新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit5

新视野三版读写B2U5TextA

Spendorsave—Thestudent'sdilemma

1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,\IspendorshouldIsave?\Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.Thegovernmenttellsustospendorwe'llnevergetoutoftherecession.Atthesametime,theytellusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingravedanger.Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.

2Here'sanotherfamiliarexample:Ifwedon'tpayourcreditcardbillontime,wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:\failuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou'llbeintrouble!\Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafollow-upemailinacharmingtonetellingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingustoresumespending.Whichdepictioniscorrect:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?Thegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.3Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.Oneisthe\perspective,\spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!\Theotherwecouldcallan\message,whichurgesus,\hardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed.\Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto\values\Hardwork,familyloyalty,andthecapacitytopostponedesiresarecoreAmericanvaluesthathavemadeourcountrygreat.

4Buttheoppositemessage,advertising'spermissivemessage,isinescapable.Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook:onTV,inmoviesonprintedmediaandroadsigns,instores,andonbuses,trainsandsubways.Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.Someonerecentlysaid,\onlytimeyoucanescapeadvertisingiswhenyou'reinyourbedasleep!\

5It'sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwillhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemillion.Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,

fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewilluseforourvacation.Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!Now,ofcourse,wedon'trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,\goodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit—now!\Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,\loveme.I'magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI'llbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI'vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow.\6

What

happens

as

we

take

in

these

contradictory

butexplicitmessages?Whatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabits?Ononehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:\out,takestockofyourlife,don'tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don'tfallintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwillmakeyoustronger.\

7Anyway,manyoftheskillsyouneedasasuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwell-beingsakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducation.

8Howcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumer?Manyschools,communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.Considerconsultingwithyourschool'sfinancialaidofficeorseekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupabudget.Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackandfindpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.Mostimportantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don'tletyouregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeitspinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.

9Allthiswillhelpyoubecomeaneducatedconsumerandsaver.Asyoulearntobalancespendingandsaving,youwillbecomethecaptainofyourownship,steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthroughthechoppywaters.

LanguagePoints：1DoyoufeelasconfusedandmanipulatedasIdowiththisquestion,“ShouldIspendorshouldIsave?”(Para.1)Meaning:Whenaskingyourselfwhetheryoushouldspendorsave,doyoufeelpuzzledandcontrolledasIdo?Meaningbeyondwords:Accordingtotheconventionalconcept,wearethemasterorthebossofthemoneywehaveearned.Itisuptoustodecidehowtouseourmoney.However,thesentencegivesusthehintthatweareactuallynolongerincontrolofourmoney.2Ithinkthatthemessageswegetfromourenvironmentseemtodefycommonsenseandcontradicteachother.(Para.1)Meaning:Inmyopinion,themessageswegetinourdailylifeaboutthequestion“ShouldIspendorshouldIsave?”areagainstcommonsenseandtheyoftendon’tagreewitheachother.Usagenote:defy,denydefy和deny都是及物动词，词形相近，但实际上两者词义有别，用法也不同。1defy主要表示“违抗；反抗；蔑视”，后接名词；而deny主要表示“否认；拒绝承认”，后接名词或that引导的从句。Nearly11thousandpeoplehavebeenarrestedfordefyingthebanonstreettrading.近一万一千人因违抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。Thegovernmenthasdeniedthattheauthoritieshaveuncoveredaplottoassassinatethepresident.政府已否认当局发现了一个暗杀总统的阴谋。2defy后接动词不定式表示“挑战；刺激某人做某事”时，不能用动名词形式；deny表示“否认；拒绝承认”时，后面不能接动词不定式，只能接动名词形式。Idefyyoutocomeupwithonemajoraccomplishmentofthecurrentprimeminister.我倒要看看你能否讲出一项现任首相作出的重大成就。Hedenieddoinganythingillegal.他否认做过任何违法的事。3Thegovernmenttellsustospendorwe’llnevergetoutoftherecession.(Para.1)Meaningbeyondwords:Tohelpthecountryrecoverfromtheeconomicrecession,thegovernmentisencouragingpeopletospend,whichwillhelpstimulateproduction,jobmarketsandbankliquidity.4Atthesametime,theytellusthatunlesswesavemore,ourcountryisingravedanger.(Para.1)Meaning:Meanwhile,theywarnusthatifwedon’tsavemoremoneytheeconomicrecessionwillgrowandseverelyharmourcountry.Usagenote:unless1unless作连词，表示“除非…；如果不…”，引导条件状语从句，意为“如果某个条件不出现，某件事就不会进行”。使用unless时必须留意从句中动词的时态。虽然unless所说的条件都是未出现或未发生的，但必须用一般现在时或过去时，不能用表示将来的时态。例如：IwillnotgotoBeijingunlessthecompanypaysforthetrip.如果公司不支付旅费，我不会去北京。（不能用willpay）Shewouldn’tdothatunlessIallowedher.如果我不允许，她不会去做那件事。（不能用wouldallow）Shewillkeeponsingingunlesssheistoldtostop.她会一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。（不能用willbetold）Shewouldnotcometoworkasbeforeunlesshermother’shealthconditionturnedforthebetter.她不会像以前那样来上班了，除非她母亲的病情好转。（不能用wouldturn）2unless和if…not都可以引导条件状语从句，但适用情况不同，很容易混淆，要注意区别。指将来可能发生或可能真实的情况用unless；如果知道事情没有发生或不真实则用if…not。可以说Ifyouweren’talwaysinsuchahurry,yourworkwouldbemuchbetter。不说Yourworkwouldbemuchbetterunlessyouwerealwaysinsuchahurry。见更多例句：Unlesstheygetprotection,theywillnottestify.(=Iftheydonotgetprotection,theywillnottestify.)如果得不到保证，他们不会作证的。Iwouldgooutifitwasn’training.(=Butitisraining,soIamnotgoingout.)要是不下雨，我就出去了。5Banksofferhigherinterestratessoweincreasesavings.Thenthesamebankssenduscreditcardofferssowecanspendmore.(Para.1)Meaningbeyondwords:Hereisthe“spendorsave”paradox.Ononehand,thegovernmenttellsustospend,and,ontheotherhand,theywantustosavemore.Whilethebanksofferhighinterestratestoattractustodepositmoney,theysenduscreditcardstoencourageustospend.6Here’sanotherfamiliarexample:Ifwedon’tpayourcreditcardbillontime,wegetdemanding,nastyemailsfromthecreditcardcompanysayingsomethinglike:“Yourfailuretopayisunacceptable.Payimmediatelyoryou’llbeintrouble!”(Para.2)Meaning:Ifwefailtopayourcreditcardbillontime,thecreditcardcompanywillsendusharshandunfriendlyemailmessagestowarnusthateitherwepayatonceorwe’llgetpenalties.Sentencestructurenote:祈使句+or/and+陈述句1“祈使句+or+陈述句”结构表示“…否则…”，其中，or还可以换成and，表达的意思发生相应的变化，表示“如果…，就…”。对连词or或者and的选择，主要根据相应连词前后句表达的意义，如果前后句有转折关系，就用or，一般表达一种负面的结果；如果前后句表示意义顺承，无转折关系，就用and。例如：Listentotheteachercarefullyinclass,oryoucan’tcatchwhatheissaying.上课时要仔细听老师讲课，否则你就无法了解他在说什么。Walkdownourstreet,andyou’llseekidsplaying.你要是走上街头，就会看到孩子们在玩耍。2在“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中；陈述句通常用将来时态,即“will+动词原形”，也可用情态动词can，may等。但通常不能用一般现在时或现在进行时。例如：Workhard,andyoucanmakerapidprogressinyourstudy.努力吧，你会在学业上突飞猛进的。Followtheadviceofthedoctor,oryouwon’tbewellverysoon.遵从医生的叮嘱，否则你的身体就不会很快好起来。3“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构可与if引导的条件状语从句互换。例如:Getupquickly,oryouwillbelate.(=Ifyoudon’tgetupquickly,youwillbelate.)快点起床，不然你会迟到的。Workhard,andyouwillpasstheexam.(=Ifyouworkhard,youwillpasstheexam.)如果你努力学习，你就会通过考试。4“祈使句+or/and+陈述句”结构中，祈使句有时可以省略动词。例如：Makemoreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.(=Moreeffort,oryouwon’tbesuccessful.)如果不多些努力，你就不会成功。Givemeonemorehour,andI’llgettheworkfinished.(=Onemorehour,andI’llgettheworkfinished.)再给我一个小时，我就能把工作做完。7Then,assoonaswepay,wegetafollow-upemailinacharmingtonetellingushowvaluableacustomerweareandencouragingustoresumespending.(Para.2)Meaning:Tolureusintomorespending,onceourcreditcardbillispaid,afollow-upemailinanentirelydifferenttonewillbesenttous,claimingthatwearevaluablecustomers.Note:Thewordresumecanbeusedeitherasatransitiveorintransitiveverb.Asatransitiveverb,itmaybefollowedbyanounorav.-ingform.8Whichdepictioniscorrect:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?Thegapbetweenthesetwomessagesisenormous.(Para.2)Meaningbeyondwords:Asthereissuchahugedifferencebetweenthetwoemail

messages,wefeelconfusedaboutwhoweare:afailingconsumerintroubleoravaluedcustomer?9Theparadoxisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesatoddswitheachother.(Para.3)Meaning:Thecontradictionisthateverydaywegettwosetsofmessagesdisagreeingwitheachother.10Oneisthe“permissive”perspective,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”(Para.3)Meaning:Onereflectsaviewpointoftolerance,“Buy,spend,getitnow.Youneedthis!”Note:Thewordpermissiveisanadjective,aderivativefrompermit.Being“permissive”impliesaveryeasyandtoorelaxedpositiononsomethingandusuallylacksgoodjudgment.Forexample:Theywerepermissiveparentsandtheirchildrengrewuptobespoiledandill-behavingadults.他们是太过放任的父母，他们的孩子长大后会变成被宠坏、行为举止欠妥的成年人。Usagenote:permissive,tolerantThesynonymofpermissiveistolerant,buttolerantispositiveinmeaning.Permissivecarriesanegativeconnotation.Tolerantimpliesgoodjudgmentwitharightbalanceofperspectiveoractions.Forexample:Theemployee’stolerantpositiononthedifferencesinworkingstylemeantthattheteamperformedwell.员工对工作作风的差异持宽容的立场意味着这个团队表现出色。11Theotherwecouldcallan“upright”message,whichurgesus,“Workhardandsave.Suspendyourdesires.Avoidluxuries.Controlyourappetiteformorethanyoutrulyneed.”(Para.3)Meaning:Wecouldcalltheotheronean“honest”message,whichadvisesustoworkhardandsavemoney,stophavingtoomanydesires,avoidspendingtoomuch,andlimitourpurchasestowhatwereallyneed.Usagenote:urge,persuade1从词义上说，urge的基本意思是“力劝；敦促”，引申可表示“强烈要求”等，比较正式；persuade主要表示“说服；劝说”，指通过劝说、感情交流等使对方做劝说者所希望的事。urge语气强，但不一定“力劝；敦促”成功；persuade语气不如urge强，但强调不仅“劝”，而且使之“服”。例如：WewillurgethemtoadheretotheParisAgreement.我们将敦促他们遵守《巴黎协议》。Myhusbandpersuadedmetocome.我丈夫劝我来的。2从用法上说，urge和persuade都可用作及物动词。urge可用于urgesb.todosth.结构，意为“催促某人做某事”；persuade表示“说服”时，可用于persuadesb.todosth.结构，也可用于persuadesb.intodoingsth.结构，都表示“说服某人做某事”。它们也都可以引出that从句。urge引出的that从句中用（should）+verb，而persuade用于persuadesb.that结构，不用（should）+verb。例如：Hisfatherurgedhimtospeakhismind.他父亲敦促他说出心里话。We’retryingtopersuademanufacturerstoselltheirproductshere.我们正在努力说服制造商在这里销售他们的产品。SirFredurgedthatBritain(should)jointheEuropeanMonetarySystem.弗雷德爵士敦促英国加入欧洲货币体系。Wehadmanagedtopersuadethemthatitwasworthworkingwithus.我们已设法说服他们，与我们合作是值得的。12Thismessagecomestousfrommanysources:fromschool,fromparents,evenfrompoliticalfiguresreferringto“traditionalvalues”.(Para.3)Meaning:Wegetthiskindofmessagefrommanysourcessuchasschool,parents,andevenpoliticianswholiketotalkabouttraditionalvalues.13Buttheoppositemessage,advertising’spermissivemessage,isinescapable.(Para.4)Meaning:Butyoucannotescapefromtheoppositemessage,advertisementsthatpushyoutospendmore.14Thoughsometimesdisguised,themessagesareeverywherewelook…(Para.4)Meaning:Thoughthesemessagesaresometimessubtleandchangeinform,theycanbefoundeverywherewelive.15Advertisementsinvadeourdailylives.Weareconstantlysurroundedbythemessagetospend,spend,spend.(Para.4)Meaning:Ourdailylivesarefloodedwithadvertisements.Veryoftenwefindourselvesenclosedbyadvertisementsthatlureusintospending.16It’sbeencalculatedthatbytheageof18,theaverageAmericanwillhaveseen600,000ads;bytheageof40,thetotalisalmostonemillion.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Americansgrowupseeingcountlessadvertisements,andthiscontinuesthroughouttheirlifetime.17Eachadvertisementisdoingitsutmosttoinfluenceourdiversebuyingdecisions,fromthebreakfastcerealweeattowhichcruiselinewewilluseforourvacation.(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareeverywhereandhaveinvadedpeople’severydaylives.18Thereisnoshortageofideasandthingstobuy!(Para.5)Meaning:Thereareplentyofideasofwhattobuyandhowtospendmoney.19Now,ofcourse,wedon’trememberexactlywhattheproductswere,buttheessentialmessageiscementedintoourconsciousness,“It’sgoodtosatisfyyourdesires.Youshouldhavewhatyouwant.Youdeservethebest.So,youshouldbuyit–now!”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Advertisementsareveryeffectiveintalkingpeopleintobuyingthings.Thoughit’shardtorememberalloftheproductsinadvertisements,thesemessageshavealreadybeenhammeredintoourheads.Themessagestellusthatwedeservethebestandweareentitledtowhatwewant.20Afamousadvertisementsaiditperfectly,“Iloveme.I’magoodfriendtomyself.Idowhatmakesmefeelgood.Iderivepleasurefromnicethingsandfeelnourishedbythem.Iusedtoputthingsoff.Notanymore.TodayI’llbuynewskiequipment,lookatnewcompactcars,andbuythatcameraI’vealwayswanted.Ilivemydreamstoday,nottomorrow.”(Para.5)Meaningbeyondwords:Theadvertisementistryingtosendoutthemessage:Itisnotwrongforpeopletobeself-centeredandbuyeverythingtheywantrightnow.Enjoylifetoday!Theunderlyingpurposeistopersuadepeopletospend.21Whathappensaswetakeinthesecontradictorybutexplicitmessages?Whatarethepsychologicalandsocialconsequencesofthiscampaigntocontrolourspendinghabits?(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Sincepeoplearesurroundedbythesecontradictorybutclearmessages,theremustbesomepsychologicalandsocialconsequences.Forinstance,somepeoplemayspendmorewhileothersmaysavemore,dependingonhowmuchtheygetinfluenced.22Ononehand,wewantmorethingsbecausewewanttosatisfyourmaterialappetite.Mostofusderivepleasurefromtreatingourselves.(Para.6)Meaning:Mostofusbecomehappywhenwetreatourselves,sowealwayswanttohavemorethingstosatisfyourmaterialdesires.23Ontheotherhand,alittlevoiceinsideusechoesthoseuprightmessages:“Watchout,takestockofyourlife,don’tletyourattentiongetscattered.Postponeyourdesires.Don’tfallintodebt.Wait!Retaincontroloveryourownlife.Itwillmakeyoustronger.”(Para.6)Meaningbeyondwords:Fromamoretraditionalpointofview,weshouldbecautiousaboutspendingmoney.Weshouldbefocusedonourlifeinordernottofallintodebt.Beingincontrolofourlifewillmakeusstronger.24Anyway,manyoftheskillsyouneedassuccessfulstudentcanbeappliedtoyourfinances.Consideryourfinancialwell-beingasakeyingredientofyouruniversityeducationasmoneyworriesareextremelystressfulanddistracting.(Para.7)Meaningbeyondwords:Itisnotdifficulttoavoidafinancialdisasterifyouapplytheskillsyoualreadyhaveforbeingasuccessfulstudent.Beawarethatfinancialstabilityisofcrucialimportancetoyourcollegelifesincemoneyworriescouldbringyoudown.25Theycanmakeyoufeelterribleandhinderyourabilitytofocusonyourprimeobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducation.(Para.7)Meaning:Moneyworriescanmakeyoufeelterribleanddistractyoufromyourmainobjective:successfullycompletingyoureducationatcollege.Usagenote:hinder,preventhinder和prevent都有“阻碍；阻止”之意，都可以用于hinder/preventsb.fromdoingsth.结构，但两者有区别。1)hinder表示“使…受阻；使…做起来困难”（makesth.difficult）。例如：Hispoorhealthhinderedhimfromgoingtoworkdaily.(=Hecontinuedtoworkbutwithdifficulty.)身体欠佳让他每天上班很困难。2)prevent表示“使…不发生；使…不做”(makesth.impossible)。例如：Hispoorhealthpreventedhimfromgoingtowork.(=Hestoppedworking.)他的健康不佳，令他无法外出工作。26Howcanyoubeasmartandeducatedconsumer?Manyschools,communityorganizations,andevensomebanksofferfinancialliteracyclasses.(Para.8)Meaning:Tobecomeaconsumerwhoiscleverandacquiresrelevantknowledge,youcantakesomefinancialliteracyclasseswhereyoulearnbasicconceptsoffinance.Thesecoursesareofferedbymanyschools,communityorganizationsandsomebanks.27Considerconsultingwithyourschool’sfinancialaidofficeorseekinputfromyourparentsorotherrespectedadultsinsettingupabudget.(Para.8)Meaning:Inplanninghowtouseyourmoneywisely,youmaydiscussyourfinancialsituationwithyourschool’sfinancialaidofficeorgetadvicefromyourparentsaswellasfromrespectedothers.28Anadditionaloptionisfindingapartnertohelpyoustayontrackandfindpleasureintheadministrationofyourownfinancialaffairs.(Para.8)Meaning:Anotherchoiceistofindapartnerwhocanhelpyoustayintherightdirectionofyourownfinancialmanagementandgetpleasurefromdoingit.29Mostimportantly,ifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,don’tletyouregogetinyourway;urgentlygethelpwithtacklingyourproblembeforeitspinsoutofcontrolandlandsyouinlegaltroubles.(Para.8)Meaning:Themostimportantthingisnottofeelembarrassedtoaskforhelpifyoufindyourselfgettingintofinancialtrouble,andyoushoulddoitquicklytoretaincontrolandavoidbreakingthelaw.30Asyoulearntobalancespendingandsaving,youwillbecomethecaptainofyourownship,steeringyourlifeinasuccessfulandproductivedirectionthroughthechoppywaters.(Para.9)Meaning:Whenyoulearntokeepabalancebetweenspendingandsaving,youareincontrolofyourownfinancialsituation,andwhichwillleadyoutoasuccessfulandproductivelifedespitethetwistsandturnsonyourwaytothefinancialgoal.Note:Here“thecaptainofyourownship”isfigurativelyused.Itcomparesyourcapabilitytobalancespendingandsavingtothesituationofsailinginthesea.Ifyouareincontrolofyourfinancialsituation,you,thecaptain,cansurelysteeryourownshipoflifesmoothly.

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