of the perils and the possibilities.

I would simply conclude by saying that the aim of this course

is to awaken the restlessness of reason and to see where it might lead. Thank you very much.

Like, in a situation that desperate, you have to do what you have to do to survive.

-You have to do what you have to do?

You got to do what you got to do, pretty much.

If you've been going 19 days without any food, you know, someone just has to take the sacrifice.

 12 / 29 

而且, 这可能只是一个关于每个人各自有自己不同原则的问题，没有什么可以值得讨论的，也说不出这些问题是为什么 这就是怀疑主义的逃避方式 关于此我想可以这么回答：确实, 这些问题已经被讨论非常非常久了 但正是因为它们不断的被讨论

说明虽然在某种意义上它们不可能被解决 可是另一方面它们也不可回避 之所以不可回避

是因为这些问题的答案就在我们的日常生活当中所以, 怀疑主义只是让你在道德思考方面举手投降，放弃思考，没有解决方案

康德对怀疑主义的描述有一段很精彩

他写到“怀疑主义只是人类理性的暂歇之地” 它让我们在一些教条中徘徊

但是它绝非是我们能够永远待着的地方 "怀疑主义的简单默许"康德写到 永远无法满足对问题的无尽推理 我已经试着在那些故事和争论中 掺入了一些风险和诱惑， 或者说是冒险和机会。

我现在简单总结一下这门课的目的是

唤醒无尽的求知和推理看看它会将我们带向何方。非常感谢各位

就像, 在一个很紧急的情况下,为了生存你不得不去做

你不得不做你不得不做的事情？ 是的, 你必须去做它们

你知道的，当你连续19天都没有东西吃的时候 必须有某个人做出牺牲

reasoning ['ri:zni ] n.推论,推理,论证

evasion [i'vei n] n. 逃避,藉口,偷漏(税)

recur [ri'k :] vi.重现,再发生 persist [p 'sist] v.坚持,持续,执意

unavoidable [. n 'v id bl] adj.不可避免的

inescapable [.inis'keip bl]adj.无法逃脱(避免)的, throw up 抛起; 放弃; 举起

Human reason 人类理性，人的理智 dogmatic [d g'mætik] adj.教条的,武断的 wandering ['w nd ri z] n.漫游;闲逛 reflect upon v.考虑,回想,回顾 dwelling ['dweli ] n.住处

permanent ['p :m n nt] adj.永久的,持久的 settlement ['setlm nt] n.安置,解决 suffice [s 'fais] vi.足够,合格

overcome [. uv 'k m] vt.战胜,克服 restlessness ['restlisnis] n.辗转不安 temptation [temp'tei n] n.诱惑,引诱 peril ['peril] n.危险, 冒险

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

Alright, that's good. What’s your name?

Marcus.-Marcus, what do you say to Marcus?

Last time, we started out last time

with some stories, with some moral dilemmas about trolley cars and about doctors

and healthy patients vulnerable to being victims of organ transplantation. We noticed two things about the arguments we had, one had to do with the way we were arguing. We began with our judgments in particular cases.

We tried to articulate the reasons or the principles lying behind our judgments.

And then confronted with a new case,

we found ourselves reexamining those principles, revising each in the light of the other.

And we noticed the built in pressure to try to bring into alignment our judgments about particular cases and the principles we would endorse on reflection.

We also noticed something about the substance of the arguments that emerged from the discussion.

We noticed that sometimes we were tempted to locate the morality of an act in the consequences, in the results,

in the state of the world that it brought about.

And we called this consequentialist moral reasoning. But we also noticed that in some cases, we weren’t swayed only by the result. Sometimes, many of us felt,

that not just consequences but also the intrinsic quality or character of the act matters morally.

Some people argued that there are certain things

that are just categorically wrong even if they bring about a good result, even if they saved five people at the cost of one life.

 13 / 29 

好的，说的很好，你叫什么？ -马库斯，你要对马库斯说什么？

上一次, 上次我们以一些故事 一些道德上进退两难的故事开场 关于电车的, 关于医生的

还有在器官移植中极易变成牺牲品的健康病人 在我们的讨论中我们注意到了两件事 当一个人不得不做出选择时 在特定事件中我们有自己的判断

我们试图理清我们这判断背后的原因和原则

dilemma [di'lem ] n.困境,进退两难

vulnerable ['v ln r bl] adj.易受伤害的,有弱点的

articulate [ɑ:'tikjuleit,ɑ:'tikjulit]

adj.发音清晰的,善于表达的 adj.有关节的 v.清楚地讲话,发音 v.以关节连接,接合 confront [k n'fr nt] vt.面临,对抗,遭遇 然后我们遇上了一个新的事件

reexamine [.ri:ig'zæmin] vt.再调查,复查 发现我们重新审视着那些原则

in the light of 根据;依照 不得不按照新情况调整它们

同时我们也发现非常难于在一些特定案例上协调revise [ri'vaiz] n.v.校订,修正,再校稿

我们的判断，而且那些原则我们应该在反思的基alignment [ 'lainm nt] n.调整(成直线),准线

endorse [in'd :s] vt.支持,赞同,背书于 础上进行坚持。

substance ['s bst ns] n.物质,实质,内容 另外我们也注意到关于辩论本质的一些东西

出现在讨论过程中。

我们发现有时候我们试图基于其导致的结果来判tempt [tempt] v.诱惑,吸引,引诱 断一个行动是否道德，基于结果， 基于它给外界带来的影响。 我们将之称为结果主义的道德推理。 但我们也发现在有些事中

sway [swei] v.摇摆,摇动,支配,影响n.摇摆 影响我们的不仅仅只有后果

有时候, 我们中很多人

会觉得不只是行为的结果，还有行为本身的固有intrinsic [in'trinsik] adj. 固有的,内在的 性质，对是否道德的判断也会产生影响。 一些人称，有些事情 是绝对错误的，即使它会带来一些好的结果， 即使是用一个人的生命去换取另五个人的生命

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

So we contrasted consequentialist moral principles with categorical ones.Today and in the next few days, we will begin to examine

one of the most influential versions of consequentialist moral theory. And that’s the philosophy of utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham, the 18th century

English political philosopher gave first the first clear systematic expression to the utilitarian moral theory. And Bentham’s idea, his essential idea, is a very simple one.

With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, Bentham’s idea is the following,

the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility. What did he mean by utility?

He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain, happiness over suffering.

Here’s how he arrived at the principle of maximizing utility. He started out by observing that all of us,

all human beings are governed by two sovereign masters: pain and pleasure.

We human beings like pleasure and dislike pain.

And so we should base morality, whether we’re thinking about what to do in our own lives or whether as legislators or citizens, we’re thinking about what the laws should be.

The right thing to do individually or collectively is to maximize, act in a way that maximizes the overall level of happiness. Bentham’s utilitarianism is sometimes summed up with the slogan

“The greatest good for the greatest number.” With this basic principle of utility on hand, let’s begin to test it and to examine it

by turning to another case, another story, but this time, not a hypothetical story, a real life story,

 14 / 29 

所以我们比较结果主义与绝对主义道德推理 今天和以后的几天，我们将开始研究研究 结果主义的道德推理最有影响力的版本之一 是功利主义哲学 杰里米·边沁

一位18世纪英国政治哲学家他给出了第一个 有关功利主义道德理论的清晰而系统的表述 边沁的思想他的基本思想 其实是非常简单的 凭着道德的直觉 他的思想就是遵循

正确的事情，公正的事情，即实现效用的最大化他指的效用是什么呢？

就是说比较而言，幸福要多于痛楚 快乐要大于痛楚

下面讲的就是他如何达到最大化效用原理，通过观察所有的人，边沁认为

所有的人类都是被两种最主要的力量支配着：即痛苦和快乐

我们人类都喜欢快乐，讨厌痛苦

所以我们应该基于道德不管我们认为在生活 在生命中我们该做哪些事或者作为立法者或市民在思考法律应该如何制定

个体或集体应该做的事就是去最大化 以一种行动最大化全人类的快乐水平 边沁的功利主义有时 可以由一句口号来总结 “最多数人的最大幸福”

有了这条最基本的功利主义原则 我们可以开始检验一下，审视一下它

通过讨论另一种实例，另一个故事，但这一次 这个故事不是虚构的而是一个真实的故事

influential [.influ'en l]

adj.有权势的,有影响的n.有影响力的人物 utilitarianism ['ju:tili't ri nizm] n.功利主义 utilitarianism ['ju:tili't ri nizm] n.功利主义

systematic [.sisti'mætik] adj.有系统的

intuitive [in'tju:itiv] adj.直觉的

sovereign ['s vrin] n.元首,金镑adj. 具有主权的, 至高无上的, 极好的, 完全的

legislator ['led isleit ] n. 立法者

individually [.indi'vidju li] adv.个别地,单独地 collectively [k 'lektivli] adv.共同地,集体地 sum up 总结, 概括

hypothetical ['haip u'θetik l] adj. 假设的, 假定的, 爱猜想的

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

the case of the Queen versus Dudley and Stevens. This was a 19th century British law case

that’s famous and much debated in law schools.

Here’s what happened in the case. I’ll summarize the story then I want to hear how you would rule,

imagining that you were the jury.

A newspaper account of the time described the background.

A sadder story of disaster at sea was never told than that of the survivor s of the yacht, Mignonette.

The ship floundered in the South Atlantic, 1300 miles from the cape.

There were four in the crew, Dudley was the captain, Stevens was the first mate, Brooks was a sailor,

all men of excellent character or so the newspaper account tells us. The fourth crew member was the cabin boy, Richard Parker, 17 years old.

He was an orphan, he had no family,

and he was on his first long voyage at sea. He went, the news account tells us, rather against the advice of his friends.

He went in the hopefulness of youthful ambition, thinking the journey would make a man of him. Sadly, it was not to be.

The facts of the case were not in dispute.

A wave hit the ship and the Mignonette went down. The four crew members escaped to a lifeboat. The only food they had were two cans of preserved turnips, no fresh water.

For the first three days, they ate nothing.

On the fourth day, they opened one of the cans of turnips and ate it. The next day they caught a turtle. Together with the other can of turnips,

 15 / 29 

达德利 史蒂文斯案件

这是发生在19世纪英国的一件法律案例 非常著名，而且在众多法学院中被讨论过 下面我来总结一下这个案例，然后我想听一下你们将如何裁决

想象你们现在是陪审团。

当时的一家报纸描述了整个背景

这是一个关于“木犀草”游艇上的生存者在海上发生的最悲惨故事。 这条船挣扎在南大西洋上 离好望角1300英里的地方 有四个船员，达德利是船长 史蒂文斯是大副布鲁克斯是船员

都是品质优秀的男人，或者至少报纸是这样说的第四个船员是船上的侍者 17岁，名叫理查得·帕克 他是个孤儿，无所依靠 这是他第一次的远航 报纸告诉我们 他不顾朋友的建议

饱含着年轻人追求志向的希望和热情 认为远行能让他成为真正的男人 不幸的是，他所期待的没能成真 事实毋庸置疑

大浪冲击了”木犀草”后，船便开始下沉 这个四个船员逃到救生船上 他们唯一的食物就是两罐

腌制的白萝卜，没有可以喝的淡水 前三天他们什么也没吃

第四天他们开了一罐腌萝卜吃了 第五天他们捉到一只海龟

并把剩下的一罐萝卜和这只龟都吃了

jury ['d u ri] n.陪审团,评委会adj.临时用的

survivor [s 'vaiv ] n. 幸存者

flounder ['flaund ] v.挣扎,踌躇, n.挣扎 cape [keip] n. 岬, 海角, 披肩

captain ['kæptin] n.船长,队长vt.率领,指挥 sailor ['seil ] n. 海员, 水手

crew [kru:] n.全体船员, (一组)工作人员 cabin ['kæbin] n.船舱,机舱,小木屋 cabin boy 船上侍者

orphan [' :f n] n.孤儿adj.无双亲的,孤儿的 voyage ['v iid ] n. 航行,旅程v. 航行,旅行

dispute [di'spju:t] v.争论,争议,辩驳,质疑

turnip ['t :nip] n. 萝卜,芜青,大头菜

turtle ['t :tl] n.海龟

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

the turtle enabled them to subsist for the next few days. And then for eight days, they had nothing. No food. No water.

Imagine yourself in a situation like that, what would you do? Here’s what they did.

By now the cabin boy, Parker, is lying at the bottom of the lifeboat in the corner because he had drunk seawater against the advice of the others and he had become ill and he appeared to be dying. 海龟使他们得以在以后几天生存 然后有八天他们又没有进食 没有东西吃的，也没有水可喝 想象在那样的情境下

你会怎么做？他们是这么做的

现在那个侍者男孩，帕克，躺在救生船底部的一角,因为他不听其他几人的劝告喝了海水,他病了，似乎就要死了

So on the 19th day, Dudley, the captain, suggested that they should all have a lottery,

that they should draw lots to see who would die to save the rest. Brooks refused. He didn’t like the lottery idea. We don’t know whether this was

because he didn’t want to take the chance or because he believed in categorical moral principles.

But in any case, no lots were drawn.

The next day there was still no ship in sight

so Dudley told Brooks to avert his gaze and he motioned to Stevens that the boy, Parker, had better be killed.

Dudley offered a prayer, he told the boy his time had come, and he killed him with a pen knife,

stabbing him in the jugular vein.

Brooks emerged from his conscientious objection to share in the gruesome bounty.

For four days, the three of them fed on the body and blood of the cabin boy.

True story. And then they were rescued.

Dudley describes their rescue in his diary with staggering

euphemism.“On the 24th day, as we were having our breakfast, a ship appeared at last.”

The three survivors were picked up by a German ship.

 16 / 29 

因此在第19天，达德利船长 建议他们应该来抽签决定 谁应该死去以救活其它三个人

布鲁克斯拒绝了，他不喜欢抽签这个主意 我们并不知道是否是因为

他不想冒这个险或者是他信奉绝对的道德准则 但不管怎样他们没抽签 之后一天，依然没有船出现

所以达德利让布鲁克斯改变想法，他还向史蒂文斯打手势，最好把帕克这个孩子杀了。

达德利做了祷告，告诉男孩他的死期到了，然后就用铅笔刀杀了他， 用刀子刺进他咽喉的静脉

布鲁克斯的良心不再反对，转而一起分享这可怕的“盛宴”

之后的四天里，他们三个就喝这个男孩的血，吃他的肉

这是真事 之后他们获得了营救

达德利在日记中用惊人的委婉语句描述了他们被营救的情形：“24号，我们在吃早餐时。终于出现了一艘船”

他们是被一艘德国船救走的

subsist [s b'sist] vi.维持生活,生存vt.供养

appear [ 'pi ] v.出现;看来好像,似乎;显露; lie 躺 lying, pp. lay pp. lain lie 谎 lying, pt. pp. lied die 死 dying pt. pp. died

lottery ['l t ri] n.彩票 / lot n.运气,一堆,签 draw [dr :] v. (drew, drawn)拉,拖,挨近,提取,画, 绘制 n.平局;抽签;拉 draw lots 抽签

in any case(adverb) = no matter what; anyhow，whatever 无论如何，总之

take the chance 冒风险, 碰运气

avert [ 'v :t] vt.转开,避免,防止 gaze [geiz] vi.凝视n.凝视

motion ['m u n]v.n.打手势,示意,提议,运动 stab [stæb] n.刺,伤心,剧痛v.刺,戳;刺伤 jugular['d gjul ] adj.颈部n.颈静脉 vein [ve n]n.血管,叶脉,静脉

conscientious[.k n i'en s]有责任心的 gruesome['gru:s m]可怕的,令人毛骨悚然的 bounty ['baunti] n.慷慨,慷慨的赠予物,

feed [fi:d] pt, pp fed vt.喂养,饲养,靠...为生,向...提供vi.进餐,吃饲料n.饲料,一餐 rescue ['reskju:] vt. n. 营救,救援

stagger ['stæg ] n.摇晃,蹒跚;晕倒症v.摇摇晃晃, staggering['stæg ri ] adj.摇晃的,惊人的euphemism['ju:fimiz m]n.委婉的说法 survivor [s 'vaiv ] n.幸存者

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

They were taken back to Falmouth in England where they were arrested and tried.

Brooks turned state's witness. Dudley and Stevens went to trial. They didn’t dispute the facts. They claimed they had acted out of necessity; that was their defense.

They argued in effect better that one should die so that three could survive.

The prosecutor wasn’t swayed by that argument. He said murder is murder, and so the case went to trial.

Now imagine you are the jury. And just to simplify the discussion, put aside the question of law,

let’s assume that you as the jury are charged with deciding whether what they did was morally permissible or not. How many would vote ‘not guilty’,

that what they did was morally permissible? And how many would vote ‘guilty’, what they did was morally wrong? A pretty sizeable majority.

Now let’s see what people’s reasons are and let me begin with those who are in the minority.

Let’s hear first from the defense of Dudley and Stevens. Why would you morally exonerate them? What are your reasons? Yes.

I think it is morally reprehensible but I think that there is a distinction between what’s morally reprehensible and what makes someone legally accountable.

In other words, as the judge said,

what’s always moral isn’t necessarily against the law and while I don’t think that necessity justifies theft or murder or any illegal act, at some point your degree of necessity does, in fact, exonerate you from any guilt.Okay. Good. Other defender s. Other voices for the defense. Moral justifications for what they did. Yes.

 17 / 29 

德国船把他们送回了英格兰的法尔茅斯 他们在那儿被逮捕、被审判

布鲁克斯成为事件的证人达德利和史蒂文斯受审他们没有否定事实，只是声明所为出于迫不得已，要这些就是他们的辩护

他们争论说实际上一个人死让三个人活是更好的办法。

但是检察官并没有因这种说法而动摇 他说谋杀就是谋杀， 因此案子要受审

现在想象你们是陪审团，为了简便，我们将法律问题放一边

就假定你们是陪审团即将裁决他们的所作所为在道德上是否可以允许 多少人会选择“无罪”

认为他们做的是道德所允许的？ 多少人会选择“有罪”

认为他们在道德上是错误的呢？ 绝大多数人呐

现在我们来听听大家的理由，先从少数人开始 先听听为达德利和史蒂文斯辩护的声音 你们为什么要在道德上免除他们的罪行呢？ 理由是什么？好，你来回答

我认为这件事在道德上应受谴责，但我认为道德上应受谴责和法律上应受制裁存在差别。

arrest [ 'rest] vt.逮捕,拘留

try[trai]v.n.试验,审判trial['trai l]adj.n审判(的） witness ['witnis] n.目击者,证人

dispute [di'spju:t] v.争论,争议,辩驳,质疑 defense [di'fens] n.防卫,防卫物,辩护

survive [s 'vaiv] vt. 比 ... 活得长, 幸免于难, 艰难度过 vi. 活着, 继续存在

prosecutor ['pr sikju:t ] n.检察官,公诉人

in charge adj.负责,主管

permissible [p 'mis bl] adj.可允许的,容许的 guilty ['gilti] adj.有罪的

sizeable ['saiz bl] adj.相当大的 =sizable

exonerate [ig'z n reit] vt.确定无罪,免除责任

reprehensible [.repri'hens bl] adj.应受责难的 distinction [di'sti k n]n.差别,对比,区分 accountable [ 'kaunt bl] adj.负有责任的

换句话说正如法官所说

道德上允许的不一定会与法律相抵触。我认为必theft [θeft] n. 偷窃

要性不能成为偷盗或者谋杀等非法行为的正当理illegal [i'li:g l] adj.不合法的,非法的n.非法移民 由，但某种意义上，必要性会让你的行为免罪 necessity [ni'sesiti] n.需要,必需品,必然 好的，不错 其他的辩护者我们要听听其他的声defender [di'fend ] n.防卫者,拥护者,辩护者

justification [.d stifi'kei n] n.辩护, 释罪 音，对他们所为的道德辩护的声音请你来

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

Thank you. I just feel like in the situation that desperate, you have to do what you have to do to survive. You have to do what you have to do.

Yeah, you’ve got to do what you’ve got to do.

Pretty much. If you’ve been going19 days without any food, you know, someone just has to take the sacrifice, someone has to make the sacrifice and people can survive.

And furthermore from that, let’s say they survive and then they become productive members of society who go home and start like a million charity organizations and this and that

I mean they benefited everybody in the end. -Yeah.

So, I mean I don’t know what they did afterwards, they might have gone and like, I don't know, killed more people, I don't know. Whatever but… -What?

Maybe they were assassins.

What if they went home and they turned out to be assassins?

What if they’d gone home and turned out to be assassins? Well… You’d want to know who they assassinated. That’s true too. That’s fair. That’s fair. I would want to know who they assassinated.

All right. That’s good. What’s your name? Marcus. Marcus. All right.

We’ve heard a defense, a couple of voices for the defense. Now we need to hear from the prosecution.

Most people think what they did was wrong. Why?

Yes. -One of the first things that I was thinking was they haven’t been eating for a really long time maybe they’re mentally like affected and so then that could be used as a defense, a possible argument that they weren’t in the proper state of mind, they weren’t making decisions they might otherwise be making. And if that’s an appealing argument that you have to be in an altered mindset to do something like that,

 18 / 29 

谢谢，我只是觉得，在绝望的情况下，你不得不做一些事来使自己得以存活 你必须去做不得不做的事情 是的，你得这么去做

确实假设你已经持续19天没有进食了，你知道有人得做出牺牲，有人得做出牺牲别的人才能生存而且，如果他们生存下来的话他们就成为社会的生产成员，他们回家后，可能会建立一个慈善组织或者成为其他慈善组织的成员。 我的意思是他们最终让所有人受益 — 嗯

我是说不知道他们之后做了什么,也许溜了或做了别的,或杀了更多人,我不清楚,不管怎么… -什么？

他们也许成了刺客

如果他们回家之后成为刺客了呢？

如果他们回家之后成为刺客了的话？那么… 你得知道他们暗杀了哪些人

这也是真的。这很公正，很公正,我想知道他们暗杀了哪些人

好的，非常不错。你叫什么名字？ 马库斯

马库斯，好的

我们已经听到了一些辩护有一些观点支持被告 现在我们要听听起诉方的观点

大部分人认为他们的做法是错的为什么呢？ 我一开始想的一些事是,他们已经很久没吃东西了,也许他们精神上受到影响，所以这可以作为一种辩护.一种可能的争论就是,他们神志不清，因此他们所做的决定不是清醒状态时会做的。如果这是有说服力的论据，你一定是精神失常才去做这样的事

sacrifice ['sækrifais] n.v 牺牲, 供俸

charity ['t æriti] n.慈善,慈善机关

benefit ['benifit] n.利益 vt.有益于,得益

assassin [ 'sæsin] n.暗杀者,刺客 assassinate [ 'sæsineit] v.暗杀

prosecution [.pr si'kju: n] n.实行,经营,起诉

mindset ['maindset] n.意向,精神状态,心态

哈佛公开课Justice 第一课字幕中英对照精解,让你不费事的看懂。费了我一个星期的业余时间哦。三栏结构：英文原版,中文翻译,难词音标和解释。

it suggests that people who find that argument convincing do think that they were acting immorally.

But what do you - I want to know what you think. You defend them. I'm sorry, you vote to convict, right?

Yeah, I don’t think that they acted in a morally appropriate way. And why not? What do you say,

here’s Marcus, he just defended them. He said – you heard what he said. Yes.

That you’ve got to do what you’ve got to do in a case like that.. -Yeah

-What do you say to Marcus?

That there’s no situation that would allow human beings to take the idea of fate or the other people’s lives in their own hands, that we don’t have that kind of power. Good. Okay. Thank you. And what’s your name? Britt.

Britt. Okay. Who else? What do you say? Stand up.

I’m wondering if Dudley and Steven had asked for Richard Parker’s consent in, you know, dying,

if that would exonerate them from an act of murder and if so, is that still morally justifiable?

That’s interesting. All right. Consent. Wait, wait, hang on. What’s your name? Kathleen.

Kathleen says suppose they had that, what would that scenario look like?

So in the story Dudley is there, pen knife in hand, but instead of the prayer or before the prayer,

he says “Parker, would you mind?""We’re desperately hungry”, as Marcus emphasizes with, “we’re desperately hungry. You’re not going to last long anyhow."

 19 / 29 

认为这条争论有说服力的,人们一定相信他们的所作所为是不道德的。

但是你，我想要知道，你是怎么想， 你在为他们辩护，报歉，你认为他们有罪，是吗？是的，我认为他们的行为不符合道德准则 为什么不符合呢？你什么意见？

这位是马库斯，他刚刚为那几个人辩护过 他说……你听见他说什么了 是的

就是你在那种情况下得做你不得不做的事情 好

你想对马库斯说什么？

没有任何情况允许人类操控别人的命运或者生命，我们并没有那种权利。

好的，谢谢 你叫什么名字？ 布瑞特

布瑞特，好的 还有谁？你想说什么？站起来吧 我想达德利和史蒂文斯如果已经征求理查得·帕克的同意了，你们知道的，去死，

这是否能证明他们没有谋杀罪呢？如果能的话，这在道德上是否又讲得过去呢？ 这很有意思，好的，“同意” 等等，你叫什么名字 凯思林

凯思林说假设他们有道德支撑的话 那个故事情节会是怎样？

故事中达德利在场，手持铅笔刀 不是祈祷或者在祈祷前

他说“帕克，你介意吗？”“我们极度饥饿了”正如马库斯所强调的那样“我们极度饥饿” 你活不了更久了，

convincing [k n'vinsi ] adj. 使人信服的 immorally adv. 不道德地

convict ['k nvikt,k n'vikt] n.罪犯vt.宣判...有罪, appropriate [ 'pr upri t] adj.适当的,相称的

consent [k n'sent] n.同意,许可v.同意,承认 exonerate:证明…无罪；开释；昭雪

scenario [si'nɑ:ri u]n.情节;剧本;事态;局面;方案

empathize (Amer.) ['emp θa z]v. 移情 emphasize ['emf sa z]v.强调,着重,加强语气

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