研究生英语综合教程上课文及翻译

Unit One

核心员工的特征

大卫·G．詹森

1 What exactly is a key player? 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A key player is a phrase that I’ve heard about from employers during just about every search I’ve conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。I asked a client --a hiring manager involved in a search --to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. 每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。

On my team of seven process engineers and biologist,I’ve got two or three whom I just couldn’t live without 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，” He said.key players are essential to my organization. 他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。And when hire your company to recruit for us ,we expect that you’ll be going into other companies and finding just that :the staff that another manager will not want to see leave .we recruit only key players . 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。”

2 This is part of a pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor’s company to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change . 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。They want to hire a key player from another company . 他们想从另一家公司招募核心员

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工。Every company also hires from the ranks of newbies ,and what they are looking for is exactly the same . 然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。We hold them up to the standers we see in our top people . “我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。If it looks like they have this traits ,we’ll place a bet on them .It’s just a bit riskier . 假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。

3It’s an educated guess ,says my hiring manager client . “这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。Your job as a future employee is to help the hiring manager mitigate that risk .You need to help them identify you as a prospective key player . 作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。

4 Trait 1:the selfless collaborator 特征1：无私的合作者

John Fetzer ,career consultant and chemist ,first suggested this trait ,which has already been written about a great deal . 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academic and industry . 它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。It’s teamwork ,says Fetzer .The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive ,so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out .You just can’t succeed in an industry environment without this mindset . “这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。”

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5 Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and outshining other young stars. 许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。You can make yourself more attractive to companies by working together with scientists from other laboratories and disciplines in pursuit of common goal --and documenting the results on your resume . 你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。This approach ,combined with a liberal use of the pronoun we and not just I when describing your accomplishments ,can change the company’s perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator . 这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从 “单干户”转变成“合作者”。Better still ,develop a reputation inside your lab and with people your lab collaborator with as a person who fosters and initiates collaborations --and make sure this quality gets mentioned by those who will take those reference phone calls . 更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。

6 trait 2:a sense of urgency特征2：紧迫感

Don Haut is a frequent contributor to the aaas.sciencecareers@org discussion forum .唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。He is a former scientist who transitioned to industry many years ago and then on to a senior management

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position . 他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than 2.4 billion in annual revenues . He is among those who value a sense of urgency . 他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。

7Business happens 24/7/365 ,which means that competition happens 24/7/365 ,as well ,says Haut . “一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说， One way that companies win is by getting there faster ,which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly ,but you have to know how to decide where there is ! “公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly ,but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions . 这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management . 这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。”

8 trait 3: risk tolerance特征3：风险容忍度

A candidate needs to have demonstrated the ability to make decisions with imperfect or incomplete information .He or she must be able to embrace ambiguity and stick his or her neck out to drive to a conclusion , wrote one of my clients in a job description . 企业要求员工能承受风险。Being OK with risk is something that industry demands .“一名求职者

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需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。

9 Haut agrees .Business success is often defined by comfort with ambiguity and risk-personal ,organizational ,and financial . 豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。This creates a disconnect for many scientists because success in academia is really more about careful ,studied research . 这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。Further ,great science is often defined by how one gets to the answer as much as by the itself , so scientists often fall in love with the process . 更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。In a business ,you need to understand the process , but you end up falling in love with the answer and then take a risk based on what you think that answer means to your business . Putting your neck on the line like this is a skill set that all employers look for in their best people . 在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

10 Another important piece of risk tolerance is a candidate’s degree of comfort with failure . 风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。Failure is important because it shows that you were not afraid to take chances . 失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。So companies consistently look for candidates who can be wrong and admit it . Everyone knows how to talk about successes -----or they should if they’re in a job search ---but far fewer people are comfortable talking about failures ,and fewer still know how to

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bring lessons and advantages back from the brink . 所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。For my organization ,a candidate needs to have comfort discussing his or her failures ,and he or she needs to have real failures,not something made up for interview day .If not ,that person has not taken enough risk .says Haut . “对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。

11 trait 4:strength in interpersonal relationships特征4：善于处理人际关系 Rick Leach is in business development for deCODE Genetics . 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。Leach made the transition to industry recently ,on the business side of things . 李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。I asked him about this key trait because in his new business role ,interpersonal abilities make the difference between success and failure . 我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。Scientists spend their lives accumulating knowledge and developing technical acumen , he says ,but working for a business requires something else entirely --people skills . “科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。The scientist who is transitioning into the business world must prioritize his or her relationship assets above their technical assets. 想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。To suddenly be valued and measured by your mastery of human relationships can be a very scary proposition for a person who has been

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value and measured only by his mastery of things ,says Rick . 对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。”

12 It would be a mistake ,however ,to assume that strong people skills are required only for business people like Leach . 然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。Indeed ,the key players I’ve met who work at the bench in industry have succeed in great measure because they’ve been able to work with a broad variety of personalities ,up and down the organization . 事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心员工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit Two

中餐被公认为全球最佳美食之一，其种类之丰富，工艺之繁复，使其理所当然地成为游客大快朵颐的乐事之一。 Universally recognized as one of the greatest cuisines of the world ,Chinese food in all variety and complexity is unquestionably one of the finest pleasures a visitor can experience in China .

中国美食

1 Chinese cuisine is a brilliant facet of Chinese culture ,which is proven by the fact that Chinese restaurant are found scattered everywhere throughout the world . 中国美食是中国文化一道绚烂的风景线，这点从世界各地随处可见的中餐馆可以窥见。Today ,the culinary industry is developing even more rapidly than before . 当今，烹饪业正以前所未有的速度在发展。A decade ago ,Beijing had a few thousand restaurants , while today there

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are over 100000 restaurants of different sizes in the city. 10年前，北京只有几千家餐馆，而今天却有10万多家大小不等的餐馆遍布市内。

2地方美食

It is widely acknowledged that from the Ming(1368-1644) dynasties onwards ,there are eight major schools of cuisine based on regional cooking . They came from Shandong ,Sichuan ,guangdong,fujian, jiangsu ,zhejiang ,hunan ,and anhui ,province . 众所周知，明朝以来出现了八大菜系，分别是山东菜、四川菜、广东菜、福建菜、江苏菜、浙江菜、湖南菜和安徽菜。In addition to these traditional cuisines ,the culinary industry in China has undergone great changes ,as almost every place has its own local specialties ,and as the difference cuisines gather together in big cities ,such as Beijing . 除了这些传统菜系，中国的烹饪业也经历了巨大的变化：每个地方都形成了自己的特色菜，不同菜系汇集于诸如北京这样的大城市。

3 Sichuan ,known as Nature’s Storehouse ,is also a storehouse of cuisine . Here ,each and every restaurant provides delicious yet economical culinary fare . 被誉为“天府之国”的四川也是个美食之都。在那里的任何一家餐馆都能找到既可口又经济实惠的美食。The ingredients for Sichuan cuisine are simple but the spicy used are quite different .Sichuan cuisine is famous for its spicy and hot food ,yet just being hot and spicy does not necessarily distinguish it from other hot and spicy cuisines such as Hunan or Guizhou cuisines . 川菜的原料虽简单，但调料却大有讲究。川菜以口味辣著称，但仅是口味辣还不能使川菜区别于其他辣口味的菜系，比如湖南菜和贵州菜。What is really special about Sichuan cuisine is the use of Chinese prickly ash seeds ,the taste of which leaves a feeling of numbness on one’s tongue and mouth . 川菜的特别之处在于花椒的使

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用。尝过花椒之后，人们的舌头和嘴巴会留下酥麻的感觉。Besides this unique spice ,Sichuan dishes are also usually prepared with other spices such as chili pepper . Using fermentedbean sauce and a set of unique cooking methods ,Sichuan cuisine is now famous and popular across the world . 除了花椒之外，川菜还常用辣椒粉之类的调料。因使用豆豉作配料，再加上一套独特的烹饪方式，如今川菜在全世界都十分有名和受欢迎。In recent years ,there have appeared many more renowned restaurant in Sichuan cuisine ,such as the Tan Family Fish Head restaurant . 近几年涌现了一大批著名的专做川菜的餐馆，比如谭鱼头。

4 Guangdong Province is located in southern China ,with a moderate climate and abundant produce all year round . 广东省在中国南部，全年气候温和，物产丰富。As one of the earliest ports open to foreign trade ,the province has developed a culinary culture with its own characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of China as well as throughout the world ,where it is the most commonly available Chinese cuisine . 它还是最早对外开放的通商口岸之一。 广东的餐饮文化独具特色，对中国其他地方乃至全世界产生了深远的影响。Guangdong cuisine is famous for its seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processes . Variety soups in this cuisine are loved by people all over the country . 广东菜以其好生猛海鲜、追求新奇、细致考究的烹饪方法而著称。广东菜中的各式煲汤如今已深受全国各地人民喜爱。

5 Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite ,and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River . 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。One famous dish is West Vinegar Fish ,which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature . Many Chinese restaurants in China ,as well as in other parts of the world ,serve this

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dish ,but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou ,capital of Zhejiang Province ,which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake . 西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。

6每道菜都有一段故事 every dish has a story

The names of Chinese dishes are diverse ,but behind each of the famous dishes is an interesting story explaining why it is popular . 中国菜名五花八门，而每道名菜都有一段有趣的故事，说明它如何博得人们的喜爱。A good name can make the dish more interesting , however ,some names are so eccentric that they may confuse people ,both Chinese and foreigners . 一个好名字能使这道菜更有意思；但有些菜名太怪异了，听起来让人一头雾水，不要说外国人难以理解，就是中国人往往也不是很清楚。If you only translate the names literally with no explanation ,you could make a fool of yourself . 你要是望文生义，准得闹出笑话来。

7 Take Goubuli steamed buns in the city of Tianjin for example . These popular buns are all of the same size and handmade . 拿天津“狗不理”包子来说吧。“狗不理”纯手工制作，大小均等，深受欢迎。When served in neat rows on a tray ,they look like budding chrysanthemum flowers . The wrapping is thin ,the fillings are juicy ,the meat tender and the taste delicious and not at all greasy . Then ,why the name? 这些包子整整齐齐地放在托盘上时，看上去就像是含苞欲放的菊花。皮儿很薄，馅儿饱蘸肉汁，口感柔软，香而不腻。可为什么叫“狗不理”呢？

8“Goubuli steamed buns are first sold in Tianjin about 150 years ago . A local man by

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