心理学专业外语翻译第7页

The behaviourist approach to psychology

Origins and history

? The behaviourist approach was

influenced by the philosophy of empiricism (which argues that knowledge

comes

from

the

environment via the senses,since humans are like a 'tabula rasa',or blank slate ,at birth)and the physical sciences

(which

emphasise

scientific and objective methods of investigation).

? Watson started the behaviourist

movement in 1913 when he wrote an article entitled 'Psychology as the behaviourist views it', which set out

its

main

principles

and

assumptions drawing on earlier work by Pavlov behaviourists such as Watson,Thorndlike and Skinner proceeded to develop theories of learning (such as classical and operant conditioning) that they attempted to use to explain virtually all behaviour.

心理学的行为主义研究方法

起源和历史

行为主义的研究方法受到经验主义哲学和物理科学的影响。前者主张知识来自于感官接受的环境信息，认为人类在出生时像一块白板或空白黑板，后者强调研究方法的客观性和科学性。

华生在1913年发表的论文《一个行为主义研究者眼中的心理学》标志着行为主义运动的开始。文中阐述了他的主要原理和假设，其中有些借鉴了巴甫洛夫早先的成果。行为主义者像华生、桑代克和斯金纳继续发展学习理论（像经典和操作性条件反射），他们试图用其来解释几乎所有的行为。

? The behaviourist approach dominated experimental psychology until the late 1950s,when its assumptions and methods became increasingly criticised by ethologists and cognitive psychologists.The behaviourist theories have been modified to provide more realistic explanations of how learning can occur，for example by psychologists such as Bandura with his social learning theory. Assumptions

The behaviourists believed:

? The majority of all behaviour is

learned from the environment after birth (behaviourism takes the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate),and so

A psychology should investigate the laws and products of learning. B behaviour is determined by the environment, since we are merely the total of all our past learning experiences, freewill is an illusion .

? Only observable behaviour not

minds

should

be

studied

if

psychology is to be an objective science,since we cannot see into

直到20世纪50年代后期，行为主义的研究方法在实验心理学中一直占有优势地位。在此期间，他们的假设和研究方法受到习性学家和认知心理学家越来越多的批评。行为主义理论现在已经被修正，以便对学习是如何发生的做出更客观的解释。例如：由心理学家班杜拉提出的社会学习理论。

理论假设 行为主义者认为：

大多数的行为是从出生后所处的环境习得的(在关于先天与后天影响的争论中，行为主义倾向于支持后天影响)，所以

A心理学应该研究学习的规律和结果。

B由于我们是已习得的过去经验的产物，所以行为是由环境所决定的，精神的自由只是一种错觉。

如果心理学要想成为一门客观的科学，那么它的研究对象就必须是可观察的行为，而不是意识。因为我们不能直接解读他人的想法，如果我们问

other people's minds, and if we ask them about their thoughts they may lie,not know,or just be mistaken. Methods of investigation

The behaviourists adopted a very nomothetic approach,using strict laboratory

experimentation

,usually

conducted on animals such as rats or pigeons. Animals were tested because the behaviourists believed：

?The laws of learning were universal. ?There was only a quantitative difference between animals and humans. ?Animals are practically and ethically more convenient to test. Areas of explanation The

behaviourists'

discoveries concerning the laws of learning were vigorously applied to explain many aspects of behaviour,such as: Language acquisition ,e.g.Skinner's theory.

Moral development, e.g.conditioned emotional responses of guilt and conscience.

Attraction,e.g.Byrne & Clore's reinforcement affect model. Abnormality,e.g.the

classical

conditioning of phobias and their treatment .

他们的想法是什么，被试也许会说谎，或者说不清，甚至自己做出错误判断。

调查研究方法

行为主义采用了一种非常规律的研究方法，采用严格的实验室研究方法，通常对小老鼠和鸽子进行处理。

用动物做实验是因为行为主义者认为:

?学习规律是普遍适用的。 ?学习规律在人与动物上只有数量上的差别。

?用动物进行试验更具有可操作性，同时在伦理上也更行得通。 阐释内容

行为主义者的关于学习规律的发现对于行为产生的许多方面做出了有力的解释,例如：

? 言语获得，如斯金纳的理论。

? 道德发展，负罪感和良心的条件性

的情绪反应。

? 吸引力,如Byrne 和Clore的强化

影响模型 。

? 变态，如经典的恐惧条件反射及其

治疗。

+aggression,prejudice,gender role identity,etc. +攻击行为、偏见、基因角色定位等 具体应用

? 行为主义学习理论的方法在教育领域有许多实际的应用（如

Practical applications

? The behaviourist learning

theory approach practical

has

produced

many for

程序教学）并且在受行为困难困扰的患者的治疗方面也有所应用（如applications education(such as

programmed

learning)and the treatment of those suffering behavioural disturbances(such

as

systematic

desensitisation for phobias,behaviour shaping

for

autism,and

token

economies for institutionalised

patients).

? Operant conditioning principles

have been used in training animals to

perform

tasks,from

circus

animals to guide dogs.

? Watson applied behaviourist theory

to

both

child

rearing

and

advertising,while Skinner offered many suggestions regarding the large

scale

manipulation

of

behaviour in society in his books such as Beyond Freedom and Dignity and Walden Two. Strengths

Behaviourism cntributed to psychology in many ways:

关于恐惧症的系统脱敏疗法；自闭症的行为塑造疗法；对制度化患者的代币制疗法）。

? 操作性条件反射的原理已被用来训练动物来执行任务,从马戏团的动物到导盲犬的训练都采用这种方法。

? 华生行为主义理论既适用于儿童抚养，又适用于广告,而斯金纳在他的著作中提供了关于行为在社会的大规模操纵的建议，如《超越自由》、《尊严》和《沃登第二》。 优点

行为主义对心理学的贡献体现在很多方面：

? Behaviourism was very scientific

and its experimental methodology left a lasting impression on the subject. ? It

provided

? 行为主义是非常客观、严谨的，其

实验方法留下了关于这个学派的持久印象。

strong ? 在关于先天与后天影响的争论中，

counter-arguments to the nature side of the nature-nurture debate. ? The approach is very parsimonious

explaining a great variety of phenomena using only a few simple (classical) and operant principles. ? Behaviourism has produced many

practical applications,some of which have been very effective. Weaknesses

Behaviourist views have been criticised by other approaches for a number of reasons： ? Ethologists

argued

that

the

behaviourists ignored innate,built-in biases

in

learning

due

to

evolution,but also disagreed with the behaviourists' use of animals and

laboratory

experimentation ,saying that there is a biologically qualitative difference between humans and other animals and

that

experiments

only

demonstrate artificial,not natural

它向持先天影响观点一方提供了强有力的相反的论证。

? 它的研究方法是很简洁的，对种类

繁多的现象却只用很少的简单的（经典的）和操作性的原则加以解释。

? 行为主义具有许多实际应用价值，

有些被证明非常有效。 缺点

由于一系列的原因，行为主义的观点受到其他理论方法的批判： ? 习性学家认为行为学家忽略了先

天的作用,进化产生了内置的学习的倾向，但也不赞成行为学家对于动物和实验室实验的模式的使用,声称人和其它动物之间有着生物学上的本质区别，并且实验只能表明人为状态下的结果，不能对自然状态下的学习做出说明。

learning.

? Cognitive psychologists think that

? 认知心理学家认为行为心理学家

behaviourism ignores important mental

processes

involved

in

learning;while the

humanistic

approach disliked their rejection of conscious mental experience.

忽略了学习过程中的重要的心理过程，然而人本主义却不赞成行为主义对于意识经验的排斥。

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