美国100位历史名人榜:亨利&183;福特

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美国100位历史名人100

·福特榜:亨利榜:亨利·

英语生活常识

美国100位历史名人榜:亨利·福特位历史名人榜:亨利·

·福特美国100位历史名人榜:亨利位历史名人榜:亨利·

本文整理:厦门培训中心HenryFord(July30,1863–April7,1947)wastheAmericanfounderoftheFordMotorCompanyandfatherofmodernassemblylinesusedinmassproduction.HisintroductionoftheModelTautomobilerevolutionizedtransportationandAmericanindustry.Hewasaprolificinventorandwasawarded161U.S.patents.Aspeopleintheworld.Heiscreditedwith"Fordism",thatis,themassproductionoflargenumbersofinexpensiveautomobilesusingtheassemblyline,coupledwithhighwagesforhisworkers.Fordhadaglobalvision,withconsumerismasthekeytopeace.Forddidnotbelieveinaccountants;heamassedoneoftheworld'slargestfortuneswithouteverhavinghiscompanyauditedunderhisadministration.HenryFord'sintensecommitmenttoloweringcostsresultedinmanytechnicalandbusinessinnovations,includingafranchisesystemthatputadealershipineverycityinNorthAmerica,andinmajorcitiesonsixcontinents.FordleftmostofhisvastwealthtotheFordFoundationbutarrangedforhisfamilytocontrolthecompanypermanently.

Career

In1891,FordbecameanengineerwiththeEdisonIlluminating

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Company.AfterhispromotiontoChiefEngineerin1893,hehadenoughtimeandmoneytodevoteattentiontohispersonalexperimentsongasolineengines.Theseexperimentsculminatedin1896withthecompletionofaself-propelledvehiclewhichhenamedtheFordQuadricycle.Hetest-droveitonJune4.Aftervarioustest-drives,FordbrainstormedwaystoimprovetheQuadricycle.

Alsoin1896,FordattendedameetingofEdisonexecutives,wherehe

wasintroducedtoThomasEdison.EdisonapprovedofFord'sautomobile

experimentation;encouragedbyhim,Forddesignedandbuiltasecondvehicle,completingitin1898.[8]BackedbythecapitalofDetroitlumberbaronWilliamH.Murphy,FordresignedfromEdisonandfoundedtheDetroitAutomobileCompanyonAugust5,1899.However,theautomobilesproducedwereofalowerqualityandhigherpricethanFordliked.Ultimately,thecompanywasnotsuccessfulandwasdissolvedinJanuary1901.

WiththehelpofC.HaroldWills,Forddesigned,built,andsuccessfully

raceda26-horsepowerautomobileinOctober1901.Withthissuccess,MurphyandotherstockholdersintheDetroitAutomobileCompanyformedtheHenryFordCompanyonNovember30,1901,withFordaschiefengineer.However,MurphybroughtinHenryM.Lelandasaconsultant.Asaresult,Fordleftthecompanybearinghisnamein1902.WithFordgone,MurphyrenamedthecompanytheCadillacAutomobileCompany.

Fordalsoproducedthe80+horsepowerracer"999";BarneyOldfieldtodriveittovictoryinaraceinOctober1902.Fordreceivedthebackingofanold

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acquaintance,AlexanderY.Malcomson,aDetroit-areacoaldealer.Theyformedapartnership,"Ford&Malcomson,Ltd."tomanufactureautomobiles.Fordwenttoworkdesigninganinexpensiveautomobile,andtheduoleasedafactoryandcontractedwithamachineshopownedbyJohnandHoraceE.Dodgetosupplyover$160,000inparts.Saleswereslow,andacrisisarosewhentheDodgebrothersdemandedpaymentfortheirfirstshipment.

FordMotorCompany

Inresponse,Malcomsonbroughtinanothergroupofinvestorsand

convincedtheDodgeBrotherstoacceptaportionofthenewcompany.Ford&MalcomsonwasreincorporatedastheFordMotorCompanyonJune16,1903,with$28,000capital.TheoriginalinvestorsincludedFordandMalcomson,theDodgebrothers,Malcomson'suncleJohnS.Gray,HoraceRackham,andJamesCouzens.Inanewlydesignedcar,FordgaveanexhibitionontheiceofLakeSt.Clair,driving1mile(1.6km)in39.4seconds,settinganewlandspeedrecordat91.3milesperhour(147.0km/h).Convincedbythissuccess,theracedriverBarneyOldfield,whonamedthisnewFordmodel"999"inhonorofaracinglocomotiveoftheday,tookthecararoundthecountry,makingtheFordbrandknownthroughouttheUnitedStates.FordalsowasoneoftheearlybackersoftheIndianapolis500.

$5day

Fordastonishedtheworldin1914byofferinga$5perdaywage,

whichmorethandoubledtherateofmostofhisworkers.(Usingtheconsumerpriceindex,thiswasequivalentto$111.10perdayin2008dollars.)Themove

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provedextremelyprofitable;insteadofconstantturnoverofemployees,thebestmechanicsinDetroitflockedtoFord,bringingtheirhumancapitalandexpertise,raisingproductivity,andloweringtrainingcosts.Fordcalledit"wagemotive."Thecompany'suseofverticalintegrationalsoprovedsuccessfulwhenFordbuiltagiganticfactorythattookinrawmaterialsandshippedoutfinishedautomobiles.

ModelT

TheModelTwasintroducedonOctober1,1908.Ithadthesteeringwheelontheleft,whicheveryothercompanysooncopied.Theentireengineandtransmissionwereenclosed;thefourcylinderswerecastinasolidblock;thesuspensionusedtwosemi-ellipticsprings.Thecarwasverysimpletodrive,andeasyandcheaptorepair.Itwassocheapat$825in1908(thepricefelleveryyear)thatbythe1920s,amajorityofAmericandrivershadlearnedtodriveontheModelT.

FordcreatedamassivepublicitymachineinDetroittoensureevery

newspapercarriedstoriesandadsaboutthenewproduct.Ford'snetworkoflocaldealersmadethecarubiquitousinvirtuallyeverycityinNorthAmerica.As

independentdealers,thefranchisesgrewrichandpublicizednotjusttheFordbuttheveryconceptofautomobiling;localmotorclubsspranguptohelpnewdriversandtoencourageexploringthecountryside.Fordwasalwayseagertosellto

farmers,wholookedonthevehicleasacommercialdevicetohelptheirbusiness.Salesskyrocketed—severalyearsposted100%gainsonthepreviousyear.Alwaysonthehuntformoreefficiencyandlowercosts,in1913Fordintroducedthe

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movingassemblybeltsintohisplants,whichenabledanenormousincreaseinproduction.AlthoughHenryFordisoftencreditedwiththeidea,contemporarysourcesindicatethattheconceptanditsdevelopmentcamefromemployeesClarenceAvery,PeterE.Martin,CharlesE.Sorensen,andC.HaroldWills.Salespassed250,000in1914.By1916,asthepricedroppedto$360

forthebasictouringcar,salesreached472,000.[16](Usingtheconsumerpriceindex,thispricewasequivalentto$7,020in2008dollars.)By1918,halfofallcarsinAmericawereModelT's.However,itwasa

monolithicblock;asFordwroteinhisautobiography,"Anycustomercanhaveacarpaintedanycolourthathewantssolongasitisblack".Untilthedevelopmentoftheassemblyline,whichmandatedblackbecauseofitsquickerdryingtime,ModelT'swereavailableinothercolors,includingred.ThedesignwasferventlypromotedanddefendedbyFord,andproductioncontinuedaslateas1927;thefinaltotalproductionwas15,007,034.Thisrecordstoodforthenext45years.Thisrecordwasachievedinjust19yearsfromtheintroductionofthefirstModelT(1908).

PresidentWoodrowWilsonaskedFordtorunasaDemocratforthe

UnitedStatesSenatefromMichiganin1918.Althoughthenationwasatwar,FordranasapeacecandidateandastrongsupporteroftheproposedLeagueofNations.

HenryFordturnedthepresidencyofFordMotorCompanyovertohis

sonEdselFordinDecember1918.Henry,however,retainedfinaldecisionauthorityandsometimesreversedhisson.Henrystartedanothercompany,HenryFordand

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Son,andmadeashowoftakinghimselfandhisbestemployeestothenewcompany;thegoalwastoscaretheremainingholdoutstockholdersoftheFordMotorCompanytoselltheirstakestohimbeforetheylostmostoftheirvalue.(Hewasdeterminedtohavefullcontroloverstrategicdecisions).Theruseworked,andHenryandEdselpurchasedallremainingstockfromtheotherinvestors,thusgivingthefamilysoleownershipofthecompany.

Bythemid-1920s,salesoftheModelTbegantodeclineduetorising

competition.Otherautomakersofferedpaymentplansthroughwhichconsumerscouldbuytheircars,whichusuallyincludedmoremodernmechanicalfeaturesandstylingnotavailablewiththeModelT.DespiteurgingsfromEdsel,Henry

steadfastlyrefusedtoincorporatenewfeaturesintotheModelTortoformacustomercreditplan.

ModelAandFord'slatercareer

By1926,flaggingsalesoftheModelTfinallyconvincedHenrytomake

anewmodel.Henrypursuedtheprojectwithagreatdealoftechnicalexpertiseindesignoftheengine,chassis,andothermechanicalnecessities,whileleavingthebodydesigntohisson.Edselalsomanagedtoprevailoverhisfather'sinitialobjectionsintheinclusionofasliding-shifttransmission.

TheresultwasthesuccessfulFordModelA,introducedinDecember

1927andproducedthrough1931,withatotaloutputofmorethan4million.

Subsequently,theFordcompanyadoptedanannualmodelchangesystemsimilartothatrecentlypioneeredbyitscompetitorGeneralMotors(andstillinuseby

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automakerstoday).Notuntilthe1930sdidFordovercomehisobjectiontofinancecompanies,andtheFord-ownedUniversalCreditCorporationbecameamajorcar-financingoperation.

FordAirplaneCompany

Ford,likeotherautomobilecompanies,enteredtheaviationbusinessduringWorldWarI,buildingLibertyengines.Afterthewar,itreturnedtoautomanufacturinguntil1925,whenHenryFordacquiredtheStoutMetalAirplaneCompany.

Ford4-AT-F(EC-RRA)deL.A.P.E.Ford'smostsuccessfulaircraftwastheFord4ATTrimotor—calledthe“TinGoose”becauseofitscorrugatedmetalconstruction.ItusedanewalloycalledAlcladthatcombinedthecorrosion

resistanceofaluminumwiththestrengthofduralumin.TheplanewassimilartoFokker'sV.VII-3m,andsomesaythatFord'sengineerssurreptitiouslymeasuredtheFokkerplaneandthencopiedit.TheTrimotorfirstflewonJune11,1926,andwasthefirstsuccessfulU.S.passengerairliner,accommodatingabout12passengersinaratheruncomfortablefashion.SeveralvariantswerealsousedbytheU.S.Army.HenryFordhasbeenhonoredbytheSmithsonianInstitutionforchangingtheaviationindustry.About200Trimotorswerebuiltbeforeitwasdiscontinuedin1933,whentheFordAirplaneDivisionshutdownbecauseofpoorsalesduringtheGreatDepression.

Latercareer

WhenEdsel,presidentofFordMotorCompany,diedofcancerinMay

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1943,theelderlyandailingHenryForddecidedtoassumethepresidency.Bythispointinhislife,hehadhadseveralcardiovascularevents(variouslycitedasheartattackorstroke)andwasmentallyinconsistent,suspicious,andgenerallynolongerfitforsuchajob.Mostofthedirectorsdidnotwanttoseehimaspresident.Butforthe

previous20years,thoughhehadlongbeenwithoutanyofficialexecutivetitle,hehadalwayshaddefactocontroloverthecompany;theboardandthemanagementhadneverseriouslydefiedhim,andthismomentwasnotdifferent.Thedirectorselectedhim,andheserveduntiltheendofthewar.Duringthisperiodthecompanybegantodecline,losingmorethan$10millionamonth.TheadministrationofPresidentFranklinRoosevelthadbeenconsideringagovernmenttakeoverofthecompanyinordertoensurecontinuedwarproduction,buttheideaneverprogressed.个人经历

亨利·福特(HenryFord,1863年7月30日—1947年4月8日),美国汽车

的人。这种新的生产方式使汽车成为一种大众产品,它不但革命了工业生产方式,而且对现代社会和文化起了巨大的影响,因此有一些社会理论学家将这一段经济和社会历史称为“福特主义”。亨利·福特出生于美国密歇根州韦恩郡的史普林威尔镇

(SpringwellsTownship,WayneCounty,MI.),该镇是今日德宝市(Dearborn,MI.)的一部份,他在1947年时逝世于故乡德宝的自宅中,享年83岁。福特的父母威廉和玛利·福特是来自爱尔兰的移民,福特出生在他父母拥有的一座农庄上,他是六个孩子之长。他从小就

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对机械感兴趣。12岁时他花了很多时间建立了一个自己的机械坊,15岁时他亲手造了一台内燃机。

1879年他离开家乡去底特律做机械师学徒工,学成后他进入西屋电气公司。1888年他结婚1891年福特成为爱迪生照明公司的一个工程师。当他1893年晋升为主工程师后,他有足够的时间和钱财来进行他个人对内燃机的研究。1896年他制造了他的第一辆汽车,他将它命名为“四轮车”(Quadricycle)。

此后他与一些其他发明家离开爱迪生照明公司,他们一起成立了底特律汽车公司。但这家公司很快就倒闭了,因为福特一心只想研究新车而忽视了卖车。他让他的车与其他公司的车比赛来证明他的车的优良性。他的第二家自己的公司,亨利·福特公司的主要产品是他的赛车,1901年10月10日他甚至亲自开车获胜。但不久他的资助者就迫使他离开了亨利·福特公司,此后这家公司被改名为凯迪拉克。福特与11位其他投资者和2.8万美元的资金于1903年建立了福特汽车公司。

福特999型,并带着它周游美国。这样一来福特在美国就出名了。1908年福特公司推出了福特T型车。从1909年至1913年,福特的T型在多次比赛中获胜。1913年福特退出了比赛因为他对比赛的规则不满。这时候他也没有必要参加比赛了,因为T型已经非常出名。同年福特将流水线引入他的工厂,从而巨大地提高了生产量。1918年半数在美国运行的汽车是T型。福特非常注意倡扬和保护T型的设计。(福特说:“任何顾客可以将这辆车漆成任何他所愿意的颜色,只要它保持它的黑色。”)这个设计一直被保持到1927年。到1927年福特一共生产了1500万T型车。此后45年内这将是一个世界记录。

福特非常注意他与他的雇员的关系。他的雇员每天工作八小时。1913年时每天的薪金是5美元(对当时来说相当可观)。1918年T型的顶峰时期薪金被提高到每天6美

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元。对当时的情况来说这是前所未闻的。此外福特还奖励雇员的发明创造,让他们分享他们的发明带来的赢利。另一方面福特绝对反对工会。为了制止工会在他的工厂中活动他特别雇人研究防止工会的方法。一直到1941年在福特的工厂中才发生了第一次罢工,但一直到1945年福特离开他的公司时工会才真正能够在他的工厂中立足。1919年1月1日,福特将公司总裁的位置让给他的儿子埃兹尔·福特。尽管如

此他依然是公司里的一号人物。在埃兹尔的任期内很少有没有过问过亨利就下的决定,而且这些没有过问过他的决定后来还往往被他取消了。此时,福特开始将其他投资者手中的股份买回,这使他和他的儿子成为公司的唯一拥有人。但这个决定给福特汽车公司带来了一定的打击。此时一战后的萧条迫使福特借巨款来买回他的股票。1920年福特在巴西买了许多地来种橡胶树,目的是为他的汽车生产轮胎。但这个行动的结果是一个大失败。1945年他将这些地卖出时他蒙受了巨大的损失。1920年中T型车的销售量开始减小。原因之一是其他汽车商引入了贷款购车的体系。而且其他车中的新型的机械系统是T型车所不具有的。尽管他的儿子埃兹尔·福特一再企图说服他,亨利·福特倔强地拒绝在T型车中加入新的系统(因为新系统使车价上涨,这样一来顾客就买不起车了),也拒绝引入贷款的体系(因为福特认为这个做法对经济不利)。1926年T型的出售量剧减使亨利·福特认识到他儿子一直在坚持的主意是对的:他们需要一个新的车型。亨利·福特主要从事发动机、车体和其他机械装置的设计,在这些方面他有丰富的技术经验。他的儿子主要进行外形的设计。埃兹尔·福特也克服了他父亲一开始的反对引入了液压刹车系统。这个合作的结果是非常成功的福特A型车。1927年十二月被引入,到1931年就已生产了400万辆A型车。亨利·福特一直对塑料很感兴趣,尤其对大豆制成的塑料非常感兴趣。1930年代中大豆塑料在福特车中处处可见。1942年1月13日福特报了一辆几乎全部由塑料组成的车的专利。它比一般车要轻30%,据说可以承

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受一般车10倍的冲击力。但这辆车从未被生产出来。1943年5月26日埃兹尔·福特逝世,公司总裁的职位无人占领。亨利·福特与埃兹尔·福特的遗孀在谁继承这个职位的意见不一。最后亨利·福特亲自当职。此后两年中福特公司的情况非常困难,每月的损失达1千万美元。美国总统富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福甚至考虑联邦出钱资助福特度过难关,来保证战时的生产。

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