作文讲解与学案

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板凳须坐十年冷,文章不写半句空。

但,我们总显得有点急躁,指望听几场专家报告,就能醍醐灌顶,想到医治聋哑英语的灵丹妙药;指望读一两本英语教学专著,就能融会贯通,架起横跨理论和实践的桥梁;指望听几堂优秀教师的示范课,就能茅塞顿开,找到放之四海而皆准的教学模式;指望读几篇别人的发表论文,就能笔下生花,写出令人叹服的好文章来。这一切的一切,都是因为我们太急功近利,慌不择路间,没有找到属于我们中小学英语教师自己的行走方式和表达方式。

笔者想通过本专栏,与大家一起探讨如何找到质点,研究我们的教学、学生以及我们自己,如何回到原点,表达身边的案例、故事和成长心路历程,如何耐下性子来,坐十年冷板凳,无怨无悔,做真实有效的教学研究,真情流露,写实实在在的文章,不说半句浮华的空话。 一、布局谋篇

在动笔之前,学生需要先审题,了解题目的要求,对文章的体裁和结构有一个整体的宏观规划。一般来说,高考英语作文是一篇100—150字的英语小短文,通常由两三段构成,构建语篇的篇章结构有以下四种基本方法[1]: ㈠列举描述法

在讲故事时,我们常常使用列举描述法(collection/description),通过时间顺序或空间顺序,罗列一些事实观点、事情的细节、特征等零散的信息。在报刊杂志中,记者往往采取新闻写作法(journalistic writing style)来构思行文,一篇新闻报道必须包括五个W,也就是who, what, where, when and why. 例如2012年北京高考卷的作文题:

假设你是红星中学高三1班的学生李华,校报英文版正在开展续写雷锋日记活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来,向校报投稿。

【样文】This morning, walking on the street, I met two strangers who were studying a map. They looking worried, I realized that they must have been lost, so I asked them what I could help them with. They told me that they would go to the Temple of Heaven. Then I led them to the nearby bus stop and told them a No. 20 bus could take them right there. Soon afterwards, the bus arrived. Not until they got on the bus did I wave goodbye to them and left. I was so glad that I could help others.

上面这篇样文就是按照时间顺序来布局谋篇的,常使用到一些表示时间的过渡词,如shortly after, ever since, at the same time, before long, first, second等。表示空间顺序的过渡词有:on the left, in the middle/center of, at the foot/top/end of, on the other side of, to the left/right of等。 ㈡因果关系法

因果关系法(cause/effect)可以先阐述原因,再说结果,也可以先提出一个社会现象,然后分析导致这个现象的原因。例如2012年高考安徽卷的英语作文题:

1

假设美国某中学的学生明天来你校访问交流,主题是高中生对文、理科的选择。请你用英语写一篇发言稿,向他们介绍你所做的选择,并说明选择的理由。

【样文】High school students are faced with a choice between arts and science. Most students make their final decision, depending on their hobbies and interests, weaknesses and strengths, and future goals. Having taken everything into consideration, I made my final decision to be an arts student.

There are some reasons accounting for my choice. First, arts lessons, full of famous people and events, are extremely interesting and enjoyable while abstract concepts and calculation in science lessons are very boring. Second, the choice of arts can help me achieve my childhood dream of becoming a lawyer or translator. Third, I am better at arts than science, which will enable me to perform well in college entrance exams and get admitted to my dream university.

值得注意的是,导致结果的原因往往有很多个。在这种情况下,除了主要使用因果关系法以外,我们还要辅助使用列举描述法来陈述多个原因,比如上面样文中的第二段就是采用了列举法。 ㈢问题求解法

有一类作文要求学生描述一个问题,并向报刊专栏、相关专家等求援。这时,可以采用问题求解法(problem /solution)。在陈述问题和求助时,常使用到一些表达表达方式(下面样文中的加下划线的句子)。例如2011年高考全国卷I的英语作文题:

假定你是李华,正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程,遇到一些困难,希望得到学校辅导中心的帮助。根据学校规定,你需书面预约,请按要求写一封信。

【样文】…I’m Li Hua , a Chinese student taking summer courses in your university.I’m writing to ask for help. I came here last month and found my courses interesting. But I have some difficulties with note-taking and I have no idea of how to use the library. I was told the Learning Center provides help for students and I’m anxious to get help from you. I have no class on Tuesday mornings and Friday afternoons. Please let me know which day is OK with you. .…

有时候,作文的题目要求也会反过来,让学生阅读一份求助或咨询信件,然后写一封回信,提出解决问题的对策。例如2011年高考广东卷的第二节读写任务,让考生先阅读一篇文章,了解一个学生无法适应寄宿学校生活,然后写一篇文章,向这个需要帮助的学生提出切实可行的建议。 ㈣比较对照法

比较对照法是广大师生比较熟悉的一种方法,学生需要先根据题目的提示和要求,提炼出一个论点,通常是一个疑问句或whether引导的从句,需要讨论才能得出最终结论。然后,比较支持不同观点的论据。例如2012年11月苏州高三调研试卷作文题:

从南京“彭宇案”开始,社会就陷入助人恐惧中,最近,你们班就是否应该帮助陌生人展开了讨论,同学们就这一话题意见不一,你的看法如何?

2

赞成 反对 帮助他人是美德;帮助他人就是帮助自己;…… 怕陷入麻烦,甚至危险; 怕被误解;…… 你的观点?至少两点理由。 【样文】Recently our class had a discussion about whether we should help strangers. Opinions are divided on this topic.

Some think we should try to help others whether they are strangers or not.Helping others is a virtue, and it will make our society more harmonious. Besides, to some extent, helping others is helping oneself. We may come across some trouble and need others' help some day.

However, others disagree. They are afraid that helping others can sometimes bring us trouble or even put us in danger. Sometimes we are just misunderstood and are trapped in big trouble.

In my opinion, we should learn to protect ourselves while lending a hand to those in need. Only if everyone tries a little kindness, will society be full of love and trust be established between people.

在时间写作中,可以建议学生常采用“四段式”来组织文章的结构:第一段开门见山呈现某一有争议的社会现象;第二段阐述正方观点;第三段介绍反方观点;最后一段再说自己的支持哪一方。 二、发展段落

在搭好文章框架后,就要开始组织每一个段落的写作内容。不少学生发现要么无话可说,要么话题太大,无从着手。这时,可以建议学生采用“目标分析法”,把一个大话题化整为零,分解成多个小话题,再各个击破,去构思和发展语篇。 ㈠在限制性作文中的应用

有一些作文对自由发挥的要求不高,在题目要求中已经给出文章的篇章结构和主要内容,只需要考生做适当的发挥,而且已给出的提示信息往往非常有帮助,有利于考生顺藤摸瓜,找到解决问题的门径。例如2012年高考江苏卷作文题:

生活中冲突时有发生。假设你班同学苏华和李江打篮球时发生争执,导致关系紧张。请你结合此事,并根据以下提示,用英语写一篇短文,向学校英文报Happy Teens冶专栏投稿。

简要描述 事情的经过 分析发生 冲突的原因

打篮球、碰撞、争执,等等。 1.遇事不够冷静; 2.…… 3 谈谈避免 冲突的做法 请考生根据自己的经历或感想,提出至少两种做法。 根据作文题目要求,作文第二段要分析产生冲突发生的原因,是本篇作文的难点所在,许多考生怎么也理不出个头绪。但要是分析一下题目要求中已经给出的第一个原因“遇事不够冷静”,就可以得知,这是从“个人情感控制能力的高低”这方面去分析的。这样,我们就找到了切入口,还可以从对剧烈体育运动理解程度的高低、个人思想境界的高低、处理冲突方式的好坏和对比赛输赢认识程度的高低等其他几个方面去分析,从而把这个大话题分解成以下几个小问题:

Q1: Did they understand basketball is a tough game where pushing and bumping are very common? Q2: Did they care too much about winning and losing?

Q3: Were they too self-centered? Were they considerate enough? Q4: Were they calm enough when the conflict happened? Q5: Did they handle the conflict wisely after it happened?

把这五个问题的答案用过渡语一连接,就成了一段不错的语篇:The conflict arose from the following factors. First, they didn’t understand basketball is a tough game where pushing and bumping are very common. Second, they cared too much about winning and losing. Third, they were too self-centered and not considerate enough. Fourth, they were not calm enough to handle the conflict in a wise way when the conflict happened. ㈡在开放式作文中的应用

近几年,高考作文命题逐渐体现开放性作文的大方向,主题力求贴近学生的生活实际,贴近时代的脉搏。提示信息越来越少,提示方式越来越灵活,发挥的空间也越来越大,需要考生说出真情实感。这对语篇的构思提出了更高的要求。例如2012年浙江卷的作文题:

你校正在进行“英语读书周”活动,该活动要求学生摘录名言佳句并相互交流。以下是某同学摘录的句子:Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you。请按下列要求用英语写一篇短文: 1.针对摘录句谈谈你的看法; 2.举例说明理由。

这篇作文有两个段落组成,第一段谈考生对被摘录句子的理解;第二段是距离书面理由。在第一段中,如何才能将这一句话发展成一个段落呢?这让许多考生犯了难。如果懂得运用“目标分析法”,那么问题就迎刃而解了。首先,找出构成这个句子中的主要基本元素是什么?

Basic elements Your future

analysis 4

Many things Mostly on you 在找出表格中的三个主要元素之后,再逐一对它们加以分析。 Q1: What is your future about?

(to be successful; to realize my dream; to reach a goal; to be famous; to make great contributions to society, etc.)

Q2. Your future is affected by many factors. What are they?

(They include great help from other, good opportunities, in-born talent; a good health; good education, etc.) Q3: Of all the factors, which one is the most important? And why?

(The most important one is our hard work, strong determination, perseverance, positive attitude, etc.) 在分析了上面上个小问题之后,一个段落的主要内容就跃然纸上了。

Can we achieve great success in the future? Well, it is determined by many things, such as great help from other, good opportunities, in-born talent, a good health, good education. However, of all these factors, our strong determination, , positive attitude hard work play a more important role in realizing our dream. ㈢在漫画作文中的应用

漫画是刚兴起了一种高考作文给出提示情景的方式,要求考生一幅或多幅讽刺性或幽默性的绘画为素材写一篇文章。相比较而言,漫画提示的开放性更大,留给学生更广阔的自由发挥空间。例如2012福建卷的英语作文题:

假定你是某中学生英语报的小记者;以下漫画内容是你的所见所闻,谙根据要求写一篇英语短文投稿。

对待漫画作文,我们同样可以采用“对象分析法”,来找出写漫画作文的三个基本要素:

Basic elements 漫画里面 漫画后面 漫画前面

Analysis 画里面的内容是什么? 画后面的道理是什么? 画前面的你我他该怎么想怎么做? 5

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