管理学chapter2测试题

Chapter 2 Management Yesterday and Today

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT

1. According to Adam Smith, pision of labor was an important concept.

(True; easy; p. 26)

2. In the Industrial Revolution, machine power began substituting for human power.

(True; easy; p. 27)

3. The Industrial Revolution began in the nineteenth century.

(False; moderate; p. 27)

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

4. Principles of Scientific Management was written by Frederick Winslow Taylor.

(True; moderate; p. 28)

5. “One best way” is the phrase most associated with scientific management.

(True; moderate; p. 28)

6. The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to

management was worker effectiveness.

(False; difficult; p. 28)

7. Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested the incentive pay

principle.

(True; moderate; p. 28)

8. Geert Hofstede is associated with the scientific management approach.

(False; moderate; p. 28)

9. Frank Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned selecting the

best worker.

(False; moderate; p. 29)

10. Gilbreth is best known for “the one best way.”

(False; moderate; p. 28)

11. Frederick Taylor is most associated with the principles of scientific management.

(True; easy; p. 28)

12. Geert Hofstede was among the first researchers to use motion pictures to study hand-and-

body motions.

(False; moderate; p. 29)

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS

13. General administrative theory focuses only on managers and administrators.

(False; moderate; p. 29)

14. One could say that Fayol was interested in studying macromanagement issues, whereas

Taylor was interested in studying micromanagement issues.

(True; moderate; p. 30)

15. The 14 principles of management are associated with Fayol.

(True; moderate; p. 30)

16. An organization that has a pision of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed

rules, and impersonal relationships would be described as a bureaucracy.

(True; moderate; p. 30)

17. Weber’s bureau cracy is a lot like scientific management.

(True; moderate; p. 30)

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT

18. The qualitative approach to management has also been labeled operations research or

management science.

(False; moderate; p. 32)

19. Linear programming is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation

decisions.

(True; moderate; p. 32)

TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

20. Concern for employee motivation is most closely associated with organizational

behavior.

(True; moderate; p. 32)

21. Barnard, Follett, Munsterberg, and Owen are all theorists associated with the early

organizational behavior approach.

(True; moderate; p. 33)

22. Hugo Munsterberg created the field of industrial psychology.

(False; moderate; p. 33)

23. Hugo Munsterberg was an early advocate of the human resources approach to management.

(True; moderate; p. 33)

24. Munsterberg’s work in industrial psychology is easily connected with the scientific

management approach.

(True; moderate; p. 33)

25. Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field of

organizational behavior came from the Hawthorne studies.

(True; moderate; p. 33)

26. The Hawthorne studies were performed at the General Motors plant beginning in 1924.

(False; easy; p. 33)

27. Follett is the scientist who is most closely associated with the Hawthorne studies.

(False; moderate; p. 34)

CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

28. Electronic commerce is any form of business exchange or transaction in which the

parties interact electronically.

(True; moderate; p. 40)

29. An organization whose whole existence is made possible by and revolves around the

Internet is categorized as e-business enhanced.

(False; moderate; p. 41)

30. According to the textbook, total quality management is a philosophy of management

driven by continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations.

(True; moderate; p. 43)

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

For each of the following choose the answer that most completely answers the question. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MANAGEMENT

31. Which of the following is not a reason Smith claimed enhanced productivity from

pision of labor

a. increasing worker skill and dexterity

b. saving time lost in changing tasks

c. creating labor-saving inventions

d. strict management control over worker time and motion

(d; moderate; p. 26)

32. An example of early uses of the functions of management is the _______________.

a. d evelopment of gunpowder

b. a rsenal of Venice where ships were built

c. A rtist’s Revolution in 1803

d. W ar of 1812

(b; moderate; p. 26)

33. In Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith described the breakdown of jobs into narrow and

repetitive tasks and called this ______________.

a. assembly lines

b. lowest common factor of work

c. pision of labor

d. greatest common factor of work

(c; challenging; p. 26)

34. The major contribution of the Industrial Revolution was the substitution of ________

for human power.

a. electricity

b. water power

c. machine power

d. critical thinking

(c; challenging; p. 27)

35. General administrative theorists devoted their efforts to _________________.

a. making the overall organization more effective

b. developing mathematical models to improve management

c. improving the productivity and efficiency of workers

d. emphasizing the study of human behavior in organizations

(a; moderate; p. 29)

36. Which of the following is not one of the four management approaches that grew out of

the first half of this century

a. scientific management

b. general administrative

c. organizational behavior

d. systems approach

(d; easy; p. 27)

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

37. Frederick Taylor performed most of his work in _______________.

a. grape vineyards in California

b. steel companies in Pennsylvania

c. auto assembly plants near Detroit

d. cotton gins in Alabama

(b; easy; p. 28)

38. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth’s work began in the area of _________________.

a. laying bricks

b. cutting lumber

c. installing rudimentary electrical wiring

d. assembly lines

(a; easy; p. 29)

39. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth were the first researchers to utilize motion pictures to

the study of _____________.

a. reactions of workers in group settings

b. hand-and-body motions

c. workers reactions to pay increases

d. groups of workers in tense situations where they are assigning each other

tasks

(b; moderate; p. 29)

40. Which of the following phrases is most associated with scientific management

a. management relations

b. one best way

c. supply and demand

d. quality control

(b; moderate; p. 28)

41. The primary issue that aroused Taylor to create a more scientific approach to

management was ______________.

a. worker efficiency

b. worker effectiveness

c. worker absenteeism and turnover

d. workplace safety

(a; moderate; p. 28)

42. According to the textbook, probably the best-known example of Taylor’s scientific

management was the ______________ experiment.

a. horseshoe

b. pig iron

c. blue collar

d.fish tank

(b; moderate; p. 28)

43. Based on his scientific management principles, Taylor suggested which of the following

pay principles

a. monthly salary

b. monthly salary with bonus

c. seniority pay

d. incentive pay

(d; difficult; p. 28)

44. A “therblig” concerns what scientific management workplace issue

a. optimum temperature for workplace efficiency

b. basic hand motions

c. optimum speed for basic motions

d. weight/movement ratios

(b; moderate; p. 29)

45. Which of the following is a fundamental contribution of scientific management

a. It could raise a country’s standard of living.

b. It provided for management control, a basic management function.

c. It provided the basis for the coming rise of unionization.

d. It led to lower overall wages, thereby increasing organizational profitability.

(a; difficult; p. 28)

GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE THEORISTS

46. General administrative theory focuses on ________________.

a. the entire organization

b. managers and administrators

c. the measurement of organizational design relationships

d. primarily the accounting function

(a; easy; p. 29)

47. One could say that Fayol was interested in studying ___________ management issues,

whereas Taylor was interested in studying ________ management issues.

a. micro; macro

b. macro; micro

c. micro; micro.

d. macro; macro

(b; difficult; p. 30)

48. Which of the following is not one of Fayol’s principles of management

a. pision of work

b. unity of command

c. discipline

d. equality

(d; difficult; p. 30)

49. The 14 principles of management are associated with whom

a. Weber

b. Drucker

c. Taylor

d. Fayol

(d; moderate; p. 30)

50. According to Weber’s ideal bureaucracy, ______________ is when people are selected

for jobs based on technical qualifications.

a. career orientation

b. authority hierarchy

c. impersonality

d.formal selection

(d; moderate; p. 30)

51. Bureaucracy defined as a form of organization characterized by __________________.

a. pision of labor

b. clearly defined hierarchy

c. detailed rules and regulations

d. all of the above

(d; moderate; p. 30)

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT

52. Which of the following approaches to management has also been labeled operations

research or management science

a. the qualitative approach

b. the quantitative approach

c. the experimental approach

d.the theoretical approach

(b; easy; p. 31)

53. The quantitative approach evolved from the development of mathematical and

statistical solutions to ______________.

a. waiting line problems at fast-food restaurants in the 1960s

b. military problems in World War II

c. clogged telephone circuits during the 1930s

d. production management problems in the 1950s

(b; challenging; p. 31)

54. The quantitative approach involves applications of _______________.

a. statistics

b. optimization models

c. information models

d. computer simulations

e. all of the above

(e; moderate; p. 32)

55. Quantitative techniques have become less intimidating with the advent of

_______________.

a. training of these techniques in college

b. computers

c. sophisticated computer software

d. managers with better mathematical skills

e. quality control

(c; difficult; p. 32)

56. ______________ is a technique that managers use to improve resource allocation

decisions.

a. Linear programming

b. Work scheduling

c. Economic order quantity modeling

d. Regression analysis

(a; moderate; p. 32)

57. Decisions on determining a company’s optimum inventory levels have been significantly

influenced by _________________.

a. linear programming

b. work scheduling

c. economic order quantity modeling

d. regression analysis

(c; moderate; p. 32)

58. Which of the following would not be associated with the quantitative approach to

management

a. information models

b. critical-path scheduling

c. systematic motivation of inpiduals

d. linear programming

(c; moderate; p. 32)

TOWARD UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

59. Concern for employee motivation is most closely associated with which management

approach

a. bureaucracy

b. organizational behavior

c. scientific management

d. systems

(b; moderate; p. 32)

60. According to the textbook, which of the following early advocates of organizational

behavior was concerned about deplorable working conditions

a. Robert Owens

b. Hugo Munsterberg

c. Mary Parker Follett

d. Chester Barnard

(a; difficult; p. 33)

61. Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior created the field of

industrial psychology, the scientific study of people at work

a. Robert Owens

b. Hugo Munsterberg

c. Mary Parker Follett

d. Chester Barnard

(b; difficult; p. 33)

62. According to the textbook, ______________ was one of the first to recognize that

organizations could be viewed from the perspective of inpidual and group behavior.

a. Robert Owens

b. Hugo Munsterberg

c. Mary Parker Follett

d. Chester Barnard

(c; difficult; p. 33)

63. Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior was the first to

argue that organizations were open systems

a. Robert Owens

b. Hugo Munsterberg

c. Mary Parker Follett

d. Chester Barnard

(d; difficult; p. 33)

64. Which four theorists are associated with the early organizational behavior approach

a. Barnard, Follett, Munsterberg, and Owen

b. Munsterberg, Taylor, Fayol, and Follett

c. Taylor, Fayol, Weber, and Barnard

d. Follett, Barnard, Munsterberg, and Weber

(a; moderate; p. 33)

65. Robert Owen is best remembered for ________________ in contrast to Hugo Munsterberg’s

interest in _______________.

a. workplace social reform; efficiency

b. job design; employee training

c. employee training; motivation

d. reducing employee workplace suffering; workplace social reform

(a; difficult; p. 33)

66. Which of the following was a major contribution of Hugo Munsterberg

a. He was a social reformer.

b. He created the field of industrial psychology.

c. He was interested in inpidual and group behavior.

d.He viewed organizations as social systems requiring human cooperation.

(b; difficult; p. 33)

67. Munsterberg’s work in industrial psychology is easily con nected with what other

management approach

a. general administrative

b. classical management

c. systems

d.scientific management

(d; difficult; p. 33)

68. Contemporary management practices that emphasize work groups as a means to increasing

productivity can be traced to which of the following authors

a. Robert Owen

b. Mary Parker Follett

c. Chester Barnard

d. Hugo Munsterberg

(b; moderate; p. 33)

69. Which of the following is true concerning the management beliefs of Barnard

a. Employee ability and motivation remain fixed within a single employee, but vary

across different employees.

b. To improve productivity, management should concentrate on selecting the best

employee rather than motivating current employees.

c. Productivity is best achieved by insulating the organization from external

constituencies.

d. Organizations are social systems that require human cooperation.

(d; difficult; p. 33)

70. Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field of

organizational behavior came out of the ________________.

a. Taylor studies

b. Porter studies

c. Parker studies

d.Hawthorne studies

(d; moderate; p. 33)

71. The Hawthorne studies were initially devised to study ______________.

a. productivity levels of groups versus inpiduals

b. the effect of noise on employee productivity

c. the effect of illumination levels on employee productivity

d. the effect of cooperative versus competitive organizational environments on

productivity

(c; moderate; p. 33)

72. What scientist is most closely associated with the Hawthorne studies

a. Adams

b. Mayo

c. Lawler

d. Barnard

(b; easy; p. 34)

73. One outcome of the Hawthorne studies could be described by which of the following

statements

a. Social norms or group standards are the key determinants of inpidual work

behavior.

b. Money is more important than the group on inpidual productivity.

c. Behavior and employee sentiments are inversely relate

d.

d. Security is relatively unimportant.

(a; moderate; p. 34)

CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES

74. According to the textbook, the fastest growth in the . workforce will be among

________________.

a. African-American workers

b. Asian workers

c. Turkish workers

d. German workers

e.Australian workers

(b; moderate; p. 37)

75. Workforce persity refers to differences in employees such as ________________.

a. gender

b. race

c. age

d. all of the above

(d; moderate; p. 39)

76. Workforce persity will be realized in the next decade most importantly by _______ of

the population in the United States.

a. increase in teenagers

b. aging

c. porce rate

d. birthrate

(b; moderate; p. 39)

77. TQM differs from earlier management theories because TQM costs can be lowered while

_______________.

a. decreasing costs

b. increasing productivity

c. allowing reworked production to be handled by special teams assigned to this task

d. employees are laid off

(b; challenging; p. 45)

78. A learning organization develops the capability to ______________.

a. add new training programs even when competitors are going bankrupt

b. accept conventional wisdom of the industry

c. continuously learn, adapt, and change

d. work in teams

(c; moderate; p. 41)

79. __________ is the process of developing businesses to pursue trends and changes that

no one else has seen before.

a. Entrepreneurship

b. Division of labor

c. Evolution

d. E-commerce

(a; easy; p. 40)

80. Knowledge management involves encouraging the members of the organization to

________________.

a. improve the educational level of the average employee

b. develop new training programs to help new employees learn their jobs

c. develop a corporate university like Hamburger University at McDonald’s

d. systematically gather information and share it with others

(d; moderate; p. 42)

81. In organizations where continuous learning is encouraged, _______________.

a. managers are involved in planning and organizing

b. managers are seen as team leaders

c. lower-level employees are expected to become leaders

d. a and b

(d; challenging; p. 42)

82. The sales and marketing component of e-business is _____________.

a. intranet

b. evolution

c. e-commerce

d. extranet

(c; easy; p. 41)

83. ________ and ________ were two of the pioneers in the area of total quality

management.

a. Fayol; Weber

b. Taylor; Gilbreth

c. Owen; Munsterberg

d. Deming; Juran

(d; moderate; p. 43)

84. Which of the following is not one of the three important themes that stand out in the definition of entrepreneurship

a. the pursuit of opportunities

b. the theme of innovation

c. the potential of failure

d.the theme of growth

(c; moderate; p. 40)

85. ______________ is a comprehensive term describing the way an organization does its

work by using electronic (Internet-based) linkages with its key constituencies in order to efficiently and effectively achieve its goals.

a. Electronic commerce

b. Electronic business

c. Virtual business

d.Technologically impaired

(b; easy; p. 40)

86. According to the textbook, ______________ is any form of business exchange or

transaction in which the parties interact electronically.

a. electronic commerce

b. multidimensional commerce

c. radio frequency commerce

d.linking commerce

(a; moderate; p. 41)

87. In which of the following categories of e-business involvement does an organization

use the Internet to perform its traditional business functions better, but not to sell anything

a. e-business enhanced organization

b. e-business enabled organization

c. total e-business organization

d.theoretical e-business organization

(b; moderate; p. 41)

88. According to the textbook, Levi Strauss & Co. is categorized as which of the following

e-business involvements

a. e-business enhanced

b. e-business enabled

c. total e-business

d.theoretical e-business

(b; moderate; p. 41)

89. An internal organizational communication system that uses Internet technology and is

accessible only by organizational employees to communicate with its global workforce is called a(n) _______________.

a. extranet

b. local area network

c. intranet

d.hypernet

(c; moderate; p. 41)

90. An organization whose entire existence is made possible by and revolves around the

Internet is categorized as which of the following e-business involvements

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