三年级英汉笔译（一）学生用书

北京外国语大学英语学院 英汉笔译实践课教材

（一级） 2008级

学生用书

２０10年9月－２０11年1月

目 录

开篇 课程综述

?? 课程介绍 ?? 课程大纲 ?? 考核方式 ?? 附：阅读书目

单元一 关于翻译

?? 什么是翻译？ ?? 翻译的目的、标准、要求 ?? 翻译技巧与方法综述与练习

?? 案例分析：如何做翻译---评析Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech

的翻译

单元二 翻译技巧针对性练习

?? 增词、减词的练习：

1． Father?s Toe

2. Henry David Thoreau

?? 加注与释义的练习：

3．Long Bow Village 4．Mao's Childhood 5．My New Pet

?? 拆译---长句翻译练习： 6．I Have a Dream

7．President Nixon's Toast

?? 转换练习：

8．Portrait of A President

9．Amending U.S. Constitution

单元三 综合技巧语篇练习

?? 商务

10．A Letter to Vice Premier Li Lanqing

?? 科技

11．Cyberphobics 12．Water

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?? 新闻

13．Up on the New Farm 14．X-Sports

?? 散文、述评、文件

15. The Special Joys of Super-Slow Reading 16．The Age of Rock Revisited 17．The British Museum

?? 附录---自主学习平台练习

课外练习 The Price of Peace

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开 篇 课程综述

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笔译实践课介绍 (三年级第一学期)

1．课程名称: 笔译（英译汉）实践---一级笔译

2．课程简介：

本课程为大学英语专业三年级第一学期的翻译实践课。课程以每周一次的课堂练习和隔周一次的课后练习及讲评相结合，旨在系统向学生介绍翻译的定义、标准、技巧，并进行针对性的训练，同时在各种体裁和题材的翻译实践中强化技巧。学习完本课程的水平大致相当于全国外语翻译证书考试三级（初级）笔译的水平。本课程实用教材为任课教师自行编撰的油印教材以及申雨平、戴宁编撰的《实用英汉翻译教程》。

3．课程目标：参加完本课程的学习，学生将能够：

? 在规定时间内进行翻译，速度为每小时300-350字（原文） ? 完成课后作业、讨论、汇报、小论文及测验

? 综述本课程中讨论的10个翻译的技巧与2个翻译方法，并能在练习中使用相

关技巧与方法

? 完成一般科技、旅游、商务、经贸、新闻、散文等方面材料的翻译，同时体

现各种体裁所需要的不同翻译技巧

? 在翻译时体现出忠实、通顺、流畅的标准，同时进一步提高双语翻译技巧，

对两种文化的差异保持敏感性

? 逐步建立分析批评能力，对笔译工作进行评价 ? 为翻译和相关学术领域进行进一步研究做好准备

*4．国家大纲对大学本科英语专业三、四年级翻译实践课的要求

根据《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》中对翻译的要求：三年级（六级）

四年级（八级）要达到：

? 了解翻译基础理论和英、汉两种语言的异同 ? 掌握常用翻译技巧

? 将中等难度的英语篇章或段落翻译成汉语 ? 将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著翻译成汉语 ? 译文忠实原文、语言通顺、流畅

? 速度为每小时翻译250~300个英文单词 ? 能担任外宾日常生活和一般外事活动的口译

5．本课程的要求

? 要求达到国家大纲的上限，每小时翻译300~350英文单词

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? 对学生作业从英语水平、汉语水平、知识面、工作态度等方面提出要

求：

? 理解准确，不应出现重大的理解错误

? 表达忠实、通顺、流畅，语言比较地道，语法正确，标点符号正

确，搭配合理，结构工整，不鼓励编译、自由翻译 ? 知识面宽，能够依靠上下文和知识面推测出意义

? 工作态度严谨，勤查字典，减少错字、别字，交作业前至少间隔

一天，至少有一次校对的过程

? 逐步展开专业翻译训练，培养解决问题的能力

? 逐步明确技巧型翻译与技能型翻译的差别，向技能型翻译发展

6. 练习安排：

1）课堂练习 2）课后练习 3）自主学习

7．对书面作业的要求：一般都要打印。应注明：

To: From:

Subject: (e.g.) Father‘s Toe Date: September 24, 2010

8．教师评改作业可以使用的编辑符号

awk. （表达、用词、行文等）别扭 adding(?) 增译？/增意？ comp. 理解错误 collocation 搭配错误 expr. 表达错误

w. wording 用词不当 punc. 标点符号错误 str. 句子结构

meaning 意思不明确/准确 cap. 大小写错误 gram. 语法错误 spelling 别字 logic 逻辑错误 dic. 用字/词不当

pron.介词用法不当，主要是指第三人称衔接的滥用和误用。

*每个教师可以用自己的符号，只要事先和学生说明一下即可。

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9. 考核评估：总评分按100分记

课堂练习、发言、测验 25% 课后练习、论文、汇报 13% 期中考试 20% 期末考试 40% 出勤 2%

*每次无故缺席，总分将被扣除2-3分。

10．上课方式：教师讲授、小组讨论、学生汇报、评估与反馈

讨论：对翻译实践课（初级笔译）的期望 （在学期末进行对照）：

目前我（学生）对翻译的了解：

我对翻译实践课的期望：

我对目录中、课程介绍中所列内容的评价、问题：

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A Course Syllabus for E-C Translation Practice

(Year III)

Course Name: English-Chinese Translation Practice for Year Three Course Description:

This is a full course for one year. This syllabus is for the autumn semester.

This course is designed for the 3rd year college students to acquire basic skills in translation through weekly translation practice and feedback so as to empower them with basic and intermediate qualification in translation practice.

Course Objectives: After one year‘s course, 3rd year students should be able to:

? translate with or without the aid of dictionaries in a given time at

a speed of 300-350 words (source text) per hour

? summarize 10 translation skills and 2 translation methods

? translate texts of technology, travel and tourism, business,

economy, news report, simple literature works, etc. respecting different features of styles and applying genre sensitivity into translation practice

? finish assigned tasks, short papers, presentations

? identify and apply basic translation skills through practice ? nurture a deep and sensitive bicultural skills

? develop analytical and critical skills required to evaluate work in

translation

? prepare for further study in translation and relation academic

field

Course Assessment:

In-class exercises, discussions, quizzes, 25%

Take-home assignments, presentations, short papers 13% Middle-term exam 20%

Final exam 40%

Class attendance 2%

*For each absence without grounded excuse(s), 2-3 points will be deducted from the total score.

Aspects to Give Feedback on Translation Practice:

? Competence in source language (E) ? Competence in target language (C) ? Scope of knowledge

? Working ethics and conscientiousness

Teaching Methods:

? Provide in-class exercise---?feedback--?take-home assignment---?in-class

feedback

? Help group discussion

? Organize peer evaluation and feedback

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关 单 元 一 于 翻9

译

第一周：讲座与讨论

1．什么是翻译？

? 翻译的定义很多，根据不同目的的翻译活动，界定也不尽相同。 ? 字典定义：

? to translate is to turn from one language into another (The Oxford English Dictionary)：从一种语言转换成另一种语言；

? to translate is to turn into one‘s own language or another language

(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language)：转换成本族语或另一种语言）

? 本课程大致认为：翻译是把一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来，使译

文读者能得到原作者所表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。

2．翻译的标准

? 翻译的标准也很多，不一而足，适用性是我们始终考虑的问题。本课程不

拘泥于一种翻译方法和标准。 ? 国内外对翻译的标准论述：

? 苏格兰法学家、历史学家Alexander Tytler (1749-1814)提出了翻译三

原则：

? A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the

original work.

? The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as

that of the original.

? A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.

(A.F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)

? 严复 （1853-1921）：信、达、雅 ? 鲁迅、茅盾：忠实、通顺 ? 傅雷：神似 ? 钱钟书：化境 ? 美国翻译理论家，《圣经》翻译专家Eugene Nida （奈达）提出了

Dynamic equivalence, functional equivalence(动态对等、功能对等)的原则。（Toward a Science of Translation, 1964）

? 王佐良：一切照原作，雅俗如之，深浅如之，口书如之，文体如之

? 本课程选择的翻译标准： 1）忠实、通顺、流畅

2）翻译的标准是动态的，如下图所示：翻译是科学性和艺术性的矛盾与

统一。

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? 有的文体（法律、科技文体）在艺术性的坐标轴上所占的比例略

小。翻译的标准主要紧跟科学性； ? 有的文体（文学文体等），则在科学性的坐标轴上所占比例略小，

翻译的标准要紧跟艺术性；

? 翻译的标准是多元的、是动态的；翻译实践课的关键问题是培养

翻译中的意识和灵活性。

3．翻译的技巧与方法综述

翻译实践课不能不涉及技巧。

第一，我们应当明确翻译技巧和翻译方法。技巧是：―表现在艺术、工艺、体育等方面的巧妙的技能。‖方法是：―关于解决思想、说话、行动等问题的门路、程序等‖（见《现代汉语词典》）。通俗地说，翻译技巧侧重在具体操作中，集中在词法和句法的翻译层面；而翻译方法更多地指导我们在宏观和语篇层面的翻译。当然也有很多学者将技巧和方法统一、综合起来看待，如：―翻译技巧是指译者在翻译过程中使用的方法，它们是许许多多个译者通过翻译实践总结出来的宝贵经验。‖（华先发、绍毅《新编大学英译汉教程》）

第二，通过归纳一些专著和翻译教材，我们将翻译技巧总结为：(以例子说明) 1) 加注（annotation）：由于社会文化差异，英语有些词义在汉语中不存在，形成了意义上的空缺，翻译时常采用加注法来弥补。可分为音译加注；直译加注。注释可以采用文中注释或脚注，个别情况下也可以不用括号，直接说明（这更象是释义的技巧）。

音译加注：Saint Valentine‘s Day：圣瓦伦廷节（情人节，2月14日） 直译加注：Ground Zero: 零地带（指911事件后纽约世贸大厦的瓦砾场，源

自原子弹的爆炸点。）

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不标注括号：He shot the ball like a Jordon. 他投篮像飞人乔丹那么棒。

2) 释义 (paraphrase)：采取解释性的方法，舍弃原文的具体表达形式和比喻。 ? I don‘t know if he is a Trojan Horse. 我不知道是不是内奸。

? The three main newspaper never feature nude pin-ups.这三家主要报纸从

不刊登裸体美女的照片。

3) 增词 (amplification/adding)：为了语法、意义、修辞上的需要，在翻译时

要增加一些词，使表达更准确、通顺。 ? 语法的需要：a plane: 一架飞机（增加了量词）

? 意义的需要：The human brain weighs three pounds, but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells. 人脑只有三磅重，但就在这三磅物质中，却包含着一百亿个神经细胞，以及一千亿个更小的细胞。（增加了实义名词）

? 修辞的需要：The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice. 天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零星星的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片。（增加了叠词）

4) 减词 (omission)：从语法角度和修饰角度考虑，在译文中减省不需要的词

语。

In a moment she reappeared to hurl my change and the ticket on the counter with such force most of it fell on the floor at my feet.不一会儿功夫，她又回来了，将零钱和车票往柜台上猛地一摔，大半都撒落在我脚边。（减省了―地板‖一词）

He is not well today, but he still came to class and handed in his homework.他今天不舒服，可还是来上了课，交了作业。（减省了―他‖、―他的‖等代词的修饰。）

5) 转换 (shifting)：在翻译中，根据需要改变或转化表达方式。

? 词类转换：The happiness of having such a sister was their first effusion, and 12

the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦，两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱，洒下了欣喜的泪花。（《傲慢与偏见》，名词转换成动词）

? 句子成分转换：Brussels fell to him on September 3 and Antwerp the next.他

于9月3日攻克了布鲁塞尔，次日又拿下安特卫普。（主语转换为宾语，介词宾语转换为主语。）

? 表达方式转换：Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. 八十七年前，我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。（计量词转换，变为译语中清楚明了的表达方式。） ? 语序转换：Slowly climbs the autumn moon.秋天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。

（倒装句转换为自然语序）

? 语态转换：It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。（将被动语态转换为主动语态，将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语，如：人们、大家等做主语。）

6) 切分 (division/splitting/cutting)：将修饰多、句子结构复杂的部分，尤其是

长句进行拆译，分解成两个或两个以上的单位，灵活处理。

? 单词分译：The American commander, Admiral Nimitz, was understandably reluctant to join the battle. 美军司令海军上将尼米兹怠于出战，这是可以理解的。（将副词分译成一个小句。）

? 短语分译：Playing its principle role, Israel in a few days destroyed more

towns and villages and committed more savage acts all over the territories it invaded than the Vandals of old committed in many a month. 以色列表演了它的拿手好戏， 几天之内在其入侵的全部土地上，摧毁的城镇和村庄就比古代汪达尔人在好几个月之内摧毁的还要多，犯下的罪行还要野蛮。（将分词译成一个小句）

? 从句分译：This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of

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greatness which can build a new and a better world.我们两国人民攀登高峰的时刻已经到来。在这个伟大高峰的境界之上，我们才能建立一个美好而崭新的世界。（将定语从句分译成一个句子，同时运用增词法，加上―我们‖做主语，将原文的意思梳理清楚。）

7) 合并 (combination)：有一些英语句子较短，在翻译时应注意采用合并的方

法，使意思紧凑连贯。

? I pulled up a chair and sat down. I sat with my legs wide apart at first. But this

struck me as being irreverent and too familiar. So I put my knees together and let my hands rest loosely on them. 我把椅子挪过来坐下，起初两腿分开， 但我突然觉得这样显得不尊重，不太拘礼节，便把两腿并拢，把双手随便地放在膝盖上。（四句合一）

? One may have to learn to live with pain, but there‘s one thing you never have

to live without. Hope. 一个人可能必须学会忍受痛苦活下去，但有一样东西是你活着绝不能缺少的，那就是希望。（并列复合句与简单句合并）

8) 具体化 (specification)：在翻译时考虑把一些抽象的概念具体化。 ? No, if I read any, it should be Mrs. Radcliffe‘s. Her novels are amusing

enough; they are worth reading; some fun and nature in them.我要是看小说，那就看拉德克利夫夫人的。她的小说倒挺有意思，值得一读。那里面多少有点逗趣的内容和对大自然的描写。

? I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former

slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，情同手足。

? Owing to his unorthodox upbringing, and the fact that he had no parents to

teach him the facts of life, Quasimodo became convinced that he was not a bird at all and refused to fly. 加西莫多从小疏于教养，又没有父母教授生活常识，所以自以为根本就不是鸟，因而拒不飞行，到哪里都走着去。

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9) 抽象化 (abstraction)：英语中有一些具体意义或形象不便于在翻译中移植， 那就要进行抽象化处理。

? He is a rolling stone. I don‘t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想

他不会有多大出息。

? If you dare to play the fox with me, I‘ll shoot you at once. 你要是敢对我耍

滑头，我立马毙了你。

? I was practically on my knees but he sill refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他

依然拒绝。

10) 正说反译、反说正译 (negation)：英语中有一些不带否定词no, not, never,等的否定表达，如： too…to…, fail to…, -free, instead, rather than 等等以及不含有否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-等和否定后缀-less等的句子称为―正说‖，在汉语中可以用―反译‖。而汉语中不带―不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、别‖等的句子也是―正说‖，在翻译时可以采用灵活的正说反译、反说正译的技巧。

? He yelled ―Freeze!‖他大喊一声：―不许动！‖（正说反译）

? Mary drew a long, soft breath, as though the paper daffodils between them

were almost too sweet to bear.玛丽轻轻地、长长地吸了一口气，就好像摆在他们中间的那些纸水仙几乎是香得让人受不了了似的。（正说反译） ? You can‘t be too careful.你要特别小心。（反说正译）

? For three weeks I held both jobs, working from eight in the morning until

midnight. Never in my life have I been happier.我身兼两职历时三个星期。每天从早晨８点钟一直工作到午夜。我的一生中却以那一段时间最为快乐。（反说正译）

应当注意：这些技巧是相辅相成的，其间有交叉和重叠的部分，在翻译实践中千万不可教条机械地使用。我们应该力争从技能型译者转变为技巧型译者，让技巧为我所用，而不是为技巧所束缚。

技能型翻译：competent translator

技巧型翻译：skillful translator:

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⑽ No, I won‘t lend you the money, you‘ve had it!

误译：不，我不会把钱借给你的，你已经借过钱了！ 应译为：

? 被动语态的翻译练习

英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见。凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法是极为重要的。对于英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法:

1）翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。

? 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文

中使用了 ―加以‖, ―经过‖, ―用……来‖等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: 例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其他问题将简单地加以讨论。 请翻译以下两句：

① In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.

②Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.

? 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)做主语。例如: 例：It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real. 可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。

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请翻译：

③ Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

④ It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.

? 另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… It is believed that … 有人认为……

It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说……

? 将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况

下, 英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:

例：A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。 请翻译：

⑤By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.

⑥And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

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? 翻译成汉语的无主句。

例：Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.

应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。 请翻译：

⑦By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.

⑧Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.

⑨New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….

? 另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说…… It is supposed that … 据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……

? 翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:

例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

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进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。 请翻译：

⑩On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用―被‖, ―给‖, ―遭‖, ―挨‖, ―为……所‖, ―使‖, ―由…‖, ―受到‖等表示。例如: 例：Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。 请翻译：

⑴These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.

⑵Natural light or ―white‖ light is actually made up of many colours.

⑶The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.

⑷They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.

⑸Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

⑹Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

? 课后练习---申雨平教材 （自主学习平台）

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第二周：讲座：如何做翻译

Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech

William Faulkner

任务1：阅读下面的文章，理解全文，可以用字典。

1. I feel that this award was not made to me as a man but to my work - a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before.

2. So this award is only mine in trust.

3. It will not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it commensurate with the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using this moment as a pinnacle from which l might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.

4. Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There are no longer problems of the spirit. There is only the question: When will I be blown up? Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.

5. He must learn them again. He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that, forget it forever, leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart, the old universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed - love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice. Until he does so he labors under a curse. He writes not of love but of lust, of defeats in which; nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion. His grieves grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart but of the glands. (350 words)

6. Until he relearns these things he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of man. I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure; that when the last ding-dong of doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion and sacrifice and endurance.

7. The poet's the writer's duty is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice, which have been the glory of his past.

8. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.

(563words)

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任务2：阅读参考译文。

接受诺贝尔奖时的演说

威廉·福克纳

我感到这份奖金不是授予我个人而是授予我的工作的，——授予我一生从

事关于人类精神的呕心沥血工作。我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此，这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。为这份奖金的钱找到与奖金原来的目的和意义相称的用途并不难，但我还想为奖金的荣誉找到承受者。我愿意利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些听到我说话并已献身同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方。

我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，以致我们能够忍受下去了。现在再没有精神上的问题了。唯一的问题是：我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨？正因如此，今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突。然而，只有接触到这种内心冲突才能产生出好作品，因为这是唯一值得写、值得呕心沥血地去写的题材。

他一定要重新认识这些问题。他必须使自己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧。他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧。在他的工作室里除了心底古老的真理之外，不允许任何别的东西有容身之地。缺了这古老的普遍真理，任何小说都只能昙花一现，注定要失败；这些真理就是爱情、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情、牺牲等感情。若是他做不到这样，他的气力终归白费。他不是写爱情而是写情欲，他写的失败是没有人感到失去可贵东西的失败，他写的胜利是没有希望。甚至没有怜悯或同情的胜利。他不是为有普遍意义的死亡而悲伤，所以留不下深刻的痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。

在他重新懂得这些之前，他写作时，就犹如站在人类末日一样去观察末日的来临。我不接受人类末日的说法。因为人能传种接代而说人是不朽的，这很容易。因为即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消失在再也没有潮水冲刷、映在落日余辉里的海上最后一块无用的礁石之旁时，还会有一个高音，那就是人类微弱的、不断的说话声，这样说也很容易。但是我不能接受这种说法。我相信人类不仅能传种接代，而且能战胜一切。人之不朽不是因为在动物中唯独他能永远发出声音，而是因为他有灵魂，有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特殊光荣就是去鼓舞人的斗志，使人记住过去曾经有过的光荣——他曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神——以达到不朽；诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是帮助人类永存并得到胜利的支柱和栋梁。

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任务3：阅读以下对翻译过程的讲解以及对译文的评析，提出自己的见解和补充意见。

翻译的过程：

一． 译前分析阶段： １． 作者：威廉·福克纳（1897-1962），美国小说家，短篇小说家，评论家，

1949年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。他的主要作品有The Sound and the Fury (1929), Go Down, Moses (1942) 等。他的小说常描写美国社会生活的黑暗面，尤其是对南方黑人生活和他们心理活动进行了大量细致的许多描写，并带有一定的意识流的风格。因此他的文风含蓄、晦涩，有时又充满激情，这使对他的作品的翻译有一定的难度。

２． 对原文的文体分析：这是作者在1949年接受诺贝尔文学奖时的演讲。体

裁是演说体，而且是在重大场合的演说。因此原文最明显的风格是行文正式。这一点表现在作者运用了不少的长句，而且在许多句子中又使用了一些多音节的―大‖词。与此同时，作者还表露出一种强烈的情感——对作家们的殷切期望，期望他们共同思考一些与人类生存及创作源泉相关的问题，期望作家们的写作能更好地实现自己的职责与使命——对人类的存在与发展进行鼓励与讴歌。所有这些都会对译者提出挑战，考验译者是否能把原文的思想、语言、风格和情感在译语中到位地表达出来。

二．译中：

１．本文翻译的关键在于长句的断句和拆译。

例１） 原文的第一句话是个长句。而译者将其切成了两句话来译，在第

二句开头采用了增译。将原文第一句的第二个宾语扩展为一个完整的句子，以―不是．．．，更不是．．．而是．．．‖的递进句很好地传达出作者的情感的思想。

例２） 对原文第一段最后一句的翻译，译者也是采取了断句拆译的方法

使译语行文流畅，表达通顺。译者将 ―But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too.‖与后面的介词短语切断，合并到上一句，重组译文，使之成为一个意义完整，意思递进的句子。而接下来又是三个定语从句，译者也各有甄别，两个仍译为定语，一个将定语从句切开译为主句，―他们当中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方。‖

例３） 第二段最后一句，译者也是采取拆译的方法。通过恰当运用转折

连词―然而．．．‖将原文当中的定语从句切开，译成一个完整的句子，使译文的意思同原文一致，有一层递进。

这样的拆译在译文中大量出现。译者切开长句，通过添加转折连词，通过另起主句，通过重复宾语当中所提到的人称代词等方式，使译语更加符合汉语的行文习惯，同时又尽可能保留作者原文的思想和情感。这都是值得我们学习的地方。在接下来的两段当中读者可以自己分析以下译

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者是如何拆译的。

２．要正确认识翻译过程当中的信息丢失。

如果读者自己能大声朗读一下这篇演说稿的原文的话，那么多少可以领略到福克纳对作家职责和使命的剖析以及感召是多么地震撼人心。尤其后两段是最有力量的两段，作者提出问题之后给予自己的理解与回答。作者运用了大量文体修辞的技巧，如句式排比，措辞的斟酌、意象、头韵、重音等等，这都是翻译过程当中很难跨越的鸿沟，因此在译文中可能会存在信息的丢失。

例１） 第三段当中―…is ephemeral and doomed---love and honor and pity

and pride and compassion and sacrifice.‖ ―love and honor‖是一对单音节和双音节词；―pity and pride‖是头韵；―compassion and sacrifice‖是多音节词，词汇的选择节节上升，到最后达到坚实而深厚的情感高潮。但汉语就不太好体现这些措辞方面的良苦用心，大都是两个汉字组成的汉语词组，不大能够表现出句子的轻重，意思的递进。

例２） 第三段当中几处的原文是―He writes not of love but of lust…‖，―His

grieves grieve on…‖以及―pity and pride‖。作者选用许多押头韵的词汇来造成一定的听觉效果，但在译文当中都没有体现出来，大多是对单词的进行了翻译。这从一定程度上讲未能传递出原文的文体修辞风格。

例３） 第四段当中有一段话―…when the last ding-dong of doom has

clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless in the last red and dying evening, that…‖。在这一段话里作者运用了拟声词―ding-dong，‖―clanged，‖以及―hanging‖营造了逼真的声觉效果，使用了一些词汇，如―faded，‖―tideless，‖ ―red，‖以及―dying‖描绘出人类末日的景象，这为作者后文强调人类的伟大以及作家的职责和任务更渲染了气氛。这些信息在翻译时都是难以传达的。

三． 翻译总结：

１． 翻译的过程要具体化，要充分理解原文的意思、情感、风格等方面的信息。同时又要各有甄别，有取舍，使译文符合译语习惯。

２． 翻译长句时的取舍要掌握分寸。拆译的原则是符合译语的行文习惯同时又忠实原语的意思与风格。可以通过添加连词，重复代词等方法使译文意思明确，衔接流畅。

３． 对翻译当中信息的丢失应尽可能地避免，这对译者是最大的挑战之一。译者应当尽可能地适应原文的语言与修辞风格，尽量传达出作者原有的风格和文章的味道。要达到这样的效果仍需要大量的磨练，才有可能实现钱钟书所提到的―化境‖的高度。

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讨论：

你对此文的翻译有何评论？ 译文中运用到了哪些翻译技巧？

课后作业：

1．找一篇400-500字的原文及译文，写一篇150-200字（中、英文均可）的翻译日志（translog），对译文进行点评：分析并总结译文所运用的翻译技巧；以自己作为读者的身份评介翻译的效果与质量。

2．课后翻译：Henry David Thoreau下周交。

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单 元 二

翻译技巧针对性练习

<一>

增词和减词

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第三周：课堂练习

Father's Toe

Clarence Day

课堂上限时70分钟翻译，不可以用字典，当堂交卷。

1. One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback and rode through East Fifty-eighth Street, his horse fell with him. Not only did the stupid animal fall but he landed on Father's foot.

2. Father pulled his foot out from under, got the horse up, and went on to the Park for his ride. But he found later that one of his toes had been bent and that he couldn't straighten it out.

3. This was not only an inconvenience to Father, it was a surprise. He knew other men got smashed up in accidents, but he had assumed that that was because they were brittle. He wasn't. He was constructed in such a manner, he had supposed, that he couldn't be damaged. He still believed that this was the case. Yet one of his toes had got bent.

4. That toe never did straighten out and Father talked of it often. He felt that he had had a strange experience, one that was against Nature's laws, and he expected those who listened to his story to be deeply concerned and impressed. If they weren't, he repeated it.

5. We heard it at home hundreds of times, one year after another. ―That's enough about your toe,‖ Mother would cry. ―Nobody cares about your toe, you know, Clare!‖ 6. But Father said that of course people did. He told all his friends at the club. ―You know what happened to me? Why, one morning when the pavement was icy, that bay cob that Sam Babcock sold me fell on my toe -- and he bent it! Never had such a thing happened to me all my life. Bent my toe! It's getting a corn on it now. Here. On top. My shoemaker says he can't fix it. There's nobody as stupid as a shoemaker, except that bay cob.‖

7. From this time on, although he still was contemptuous of diseases, Father began to dislike to hear any accounts of other men's accidents. They seemed to him portents of what might happen, even to him.

(351 words)

(Clarence Day, Life with Father. 1935. 选自吕叔湘，1992: 430-432)

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1. 课堂讨论：将全班分为四个小组，指定一名组长，组织大家讨论10分钟，并代表本组将讨论的结果向全班汇报，每组汇报的时间为5分钟（presentation），发言记入平时成绩。

1) 总结翻译的流程。

2) 文中哪些地方不好理解？译者如何应对，为什么？

3) 在本文的翻译中，有没有不好表达的地方？请举例说明。 4) 总结翻译本文时可以用到的技巧和方法。

2. 收作业：Henry David Thoreau

3. 课后作业：

1) 写100字左右的翻译日志（translog）记录翻译的心得、苦恼或问题，准

备在以后阶段和同学讨论。教师随时抽查、点评，成绩记入平时成绩。 2) 指定一名学生查找Henry David Thoreau相关资料：思想、著作、观点等

等，下周准备向全班汇报5分钟，成绩记入平时成绩。 3) 阅读下面的材料：

注意英汉人称代词第三人称单数形式衔接功能的差异

在人称代词第三人称单数形式衔接功能方面，英汉两种语言间的差异性值得关注。尽管现代汉语中人称代词第三人称的三分是代词形式欧化的结果（王力，1984:269），但现代汉语中人称代词―他（们）、她（们）、它（们）‖同音，这至少在口语中降低了它们之间区分的明晰程度。可能是出于这一原因，尽管汉语第三人称单复数形式要比英语多（英语只有一个复数形式they），在性（gender）或数（number）上的区分也更细，但使用频率却远远低于英语，而更多地采用省略和原词复现等形式。英语中许多必须使用代词的地方在汉语中则不是必须的，有时甚至是尽量避免使用。

在英语里，第三人称常常用来回指前面提到的事情和人物，从而避免模糊和混乱出现。而在以汉语为母语的创作中第三人称出现的频率要低得多。前面的人物和事情一经提到，后面表示指代的往往是通过省略主语，零词指代，反身代词指代，重复名词等方式来实现。

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第四周：课堂讲评与讨论

Henry David Thoreau

课后翻译。

学生汇报Henry David Thoreau相关资料：思想、著作、观点等等。（5?）

1. Henry David Thoreau was the last male descendant of a French ancestor who came to this country from the Isle of Guernsey. His character exhibited occasional traits drawn from this blood, in singular combination with a very strong Saxon genius. 2. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts, on the 12th of July, 1817. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1837, but without any literary distinction. An iconoclast in literature, he seldom thanked colleges for their service to him, holding them in small esteem, whilst yet his debt to them was important. After leaving the University, he joined his brother in teaching a private school, which he soon renounced. His father was a manufacturer of lead-pencils, and Henry applied himself for a time to this craft, believing he could make a better pencil than was then in use. After completing his experiments, he exhibited his work to chemists and artists in Boston, and having obtained their certificates to its excellence and to its equality with the best London manufacture, he returned home contented. His friends congratulated him that he had now opened his way to fortune. But he replied that he should never make another pencil. ―Why should I? I would not do again what I have done once.‖ He resumed his endless walks and miscellaneous studies, making every day some new acquaintance with Nature, though as yet never speaking of zoology or botany, since, though very studious of natural facts, he was incurious of technical and textual science. 3. He was a speaker and actor of the truth, born such, and was ever running into dramatic situations from this cause. In any circumstance it interested all bystanders to know what part Henry would take, and what he would say; and he did not disappoint expectation, but used an original judgment on each emergency. In 1845 he built himself a small frame house on the shores of Walden Pond, and lived there two years alone, a life of labor and study. This action was quite native and fit for him. No one who knew him would tax him with affectation. He was more unlike his neighbors in his thought than in his action. As soon as he had exhausted the advantages of that solitude, he abandoned it.

(377 words)

1．讨论：

? 本文短短三段，一共有多少个―he‖?在译文中也悉数保留吗？原因是什么？

代词的使用在英汉两种语言中有何差别？请查找相关的参考书，如《英汉语篇综合对比》，《语言对比与研究与对外汉语教学》，《汉英应用对比概论》，《汉英篇章对比研究》等著作。

? 本文第一句话为一个长句，应如何处理？如何理顺句子结构的关系，让意思

明确？

? tax sb. with affectation是什么意思？

2．课后作业：

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1）先自己翻译下面的作家介绍，然后可以比较一下原文和译文中第三人称单数的差异，看看哪些是可以避免使用的。

作家简介

取自中国外语教育基地语料库

Ai Wu (1904 -1992), originally named Tang Daogeng, was from Xindu, Sichuan. In his early life, he spent times in Kunming of China, Myanmar, Malaysia and Singapore, working as a newspaper proofreader and a primary school teacher. He was a member of the League of Leftist Writers. He wrote about customs, habits and ways of life in border and remote regions and portrayed people pushed out of the normal rails of life. He was good at combining emotion expression, story telling and portrayal of men. He was praised by readers for his uniquely original method, fresh content and beautiful style. His writings demonstrated an unrelenting strength of life through the portrayal of uninhabited romantic atmosphere. Mrs. Shi Oing is a representative short story of his.

The number of the third-person reference: 5

Bing Xin (1900 -1999), originally known as Xie Wanying, was from a naval officer's family in Changle, Fujian. During the May 4th Movement, she took an active part in patriotic activities and began literary creation. She was a member of the Literature Society. After graduation from university, she went to study in the United States. She later taught in Girls College of Humanities of Tsinghua University and Yenching University. Her writings ranged from poems, proses to short stories. The Separation is one of her representative works. Bing Xin developed a unique literary style of her own. Her works displayed an intimate and sincere passion, used refreshing and delicate expressions and were euphemistic and original. Her language was smooth and precise.

The number of the third-person reference: 4

参考译文：

艾 芜（1904——1992）四川新都人。原名汤道耕。早年曾在昆明及缅甸、马来西亚、新加坡等地流浪，做过报馆校对、小学教员等。是―左联‖成员。艾芜写边野地方的风情，描绘那些被生活挤出正常轨道的人们，善于将抒情、叙事、写人结合起来。以表现手法别致，内容的新鲜和风格的优美，为人们所赞赏。他的小说在粗犷的浪漫主义氛围中，呈现出不屈的生命力量。《石青嫂子》是其短篇小说的代表作之一。

第三人称照应数：0

冰 心（1900-1999）福建长乐人。原名谢婉莹。出生于海军军官家庭。―五四‖运动时期，曾参加过爱国运动，并开始文学创作。是文学研究会成员。大学毕业后赴美留学。曾在燕京大学、清华大学女子文理学院任教。冰心的作品主要有诗歌、散文和短篇小说等。《分》是她的代表作之一。在艺术上，冰心有自己独特的风格，她的作品感情真挚亲切，文笔清新隽丽，委婉别致，语言流利晓畅，简洁凝练。 第三人称照应数：0

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3．布置课后翻译: Low Bow Village，下周交。指定一名学生查找有关本文相关的内容，准备下一节课向全班汇报（5?），成绩记入平时成绩。

4．课后练习：增词和减词 （一）重复名词

1．重复英语中作宾语的名词

（1）We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.

（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.

2．重复英语中作表语的名词

（3）He became an oil baron---all by himself.

3．重复英语前置词短语前所省略的名词

英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。

（4）The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of one hundred ordinary patients.

4．重复英语中作先行词的名词

英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。 （5）The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.

（6）The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from \

（二）重复动词

1．英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词。

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（7）Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.

2．英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词一代替英语中重复的前置词。若英语中连前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。

（8）We talked of ourselves, of our studies, of our prospects, of each other--of everything.

(9) But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.

（三）重复代词

1． 英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。 （10）In China, they \them, thus planned victory.

2．英语中用物主代词its, his, their, 等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时， 翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。

（11）Happy families also had their own troubles.

3．英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词如whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复法处理。

（12）Whoever works hard will be respected.

4．英语用some…and others…(some…, others…)连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的\的\字结构，有时也可以用\有的……，有的……\句式。 (13) Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.

（四）其它英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复的手段。

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(14) He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.

二． 为了强调

（一）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。

(15)Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt.

(16)Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.

（二）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。

(17)During their stay in Peking, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Peking University and visited the Great Wall.

三． 为了生动

（一）运用两个四字词组

(18)The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.

（二）运用词的重叠

(19)They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.

(20)Once he took up his pen, writings began pouring down.

（三）运用四字对偶词组 (21) great contributions gratitude grotesque careless rumors

(22)Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.

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单 元 二

翻译技巧针对性练习

<二>

加注与释义的练习

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第五周：课堂讲评与讨论

Long Bow Village

(Excerpts)

William Hinton

任务1：课后翻译，可以用字典，准备全班课堂讨论

任务2：请一名同学查找这个村庄的相关信息，向全班汇报，尤其是其地理位置。（5?）

1. Long Bow Village lies in the southeast quarter of Shanxi Province on the high plateau country that butts against the back of the Taihang Mountains. It is 400 miles southwest of Peking and 100 miles from the gap in the mountains directly to the south, through which the Yellow River flows out onto the North China plain.

2. The South Shanxi plateau, known as the Shangtang (associated with heaven) because of its elevation, is itself creased with barren mountains, but between the ranges are wide valleys containing considerable areas of fertile soil. In the heart of one of these valleys lies the old county town of Changchih. The road running north from Changchih proceeds on the level for seven miles, through and past numerous mud villages, and then climbs gently over a long hill. Just beyond the hill, where the land levels out again, is the village of Long Bow.

3. For hundreds of years, any tired traveler who paused to rest at the crest of the hill and looked out over the flat to the north saw substantially the same sight -- a complex of adobe walls under a canopy of trees set in the middle of a large expanse of fields. These fields were barren, brown and desolate in winter, while in summer they were green, yellow and clothed with diverse crops.

4. If the traveler, rested at last, walked on down the hill, he found that the village street was but the continuation of the long gully that had brought him from the heights. During the heavy July rains the run-off from all the higher ground to the south rushed down the gully, poured along the village street and emptied into the village pond, a large natural basin conveniently located at the center of the community. In this way the supply of soft water for washing clothes was periodically replenished, and in the shade of the willows by the water's edge a few women and girls could always be found scrubbing away on the flat rocks that served as washboards.

5. Both sides of this gully-like main street were lined with mud walls six to eight feet high, broken here and there by covered gateways that led into the courtyards of the people. Beside each gate was the family privy, hopefully placed at the edge of the public road in anticipation of a contribution to the domestic store of fertilizer from any traveler who might be in need of relief.

6. Running off at right angles from the main road were several smaller lanes, also lined with walls set at intervals with courtyard gates. From these lanes, still smaller alleys ran off in turn to other entrances so that the whole village was rather like a maze, regular in outline, yet haphazardly filled in with lanes, alleys, walls enclosing courtyards, and low mud houses built against these walls.

(William Hinton, Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village. New York: Vintage Books, 1966. Pp. 17-19. (481 words) 任务3：两人一组，交换作业。

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首先进行全班讨论：

1） 本文翻译的难点？ 2） 本文翻译的要求？

3） 本文翻译的技巧？有哪些地方应该加注？释义？为什么？ 4） 评改作业的标准？翻译的质量如何评介?

其次互相评改作业，可以参考以下评改标准（参考教育部翻译资格证书考试初级笔译评分标准，有改动）。互相写100字左右的评语，最后将成绩汇报给教师。

? 优秀90+：没有理解错误，表达忠实原文，行文通顺流畅，没有太多

的翻译腔，知识面广，译语功底比较突出，很少有错别字。

? 良好84-89分：理解错误不超过两处，表达比较通顺流畅，可以有两

三处小错误。

? 中等75-83分：理解比较准确，表达有一些不太流畅通顺的地方，但

对整体行文没有太大影响。 ? 及格/通过60-74分：理解有一些错误，表达不流畅通顺，翻译腔严重，

不像中文的表述形式。 ? 不及格/不通过59分以下：没有做完，或有重大理解错误和表达错误，

翻译质量低。

布置作业：课后翻译My New Pet下周交。

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