跨文化交际 名词解释

Give definitions to the following

(1) Intercultural communication: Face-to-face communication between people from differing cultural backgrounds.

(2) Intracultural communication: Shared interpersonal communication(人际交际) between members of the same culture.

(3) Host culture: The mainstream culture in any one particular country.

(4) Minority culture: cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture.

(5) Subculture (co-culture): A smaller, possibly nonconformist（不遵循社会常规的

人）, subgroup with the host culture.

(6) Multiculturalism: The official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.

(7) Cross-cultural communication: Face to face communication between

representatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.

(8) Perception（感知）: Perception is the means by which we make sense of our physical and social world.

(9) Individualism: individualism refers to the doctrine（教义） that the interests of

the individual are or ought to be paramount（至上的）, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative（主动权）, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.

(10) Collectivism: Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views, needs

and goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms(标准，规范) and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguished self from in-group and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.

(11) Power distance: Power distance refers to the extent to which a society

accepts that power, in relationships, institutions and organizations are distributed unequally.

(12) Context: Information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably（免不了

的） bound up with the meaning of the event.

(13) High-context communication: A high- context communication or

message is one in which most of the information is ready in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly（明白的） transmitted part of the information.

(14) Low-context communication: Low-context communication or message is

one in which little information is ready in the person, while most is in the coded, inexplicitly transmitted part of the information.

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(15) High-context culture: Most of the information lies either in the setting or in the people who are part of the interaction. Very little information is actually contained in the verbal message.

(16) Low-context cultures: The verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded（嵌入） in the context or the participants.

(17) Activity orientation（活动观）: Activity orientation is the way a culture views activity. There common modes of activity expressions are: being orientation（存在观）, being-in-becoming orientation and doing orientation.

(18) Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli（刺激） in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receive.

(19) Paralanguage（副语言）: Paralanguage involves the linguistic elements of speech that is, how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Most classifications divide paralanguage into 3 kinds of vocalizations（发声）: vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates.

(20) M-time: People in M-time culture tend to think of time as something fixed in nature, something around us and from which we cannot escape; an ever-present part of the environment. They see time as lineal, segmented and managed.

(21) P-time: For P-time culture, time is less tangible and hence feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent as in M-time culture.

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