2011考研肖克基础词汇长难句

2011年考研英语基础班---长难句和词汇的速成

Part 1． 常见词的特殊意思 1. work

例1 She works as a management consultant for a design company. 例2 Jane always works with deaf and mute children.

例3 You’ll have to work really hard if you want to pass your exams. 例4 The farmer worked the horses until they were tired out.

例5 I assure you that this medicine will work wonders for your cold. 例6 It took several hours to work the puzzle. 例7 They worked their way out of the crowd. 词义具体化 如： 例1 Nancy was a fixture at Mets games in her school day.

例2 Brain drain has been Egypt’s Number One concern as a matter of fact it has become an epidemic in that area of the world. 例3 Originality is unexplored territory. You get there by carrying a canoe----you can’t take a taxi.

例4 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character.

Part 2专业词汇 The Economist经济类的文章的专业词汇

Deflation, sluggish, acquisition, monopolizing, restructuring, bankruptcy, deficit

专业经济类和社会类词汇（阅读和写作共享）

·可持续性发展sustainable development

·风险投资risk in vestment ·通货紧缩deflation ·通货膨胀inflation

·扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption

Part 3词根和词缀 cess系列： cess作为词根是：走入 access：接近

[助记]ac（辅音双写，前面加a）：一再。“一再走过去”——接近。 [词组]have access to：接近，使用 process：前进，加工 [助记]“往前走”

procession：n.队列，行列

recession：休息，企业处在停业整顿阶段 [助记]re-回来

excess：过度，剩余 [助记]ex-过

concession：妥协，让步

[助记]con-共同，“你走一步，我也走一步”

pose系列：

pose：词义是摆姿势。作为词根是“放” expose：“放在外面”——暴露

compose：“共同放在一起”——组成

decompose：“把组成的东西向下弄没了”——分解 depose：“向下放”——免职、降职

deposit：“低头放下一个东西”——下蛋、存款、沉淀物 repose：“反复放下来”——休息

impose：“往里放”——强加于，征税 porpose：“往前放”——提出建议，求婚 Part 4谐音联想法记忆单词 Ponderous Merchandise exhaust sentimental vigorous loom obstinate feeble sentimental Blush Exhaust isolate feeble vanish spouse patience

难句的超级分析能力 难句的超级分析能力 原则一：拆分意思群体，迅速抓住主干。

难句之难在与如何花整为零，如何在复杂的结构中分析清楚主干和从句，如何拨开云雾见光明。关键要抓住意思群体，比如一个谓语的成分多达十个单词，就不能一个一个单词翻译，要把他们想成整体。定语从句很长，要抓关键的意思，不能眉毛和胡子一起抓。很多学生喜欢逐字阅读，过于咬文嚼字，而忽视了句子的整体性。还有些同学碰到难句子就划黑色的圆圈，结果到头来什么也看不出。不要拘泥于难词，因为很多难词并不是正确答案的所在。 原则二: 熟悉难句的类型以及特殊的分析技巧

难句有很多种多样,从句型上看有定语从句, 状语从句,名词性从句; 从短语类型上看,有分词状语,动名词短语, 介词短语; 从成分的特殊位置看, 有倒装句, 插入语,省略情况,分割结构。从语气看有虚拟语气, 建议语气等。对不同的难句采取专项突破，一定会起到事半功倍的效果。

原则三：利用语法、不靠语法 即在考研中，考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不懂句子得结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不尽文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心；二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。 英语基本的句型

包括五种成分，五种功能句型，这些成分包括名词（N=noun）,谓语动词（V=verb）, 宾语（O=objective），直接宾语（Od=direct object）, 间接宾语（Oi=indirect object）, 补足语（C=complementary） 1. 句型的基本结构： （1）主----谓结构（SV）

All the folks in the lobby were deeply moved

The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented. (2)主系表(SVC)

She is feeling depressed today. To be or not to be is a hard thing (3) 主---谓----宾(SVO)

They are talking loudly about the political affairs.

All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline.

Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the cultural pattern of th community and by the parents’ capabilities.

(4) 主----谓----直接宾语-----间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi) He offered me a great hand

The modern whte furniture and greater variety in character development. (5) 主谓宾语补语(SVOC) Tom made Jim cry loudly. They let him try a third time.

We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad。 We painted the roof red.

They had the dishes prepared. (6) 主谓状

We should confront hardships fearlessly and strive to overcome them Part 2 各种从句的类型 一. 主语从句阅读

1. That Experience influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but

nevertheless remarkable activity called rememebering.’ 2. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers suchas Ransom Myers have shown is just how fast things are going 二. 宾语从句阅读

1. Cartwright believes that one can exerciese conscious control over recurring bad

dreams 2. They don't know whether this decisison comes out of convincing proof or whether

it can be put into practice. 三.表语从句阅读

1. I am not afraid of dying from a spiritual pont of view,but what was afraid of is how I would die.

2.One difficulty is that alomost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.

四.同位语从句阅读

1. In talking to some young scientists, you might gather the impression that they find the scientific method substitute for imaginative thought.

2.Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. 五.定语从句阅读

1. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private internet 2.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings which investors now view as necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. 六.副词性从句阅读-----状语从句 1. 时间状语从句

1. We can not do anything about it until we know the truth.

2. Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened

3. The day he returned home, his grandpa was already dead.

注: 很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句, instantly, immediately,

directly, the day, every time, the minute, the moment

2.条件状语从句

1.If only I had worked harder, I would finish the job.

2.As long as you keep on trying, you will certainly succeed.

注: 很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句, Provided that, Given that, Supposing that, On condition that, In case that 3. 原因状语从句

1. Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice. 2. Now that the weather has improved, let’s go out for a picnic.

注: 很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句, now that, in that, considering that, in that, on account of, owing to, due to, thanks to 4.让步状语从句

1. Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.

2. Despite the existence of national differences, certain situations have a universal appeal.

3. whatever he says, I do not believe in him.

注: 很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句,even if, as, no matter what, no matter how, despite, while,whatever, whenever, whoever, however. 5.目的状语从句

1. They climbed to the top of the mountain in order that they could get a bird’s-eye

view of the city. 2. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

注: 很多词组也可以引导目的状语从句, so that, in order that, lest, in case that, for fear that.

特殊结构的突破 一.倒装句子

(1).否定副词放句首要求倒装

1. Less well known is the advantage that Adam has in life over Zysman.

2. Americans no longer expect public figures to command the English language with skill and gifet. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.

3. No longer could I count on people to take precautions to deal with those serious problems.

(2) 某些固定词组要求倒装

1. Not only has the Government refused to consult with the people of Australia on this issue of decreasing the duty rates, they have also refused to consult with them on increasing the export and import between tow countries.

2. So addicted to electronic games that our schools should control the time of surfing the internet for the children.

(3) 某些语法要求倒装

1. However, should policy measures be taken to boost economic growth and make the growth process more inclusive to the poor, the World Bank reckons that 500 million people could be brought out of extreme poverty by 2008. (4)为了平衡句子关系要求倒装

1.Coupled with the centralization of economic growth is the disapperance of the extended families in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

2.Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation develoing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast reaches a standstill. 3. Along with them goes social mobility, ambitions to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 4. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the society that it had produced on him. 二．省略

1. As families move away away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.

2. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals. 三.与than搭配的短语或结构的翻译

(1) else/other than: 除??之外

(2) nothing else than/but: 相当于nothing but,意为“只，只有” (3) nothing if not: 极其

(4) would/had rather/sooner?than: 宁愿??也不?? (5) no sooner?than?: 一??就 (6) no more than: 仅仅，只是

(7) no less than: 简直是，实在是 (8) no/none other than: 正是，就是

(9) no more?than?/not any more?than: 和??一样都不 (10) not more?than?: 和??相比没有（不及）?? (11) more?than?: 与其??不如 (12) not more than: 至多，不超过 (13) know better than to do something: 很明白而不至于?? 下面举例说明：

1 What he did was nothing else than a practical joke. 2 He would rather die than yield. 3 No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.

4 The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled

by the brain.

5 As a nation, the French are no more eager to learn about their wartime failings

than are the Japanese.

6 .He didn’t know anyone at the wedding other than the bride and groom. 3. He is none other than the man I met in Los Angles five years ago.

四. 与but搭配的短语和结构的翻译

not only?but also?: 不但??而且??

not that?but that?: 不是因为??，而是因为??；不是说??，而是说?? but that?: 要不是?? but for?: 要不是?? but then?: 但另一方面

cannot help but do something: 不得不?? cannot choose but do something: 不得不??

have no choice/alternative but to do?: 不得不

there is nothing for?but to do something: 除了??别无他法 nothing but?: 除了??之外没有??；不过是??；仅仅是?? anything but?: 完全（绝对）不是??；一点也不?? all but?: 几乎；除??之外其余都（=all except）

五. as作为介词或连词时的翻译及结构的翻译

just as: 正如

as if/as though: 好像

A is to B as C is to D. A比之于B正如C比之于D。 as?as: 和??一样

as far as someone is concerned: 据某人所知；就??而言

not so much?as?: 与其说??（还/倒）不如说??；有时也可以改变成not so

much?but?，意思不变。

not so much as?: 连??都不肯??

not so +形容词+ but +从句: 虽然??但是??

nothing + like(near) as (so) ?as?: 远远不像??那样 A is not?as well as B. B实施或被实施某种行为，但A没有 as?so?: 像??那样，??也就??；随着??，也就?? as作为关系代词引导的结构，一般位于句首，常见有： as to关于；as for至于；as yet至今仍 Part 2选项规律的研究

（1）正确答案的特征--------同义改写的手段 1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6． 7． 8． 9． 10．

1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6． 7． 8． 9． 10．

同义词替换 词性的转化

正话反说，反话正说 具体与抽象转化

从句与简单句的转化 主动与被动的转化 虚拟和真实的转化

名词性短语和名词性从句的转化 比较级之间转化 因果关系的转化

错误答案的命题特点： 张冠李戴 断章取义

字面意思，肤浅直白 因果颠倒，逻辑混乱 偷换概念，小动作 过于绝对 扩大范围 推理过度 无据比较

静态和动态的混乱转化

Part 1多重定语结构(包括分词定语,不定式) 1．Behavorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there

are many stimuli which can develop his or her capacity for active responses and which can encourage the curiosity of the children will have greater intellectual development.

What can be inferred from this sentence?

A. stimuli are essential to the child’positive responses. B. Many stimuli can help children improve their IQ.

C. a child’s active reponses promote the curiosity of him

D. greater intellectual development is based on the environment.

2. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age and promoted gradually according to the talents of humans, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ and have great talents in solving mathematical and physical problems. Questions: What can be inferred from experts’suggestions ?

A. Speech abilities are entirely correspondent to human talents

B. Humans’talents are likely to be contrary to their speech capacities C. Children speaking late will certainly be gifted in solving mathematical problems D. Gradual promotion of the speech ability can be changed by children’s talents.

3. Women who felt abandoned and deprived of pleasure in their boring housework when their husband would not listen to or report daily news and who faced more chances of being stressful and repeated strains casued by too many trivials may be excited to discover their husbands trying to adapt to their wives’needs once they understand the significance of talks in their family relationship which will be maintained not only in materials and but also in spirits.

Questions: What can be inferred from this sentence?

A. Talks and communication could help to create material and spiritual wealth in family relationships B. Women were confronted with too many stresses because of their husbands’failure

to listen to them C. Their husbands could satisfy the demands of their wives if they saw the family

relationship more significantly. D. Daily talk and communication can add to the pleasure of wives and maintain good

family relationship.

4．In terms of development strategy, so called trickle-down theory, which assumed that the benefits of growth would eventually reach the masses of the poor, has been replaced by more balanced approaches, combining accelerated growth with a direct attack on poverty through programs to raise the productivity and living standards of the rural poor.

Questions: What can be inferred from this sentence?

A. Raising the productivity is indispensable to eliminating poverty

B. Trickle-down theory can attack poverty by improving living standards

of the rural poor

C. More balanced approaches are better than trickle-down theory D．Beating down the poverty contributes to raise the productivity

5．American X-generations who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’eyelid in death, and who have experienced the death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today getting rid of a recognition of the way their predecessors live their lives. We can infer that American X-generations ?

A. are deserting others’ lifestyles because of their parents’death B. are ignorant of the death of their predecessors

C. care about nothing but their own business and their children

D. are becoming self-concerned because of experiencing the death of two world wars

6. Such large manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders who have owned wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners and almost equally detached from the management of business. Such large manipulation of capital and industry resulted in__ . A. the separation of wealth from administration B. the division of the land from the management

C. more and more shareholders owning large land and wealth D. greater importance of shareholders and managers

7. Unwillingly,he finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything they had been learned into practice,hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which fall outside the scope of basic textbooks.

We can infer that the students

A. hesitate when they put everything they had been learned into practice

B. deal with the unfamiliar English vocabulary badly because of being so dependent

on teachers C. should learn more about extracurricular knowledge rather than focusing on texbooks alone

D. can easily put the vocabulary and usage of English into practice

8. The coming of age of postwar baby boom which can deal with the personnel shortage

and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market that can eliminate the social discriminations have limited the opportunities of teen-ages who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladders to good schools and jobs.

What can be inferred from the sentence?

A. Lack of labor forces can be cleared with female workers

B. Younsters’chances are restrained by postwar baby boom and more female workers C. The participation of female mainly limits the opportunity of the young D. All Japanese are working hard to go to good schools and jobs

Part2 比较级的分析和理解 1. Perhaps selection for the caring professions , especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

The selection of medical professionals are currently based on__. (A) candidates' sensitivity (C) competitive spirit (B) academic achievements (D) surer values

2. Science that promotes the innovation of our social productivity and service moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius that play a pioneering role in our society as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

Scientific progress mainly stems from A. gifted scientists and great figures B. capacity for understanding hidden truths C. better techniques and facilities D．powerful men and ordinary things

3. The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization and convenience of the housework and an increase in spare time for these women than it did with their own unavoidable economic requirements and with high marriage rates that decrease the available number of single women workers.

(长难句检验) Which of the following account for more married female workers? A. the mechanization and convenience of housework and high marriage rates B. Financial burden and fewer single women workers

C. Women’s desire for leisure lives and keeping a high salary

D. Unavoidable economic demands and the importance of single women

4. Work is, however,desirable to some many exhausted clerks who always work from day to night with sweats all over as a preventive of boredom，for the boredom that a man feels when he is doing necessary but uninteresting work is as nothing in comparison with the boredom that he feels when he has nothing to do with his days and stays at home,repeating the dull housework and waiting for eating meals most of the time.

Questions: What can be inferred from this sentence?

A. Staying at home is more interesting than working in the company

B.Staying up working with sweats all over is preferable to clerks

C.Work is anything but boring and exhausting compared with staying at home D.Stressful work is more acceptable than staying at home without jobs

5. It is, of course, obvious that local politicians, who spreaded devastation only

in the provinces and became corruptive, are less harmful to the world than our national senators, who cooked deceptive story to insult the other candidates in order to win an election campaign and win more bribery once on stage. What can be inferred from this sentence?

A. politicians are usually corruptive and hated by the public B. local politicians are more greedy than the national ones

C. hurting other candidates is essential to winning the election D. national senators are more vicious and cheetful

6. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business

Part 3倒装句子的分析战略 1. Coupled with the growing quantity of information and demands of getting more useful information is the development of technologies which enable delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations and make it possible to store vast amounts of data.

What can be inferred from the sentence? A. Information storage is more important than delivery

B. Improved technologies leads to obtaining more useful unformation

C. Speedy delivery of information demands advanced technology

D. Getting more useful information needs storing much information.

2. Among the advantages that future biochips, or living computers, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, and they have more speedy processing of information, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices which have more endurable ability of being heated and more environmentally clean than the future ones.

we can be infer from the sentence,

A. the future chips are less tolerant of heat

B. the older chips are bigger and dirtier.

C. the older chips are more endurable of heat and water

D. the future chips are more popular than old ones

3. So involved with their computer violence do the children become that leaders of summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games that will make them free from the evil hands of internet games.

Why are children obliged to take part in outdoor activities? A. Because they are too much absorbed in electronic world B. Because they have to obey the rules at summer camps C. Because they want to enjoy themselves in sports and games D. Because they are crazy about compuer games and programmes

4. Never when topics discussions avoided the subjects which are fashionable enough to give rise to curiosity was the mind of teenagers stirred up from its foundations and the purpose of discussions fulfilled.

If successful topics are to be held, A. subjects can not be too dull

B. the mind of teenagers should be stirred up

C. teenagers should realize the importance of discussions D.curiosity should be encouraged by fashionalbe topics

5. No less cosly to the Third World nations is the steady migration of well-trained professionals in search of a life,any life, in America.

Part4 并列句的分析方法 1. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued and new medicine is used quickly and finally by the occurrence of new tolerance when you take the new medicine repeatedly.

What can be inferred from the sentence?

A. Uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms lead to usage of new medicine

B. You feel unpleasant when taking the new medicine repeatedly

C. Dependence is characterised by tolerance of tremendous use of medicine

D. new medicine is better than the old one to help the patients recover quickly

2. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources either to be manufactured for new products or to be sold to others for more profits but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

What can be inferred from the sentence?

A. new products can be sold to get new productive resources

B. rights to make contracts are partly the definition of private possession C. determining the price of a product is correlated with a free contract D. the price of a product is decided by the demands of customers

3. It is necessary to recognize the commercial representative as a profession and the successful exercise of which is positively correlated with the ability to win others’ trust and to resolve conflicts, the level and content of their formal education and specialized training, the length and variety of their experience, and the skills they receive from the trade transactions. The commercial representatives should

A. be formally educated to be experienced.

B. receive sufficient education and experience to be qualified for the job C. emphasize on the skills from the specialized trainning.

D. win others’ trust to get more profits rather than having conflicts

4. Human beings have long distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment

and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.

If man is to survive,

A. he should be as different as possible from other creatures B. he should build a good relationship with the environment C. he should become accustomed to its environment D. he can observe his own needs and enviroment

5. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know that truth about their condition, and informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more lowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.

According to the studies,

A. knowing the truth does little good to the recovery B. without a doctor’s help a patient will lose heart

C. sometimes a risk is worth taking in order to save a patient D. a patient will recover sooner with a good doctor

Part 5名词性从句的正确翻译和理解 1. The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods that they want most and when and where the products should be sold to get their uttermost attention. What can be inferred from the sentence?

A. consumers can buy their needed goods whever and wherever

B. Producing and selling the goods are correpondent to consumers’ demands

C. Selling and producing have an interactive influence with each other

D. The time and place of exhibiting products are the key to selling products 2. What makes us delighted is that these computers can record which hours are busiest to make consumers wait longer and more anxiously and which employees are the most efficient to attract our potential customers, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.

What can be inferred from the sentence?

A. arrangement of personnels is entirely determined by the efficiency of employees B. recording length of working hours can help arrange the staff properly C. computerized recordings can help to pick out qualified salesmen D. the most efficient employees should be arranged in busiest hours

3. History is made up of facts, but also of opinions; it is not only what actually happened, but also what people who know what happened think about past events

4. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by the fact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the US with a solid grounding in mathmatics but little or no knowledge of english

5. The trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment can not generally be foreseen in detail.

Part 6否定句子的特殊分析 1． As a linguist , he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including

non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. What can be inferred from this sentence?

[A]. Black English can convey complex ideas as powerfully as any language [B]. Complex ideas are expressed more easlily through non-standard languages.

2． He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think logically because we do not talk proper.

What can be inferred from this sentence?

[A]. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. [B]. Logical thinking is really connected with proper talking

3. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly, such as Summer homes, European travel, BMWs when the locations, place names and name brands may change.

What can be inferred from this sentence?

[A]. people are more interested in the symbols now than in the past.

[B]. people are involed in high-quality of life just as what they do formerly

4. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with.” says Dr. Yehuda.

5. No film character has ever been more widely enjoyed.

Part 7分割结构的特殊理解 1. Our knowledge of social systems, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be overturned by new discoveries that have altered the process of producing what people are urgently demanding.

What is the fact about our understanding of social systems?

A. It is completely incorrect B. It is dramatically perfect C. It is partially reasonable

D. It is rather groundless

2. Abraham Lincln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man rise from the lowest to the highest position.

3. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the

solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.

4. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems.

Part 8 It无主句子 1. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory

at the expense of others,and thus lead to conflict, it can not be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable,although competition is.

2. It is our hope that the book will provide a sound basis in contemporary inorganic chemistry for the new generation of students and will stimulate their interest in a field in which trained personnel are still exceeedingly scarce in both academic and industrial laboratories 3. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

4. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

Part 9不定式和分词短语 1.At school the student needs to increase his knowledge in an organized way, to acquire sufficient vocabulary in sciencce for effective communicaiton, and to learn some facts because they are important in everyday living, such as knowledge that is useful for his health, for his safety and for an understanding of his surrounding.

2. Uncontrolled deforestation is usually a symptom of a soceity’s inability to cope with other fundamental problems,such as unemployment, rapid population growth and the incapacity to regulate private enterpriese to protect the public interest.

3. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. Part 10特殊句型的翻译 1.

(1) ... not so much...... as (but) ... 与其说??还不如说??

(2) ... not so much that.....as (but) that...... 与其说??还不如说?? (3) ... not so much as..... (=not even) 甚至于不??，连??也不?? 例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.

译文：与其说他是老师，还不如说是学者。(注意翻译时动作的对象)

例2：It wasn't so much his appearance I liked as his personality.

译文：与其说我喜欢他的外表，不如说我喜欢他的品格。

例3：It's not so much that I don't want to come but I just haven't got the time. 译文：倒不是因为我不想来，而是我根本没有时间。

例4：He didn't so much as say thank you after all we'd done for him. 译文：我们为他干了那么多事，他甚至连谢谢都没有说一声。

例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him. 译文：与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。(注意翻译时动作的对象) [注意]：more ... than ...

1) she is more beautiful than her sister. 她比她姐姐漂亮。

2) George is more intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治言行放肆，不如说他聪颖过人。

以上第1)句是more... than结构的一般用法，即在两个不同的事物之间就同一方面作比较；而第2)句是就同一个人的两个不同方面作比较。因此要译成“与其说??还不如说??”。

more...than结构在上述1) 2)两句中的用法也适用于less ... than结构，得出相反的含义： 例如：

1) John is less daring than quick-witted. 与其说约翰胆大，不如说他脑子灵活。 2) George was less intelligent than aggressive. 与其说乔治聪颖过人，不如说他言行放肆。

2． none but (=nothing but): 只有 (=only)

None but the brave deserves the fair. 只有英雄才配得上美人。 She chose none but the best. 她只选最好的。

She is nothing but a child. 她只不过是个孩子。

3．none other than: (表示惊讶)不是别人，正是?? (= no one else but) It’s none other than Tom! We thought you were in Africa. 4．none the +比较级词+ for: 毫不，一点也不

He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it. 他在医院里待了两个星期，但一点也没好转。

My car is none the worse for wear. 我的车子一点也没有损耗。 none the wiser: 不知情

If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser. 如果我们只拿一小块蛋糕，母亲是不会知道的。 5．none too: (在形容词或副词前) 不太；一点都不

The service in this restaurant is none too fast. 这家旅馆的服务一点效率都没有。

6．anything but: ①除---之外什么都(此处的but等于except)②决不(=not at all)

I eat anything but (except) fish. 除了鱼，我什么都吃。

She is anything but a good cook. 她决不是个好厨师。(即：除了好厨师，她什么都是。)

7．It is not that...but that... 这不是说??，而是说??

例1: It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 译文：这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和另一种情况下所用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。

8．can not...too... 再??也不过分

例1: We cannot be too careful of health. 我们无论如何注意健康也不为过。 例2: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. 你开车时再小心也不过分。 例3: We can not be too faithful to our duties. 我们必须尽力忠于职守。 9．no less...than，意为：“和??同样是??”。例如：

Human is no less an animal than a monkey is. 人和猴都是动物。 no less than 的意思为：“简直是，实在是”，例如：

1) It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。

10．It occurs to sb. that? (某人) 想起??

例1: It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere. 译文：我突然想起在什么地方见过他。

例2: It occurred to me that she was jealous of me. 译文：我突然发觉她嫉妒我。

Unit 2 段落科学的阅读方法 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. The word “bummer” most probably means something

A. religious B. unpleasant C. soul D. worm 词汇和句子的特定含义的理解 概论：

阅读中的词汇题通常会有两种情况，一种是考生一看到所考的单词立刻心跳加速：“完了，这个词不认识，大纲上也没有。”还有就是一看到单词，立刻欣喜不已：“哈哈，这么容易的单词。”第一种情况下考生往往会随便猜一个选项，错误率很高。而第二种情况下，考生往往落入命题专家的陷阱，不知不觉地失了分，原因是考生并没有掌握阅读词汇题的基本命题原则。在阅读部分的词汇题要考的并不是考生认不认识题中所考的单词，否则便是命题失效。此处要考的是考生阅读中的推断能力，也就是说题中所考单词的词义必定能根据上下文推断出来。所以考生在遇到阅读中的词汇题时，一定要冷静，去上下文中细找，推断出

词义后，可将词义代入原文看是否通畅。 经常考同义关系：并列或递进关系表示同义：例如：and, indeed, just as, also, besides, 等均为表示并列关系。标点符号暗示语义关系：破折号、冒号、或括号均表示同义解释。并列句子的同位和同性词很重要。 题型特点: 当询问词句在上下文的特殊含义，注意结合原文进行理解，判断在文章中的特殊含义。有的词汇是大纲的词汇，还有可能是超纲词汇或句子，要注意引申含义, 解题思路： 回原文定位，并从语法和词义上对原文原句进行精确剖析，先排除字面意思，然后判断句子与下文的逻辑关系，上下文是关键，上下文指的是关键词(考查的词或词组)所在的句子本身，更主要的是这个句子的上下句或更远的上下文。一般而言，上下文线索所提示的意义与关键词的关系要么为同义关系，要么 题干特点: 1. According to the author, the word “?”means 2. by “?”,the author means

3. which of the following is closet in meaning to “?” 4. the word “?” in the passage means 5. “?” in the passage is

6. the word “?” most likely means 正确答案,错误答案的特点:1,2 例 1

Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.

题目:The word “arbiters”(line 7)most probably refers to those [A]who work as coordinators. [B]. who function as judges. [C] who help the losers. [D] who determine the price.

例 2

Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company’s plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superior will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的). 题目: In this passage, “out of sight and out of mind” (Lines 2-3, Para. 3) probably

means .

A) being unable to think properly for lack of insight B) being totally out of touch with business at home C) missing opportunities for promotion when abroad

D) being away from overseas assignments and their could-be advancement 例 3

While it’s true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions — be they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More importantly, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs in a broad way.

题目:By saying “While it’s true that? be they scientific or artistic? (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author means that .

A) an incredible amount of knowledge should be included in educational programs B) human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed C) human intellectual development has reached new heights

D) the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked

历年真题

08年

Text 1

While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men.” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with.” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members,

and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? [A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. [B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22. Dr. Ychuda’s research suggests that women

[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. [B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress. [C] are more capable of avoiding stress. [D] are exposed to more stress.

23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be [A] domestic and temporary. [B] irregular and violent. [C] durable and frequent. [D] trivial and random.

24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that [A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses. [C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. [D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out? [B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference [C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say? [D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review, depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publishers, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet – and pressure form funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government – funded research by restricting access to it – is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this, the report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business, in America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects, they publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal ending. [B] the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication.

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report? [A] It criticizes government-funded research.

[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

[D] It facilitates public investment in scientific research.

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. [B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication.

[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] complete the peer-review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the text? [A] the internet is posing a threat to publishers. [B] a new mode to publication in laboratory. [C] authors welcome the new channel for publication. [D] publication is rendered easily by online service.

Text 3

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people--especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations--apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. \the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go,\anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients--notably, protein--to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height--5'9\Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our

feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain inflicted by oversize limbs. \are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,\says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, \could use today's data and feel fairly confident.\

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to

[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players. [B] show the popularity of NBA players in the USA. [C] compare different generations of NBA players. [D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text? [A] Genetic modification. [B] Natural environment. [C] Living standards. [D] Daily exercise.

33. On which of the following statement would the author most probably agree? [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. [B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. [C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world. [D] Large babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn form the last paragraph that in the near future [A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. [B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. [C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. [D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

35. The text intends to tell us that

[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern. [B] human height is becoming even more predictable. [C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit. [D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

2005年

Text 1

（1）Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if

you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”; with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Wale of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. （2）The researchers studied the behaviors of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

(3)Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. d e wale's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviors became markedly different.

（4）In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.

（5）The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co- operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by [A] posing a contrast.

[B] justifying an assumption. [C] making a comparison. [D] explaining a phenomenon.

2. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that 

[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. [B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.

[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. [D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions. 3. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are

[A] more inclined to weigh what they get. [B] attentive to researchers' instructions. [C] nice in both appearance and temperament. [D]more generous than their male companions

4. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Wale have eventually found in their study that the monkeys

[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers.

[B] can be taught to exchange things.

[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. [D] are unhappy when separated from others.

5. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 

[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.

[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

Text 3

(1)Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears. By the late 1970s， neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's you r dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it, change it.”

(2)Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all part s of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr William Dement.

(3)The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright 's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing g toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.

(4)And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize

how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. 

(5)At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning. 1. Researchers have come to believe that dreams [A]. can be modified in their courses.

[B]. are susceptible to emotional changes. [C]. reflect our innermost desires and fears. [D]. are a random outcome of neural repairs.

2. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show [A]. its function in our dreams. [B]. the mechanism of REM sleep.

[C]. the relation of dreams to emotions.

[D]. its difference from the prefrontal cortex. 

3. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to [A]. aggravate in our unconscious mind. [B]. develop into happy dreams.

[C]. persist till the time we fall asleep. [D]. show up in dreams early at night. 

4.Cartwright seems to suggest that

[A]. Waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams. [B]. Visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control. [C]. Dreams should be left to their natural progression. [D]. Dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious. 

5. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams? [A]. lead your life as usual. [B]. Seek professional help.

[C]. Exercise conscious control.

[D]. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

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