注会-会计英语讲义

会计英语基础讲义

会计英语讲解

Accounting

一、主要专业术语和基本概念

1. Financial reporting（财务报告）includes not only financial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprise’s accounting system----that is, information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations, earnings, etc.

2. Objectives of financial reporting：财务报告的目标

Financial reporting should：

(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.

(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows.

(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.

3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设

(1) Economic entity assumption 会计主体假设

This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.

(2) Going concern assumption 持续经营假设

This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.

This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.

This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.

(3) Time period assumption 会计分期假设

This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.

The most typical time segment = Calendar Year

Next most typical time segment = Fiscal Year

(4) Monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设

This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.

In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.

This assumption provides support for the "Historical Cost" principle.

4. Accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计

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5. Qualitative characteristics 会计信息质量特征

(1) Reliability 可靠性

For accounting information to be reliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy. Accounting information is reliable to the extent that it is：

Verifiable：means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion.

Representationally faithful：that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the

company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activities of the company.

Neutral：means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias.

(2) Relevance 相关性

Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value).

(3) Understandability 可理解性

Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a

reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning.

(4) Comparability 可比性

Comparability： suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices.

Consistency： suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount.

(5) Substance over form 实质重于形式

Substance over form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.

It requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition,

measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or transaction.

(6) Materiality 重要性

Information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entity’s financial report. Materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular

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circumstances of its omission or misstatement. Deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise.

(7) Conservatism 谨慎性

Conservatism dictates that when in doubt, choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilities and expenses.

(8) Timeliness 及时性

Timeliness means having information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. If information becomes available only after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence that decision and thus lacks relevance.

6. Basic accounting elements 基本会计要素

(1) Asset 资产

An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the

enterprise.

(2) Liability 负债

A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise.

A present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current

circumstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities.

(3) owners’ equity 所有者权益

Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities.

Owners’ equity of a company is also known as shareholders’ equity.

(4) Revenue 收入

Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners.

(5) Expense 费用

Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners.

(6) Profit 利润

Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc.

7. Five measurement attributes 会计计量属性

(1) Historical cost 历史成本

Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the

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present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business.

(2) Current replacement cost 现时重置成本

Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation.

(3) Net realizable value 可实现净值

Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments.

(4) Present value 现值

Assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal.

Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected

settlement period.

(5) Fair value 公允价值

Assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

8. Financial statements 财务报表

(1) Balance sheet 资产负债表

A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date.

(2) Income statement 损益表

An income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.

(3) Statement of cash flows 现金流量表

A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and

outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period.

(4) Statement of changes in owners’equity 所有者权益变动表

A statement of changes in owners’ equity reports the changes in owners’ equity for a specific period of time.

(5) Notes to financial statements 财务报表附注

Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc.

9. Accounting entry 会计分录

Debit： Cash

Credit： Common Stock

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10. Basic accounting equation 基本会计等式

Assets = Liabilities + owners’ equity

11. List of present and potential users of financial information 财务信息的使用者

investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies.

第二章 货币资金 cash

库存现金、银行存款

Cash in hand/cash in bank

银行汇票、银行本票、商业汇票、商业承兑汇票、银行承兑汇票

Bank draft/bank promissory note/commercial draft/commercial acceptance

draft/bank acceptance draft

支票、信用卡、汇兑、委托收款、托收承付、信用证

Check/credit card/remittance/ Consignment Collection/collection with

acceptance/lines of credit

现金溢余和短缺：cash over and short

第三章 金融资产 financial assets

1．金融资产：financial assets

2．金融资产初始确认时的分类：The way in which an instrument is measured

subsequently depends on its classification. There are four categories： 以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产：可进一步分为交易性金融资产（financial assets held for trading）和指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产

（designated financial assets at fair value through profit or loss）

Financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

持有至到期投资

Held to maturity investments： have fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity. The company must have the positive intention and ability to hold them to maturity. Equity instruments cannot be held to maturity investments. 贷款和应收款项

Loans and receivables： have fixed or determinable payments and are not quoted in an active market.

可供出售的金融资产

Available-for-sale financial assets： are all items that do not fall into the other categories.

3．金融资产的初始计量：the initial measurement of financial assets

All financial assets and liabilities should be measured at fair value when they are first recognized. This is normally their cost (the fair value of the consideration given or received). Fair value includes transaction costs unless the instrument is classified as ‘at fair value through profit or loss’, in which case transaction costs are recognized in the income statement.

4．金融资产的后续计量：subsequent measurement of financial assets

After first recognition, most financial assets are measured at fair value. Exceptions

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are held to maturity investments and loans and receivables, which are

measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method.

5. The way in which gains and losses on remeasurement are treated also depends upon the classification of the instruments. Gains and losses relating to instruments at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in the income statement, even if they are unrealized. Gains and losses relating to changes in the fair value of

available for sale financial assets are recognized in equity and recycled to the income statement when the asset is sold. Changes in amortized cost are recognized in the income statement.

6．金融资产的减值：the impairment of financial assets

At each balance sheet date, an entity should assess whether there is any objective evidence that a financial asset or group of assets is impaired. Indications of impairment include： (1) significant financial difficulty of the issuer; (2) the probability that the borrower will enter bankruptcy; (3) a default in interest or principal payments; or (4) (for available for sale financial assets) a significant and prolonged decline in fair value below cost.

The recognition of the impairment of financial assets：

(1) For financial assets carried at amortized cost (held to maturity investments and loans and receivables) the impairment loss is the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and its recoverable amount. The asset’s recoverable amount is the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial instrument’s original effective interest rate.

(2) For financial assets carried at cost because their fair value cannot be reliably measured, the impairment loss is the difference between the asset’s carrying

amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial instrument.

(3) For available for sale financial assets, the impairment loss is the difference between the acquisition cost (net of any principal repayment and amortization) and current fair value (for equity instruments) or recoverable amount (for debt instruments).

(4) Assets at fair value through profit or loss are not subject to impairment testing

, because changes in fair value are automatically recognized immediately in profit or loss.

Example：Ellesmere Co entered into the following transactions during the year ended

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31 December 20X3：

(1) Entered into a speculative interest rate option costing $10,000 on January 20X3 to borrow $6,000,000 from AB Bank commencing 31 March 20X5 for 6 months at 4%. The value of the option at 31 December 20X3 was $15,250.

(2) Purchased 6% debentures in FG Co on 1 January 20X3 (their issue date) for

$150,000 as an investment. Ellesmere Co intends to hold the debentures until their redemption at a premium in 5 year’s time. The effective rate of interest of the bond is 8.0%.

(3) Purchased 50,000 shares in ST Co on 1 July 20X3 for $3.50 each as an investment. The share price on 31 December 20X3 was $3.75.

Required

Show the accounting treatment and relevant extracts from the financial statements for the year ended 31 December 20X3. Ellesmere Co only designates financial assets

as at fair value through profit or loss where this is unavoidable.

Notes：

1. Interest rate option： this is a derivative（衍生金融工具） and so it must be treated as at fair value through profit or loss.

Initial measurement (at cost)

Dr. Financial asset 10,000

Cr. Cash 10,000

At 31.12.20X3 (re-measured to fair value)

Dr. Financial asset 15,250

Cr. Cash 15,250

2. Debentures： on the basis of the information provided, this can be treated as a held-to-maturity investment.

Initial measurement (at cost)

Dr. Financial asset 150,000

Cr. Cash 150,000

At 31.12.20X3 (amortized cost)

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Dr. Financial asset (150,000×8%) 12,000

Cr. Finance income 12,000

Dr. Cash (150,000×6%) 9,000

Cr. Financial asset 9,000

3. Shares： these are treated as an available for sale financial asset .

Initial measurement (at cost)

Dr. Financial asset (50,000×3.50) 175,000

Cr. Cash 175,000

At 31.12.20X3 (re-measured to fair value)

Dr. Financial asset (50,000×3.75-175,000) 12,500

Cr. Equity 12,500

第四章 存货 Inventories

1．存货的确认 the recognition of inventories

2．存货的初始计量 the initial measurement of inventories

Inventories should be measured at cost when they are first recognized. Cost is the cost of bringing items of inventory to their present location and condition (cost of purchase and costs of conversion).

Cost of purchase comprises purchase price including import duties, transport and handling costs and any other directly attributable costs, less trade discounts, rebates and subsidies.

Cost of conversion comprises (1) costs which are specifically attributable to units of production, e.g. direct labor, direct expenses and subcontracted work; (2) production overheads; (3) other overheads, if any, attributable in the particular circumstances of the business to bringing the product or service to its present location and condition.

3．发出存货的计量

Four methods： (1) first-in, first-out; (2) moving weighted average cost; (3) weighted average cost; (4) actual unit cost (specific identification)

The same method of arriving at cost should be used for all inventories having similar nature and use to the enterprise.

4．期末存货的计量 the year-end measurement of inventories

Ending inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the actual or estimating selling price less all costs to

complete and all costs necessary to make the sale (i.e. all costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution).

第五章 长期股权投资 long-term equity investment

1．长期股权投资的初始计量 initial measurement

Long-term equity investments should be measured at initial investment cost when they are first recognized. The determination of the initial investment cost depends on two different circumstances which are business combinations and non business combinations.

Long-term equity investment comprises (1) investment in subsidiaries; (2)

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investments in associates; (3) investments in joint ventures; and (4) ordinary equity investments

2．长期股权投资的后续计量 subsequent measurement

Cost method（成本法） Equity method （权益法）

第七章 无形资产 Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are business assets that have no physical form. There are two types of intangible assets：those that are purchased and those that are internally generated. R&D costs fall into the category of internally-generated intangible assets, and are therefore subject to specific recognition criteria.

Recognition

An intangible asset is to be recognized if, and only if, the following criteria are met： ●it is probable that future economic benefits from the asset will flow to the entity ●the cost of the asset can be reliably measured.

Research phase

It is impossible to demonstrate whether or not a product or service at the research stage will generate any probable future economic benefit. As a result, all

expenditure incurred at the research stage should be written off to the income statement as an expense when incurred, and will never be capitalised as an intangible asset.

Development phase

An intangible asset arising from development must be capitalised if an entity can demonstrate all of the following criteria：

●the technical feasibility（技术可行性） of completing the intangible asset (so that it will be available for use or sale)

●intention to complete and use or sell the asset

●ability to use or sell the asset

●existence of a market or, if to be used internally, the usefulness of the asset

●availability of adequate technical, financial, and other resources to complete the asset

●the cost of the asset can be measured reliably.

Treatment of capitalized development costs

Once development costs have been capitalized（资本化）, the asset should be

amortised（摊销） in accordance with the accruals concept（应计制） over its finite life（有限寿命）. Amortisation must only begin when commercial production has commenced (hence matching the income and expenditure to the period（使当期收入与支出配比） in which it relates). Each development project must be reviewed at the end of each accounting period to ensure that the recognition criteria are still met. If the criteria are no longer met, then the previously capitalised costs must be written off to the income statement immediately.

Example：Forkbender Co develops and manufactures exotic cutlery and has the following projects in hand.

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Project 1 was originally expected to be highly profitable but this is now in doubt, since the scientist in charge of the project is now behind schedule, with the result that competitors are gaining ground.

Project 2： commercial production started during the year. Sales were 20,000 units in 20X8 and future sales are expected to be： 20X9 30,000 units; 20Y0 60,000 units; 20Y1 40,000 units; 20Y2 30,000 units. There are no sales expected after 20Y2.

Project 3： these costs relate to a new project, which meets the criteria for deferral of expenditure and which is expected to last for three years.

Project 4 is another new project, involving the development of a ‘loss leader’, expected to raise the level of future sales.

The company’s policy is to defer development costs, where permitted. Expenditure carried forward is written off evenly over the expected sales life of projects, starting in the first year of sale.

Required

Show how the above projects should be treated in the accounting statements of Forkbender Co for the year ended 31 December 20X8.

Answer

Project 1 expenditure, including that relating to previous years, should all be written off in 20X8, as there is now considerable doubt as to the profitability of the project. Since commercial production has started under project 2 the expenditure previously deferred should now be amortized.

Project 3： the development costs may be deferred.

Since project 4 is not expected to be profitable its development costs should not be deferred.

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Notes：

第九章 资产减值 Impairment of Assets

The purpose of an impairment review（减值测试）is to ensure that tangible and intangible non-current/fixed assets （有形和无形非流动资产）are not carried in the accounts at a figure in excess of their recoverable amount（可收回金额）. Goodwill（商誉） and indefinite-lived intangible assets have to be annually reviewed for

impairment. Other non-current/fixed assets have to be reviewed for impairment only when there is an indicator that carrying amounts may not be recoverable, ie carrying value > recoverable amount, where recoverable amount is the higher of value in use (VIU) （使用价值）and net selling price (NSP)（销售净值）.

Circumstances that trigger the need for a review may arise from external or internal sources. 对资产减值迹象的判断可根据企业内部信息和外部信息。

Internal sources include：

●physical damage to, or obsolescence of, a non-current/fixed asset

●a significant reorganisation of business operations

●the loss of key employees

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●internal reports that indicate that the economic performance of an asset is, or will be, worse than expected.

1. Cash flows for acquiring the asset, or subsequent cash needs for operating or maintaining it, are significantly higher than originally budgeted.

2. Operating profit or loss, or actual net cash flows, are significantly worse than those budgeted.

3. A significant decline in budgeted net cash flows or operating profit, or a significant increase in budgeted loss.

4. Operating losses or net cash outflows for the asset, if current period amounts are aggregated with budgeted amounts for the future.

External sources include：

●a significant fall in the asset’s market value

●an adverse change in the company’s competitive or regulatory environment ●a significant increase in market interest rates

●a key employer in the locality where a company carries on business closes down ●the balance sheet value of an entity exceeds market capitalisation.

Example：Impairment Review

At 31 December 20X5, the directors of Ramsey plc carry out a review for impairment of the net assets of a company, Drummond plc, acquired at the beginning of 20X5. Drummond plc comprises a single cash generating unit within the activities undertaken by Ramsey plc.

The net assets of Drummond plc immediately before the impairment review (which took place on 31 December 20X5) consisted of the following：

The following information is relevant to the impairment review：

●Ramsey plc’s accountants have budgeted the future cash flows expected to arise from the continuation of the activities of Drummond plc. These are： 20X6 – $106m, 20X7 – $124m, 20X8 – $70m, and 20X9 – $45m.

●Drummond plc could be sold on 31 December 20X5 for $154m.

Further investigations revealed the following：

●The production licence has no ascertainable market value, but is expected to

generate future economic benefits for the entity at least equivalent to its present carrying value.

●The specialist plant had been damaged and cannot be used in the business. It can be sold for scrap for $20m.

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●None of the ‘other tangible non-current assets’ has a net realisable value（可实现净值） (net selling price) that is greater than their carrying value.

●The net current assets are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Required

(1) Compute the amount of the impairment of the Drummond plc cash generating unit arising from the impairment review.

(2) Allocate the impairment loss between the components of the net assets of Drummond plc.

(3) Show the values of each of the components of the net assets of Drummond plc for inclusion in Ramsey plc’s financial statements, immediately after the necessary adjustments have been made, to reflect the results of the impairment review. Notes

(1) The discount rate appropriate to the activities of Drummond plc is 11%.

(2) Assume you are making your calculations on 31 December 20X5.

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第十二章 收入、费用和利润 Revenues, Expenses, and Profits

EXAMPLE 1

On 1 October in the current year, a private tuition provider enrols a student on a six-month course. Lectures are held regularly every week over the whole six-month period. The tuition fees are $6,000 and once paid are non-refundable. All books and materials have to be purchased separately. The student pays a first instalment of $3,000 prior to the commencement of the course, and the balance of $3,000 in six, $500 monthly instalments. The tuition provider has a financial year-end of 31

December, and proposes to recognise revenue in the financial accounts on a cash receipt basis. At the year end, the three, monthly instalments due have been received. Required

Advise the tuition provider on the correct accounting treatment for this transaction. Answer：

The proposal is to recognise revenue of $4,500, this being the cash received. This is wrong. The measurement of profit, and hence the recognition of revenue, has to take some account of the matching process（配比过程）. At the year end, exactly one half of the course has been delivered. Accordingly, one half of the revenue can be recognised, ie sales should be $3,000.

Dr. Cash 4,500

Cr. Revenue/Sales 3,000

Cr. Deferred income 1,500

EXAMPLE 2

On 1 November 20X0, a car retailer agreed to sell a motor vehicle for $20,000. At that time, the customer negotiated a three?year free service agreement as part of the

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transaction. This service agreement is normally sold for $1,000. Also, on 1 November 20X0, the customer paid a non-refundable deposit of $2,000. A further $10,000 is payable three months later on 1 February 20X1. The customer has taken advantage of an interest-free offer and will pay the balance of the $8,000 on1 February 20X3. Delivery of the car to the customer will take place on 1 February 20X1. The car

retailer has a financial year end of 31 December and proposes to recognise the sale of the car at $20,000 in the financial accounts for the current year.

Required

Advise the car retailer on the correct accounting treatment for this transaction. Answer：

1 November 20X0

Dr. Cash 2,000

Cr. Deferred income 2,000

EXAMPLE 3

On 1 December in the current year, an Internet travel agent accepts a payment by credit card of $1,000 in respect of a hotel booking for the following February. The travel agent confirms the booking and issues the customer with an appropriate

receipt. In due course, the Internet travel agent will pay $900 to the hotel. Having received $1,000 from the customer (Dr Cash $1,000), the Internet travel agent

proposes to immediately recognise $1,000 as revenue in the current year (Cr Sales $1,000). It will then record the liability to pay the hotel (Cr Liability $900), and complete the double entry by posting this as an expense (Dr Expense $900). The Internet travel agent has a financial year end of 31 December.

Required

Advise the Internet travel agent on the correct accounting treatment for this transaction.

Answer：

It appears that the Internet travel agent has indeed acted as only an agent and not as a principal. All it has done is to provide an introduction. It has not actually been responsible for the provision of a bed for the night.

The revenue that it should recognize, therefore, should be confined to the

commission that it is due. This is only $100. This revenue is earned on 1 December

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and can be recognized immediately in the current accounting period. The balance of the monies that it has received is to be recognized as a liability.

Dr. Cash 1,000 Being the banking of the cash received

Cr. Revenue/Sales 100 Being the commission earned as an agent

Cr. Hotel creditor 900 Being the liability to pay money over to the hotel

第十八章 借款费用borrowing costs

Example 1：

On 1 January 20X6 Rechno Co borrowed $15m to finance the production of two assets, both of which were expected to take a year to build. Production started during 20X8. The loan facility was drawn down on 1 January 20X8, and was utilized as follows, with

the remaining funds invested temporarily.

The loan rate was 10% and Rechno Co can invest surplus funds at 8%.

Required

Ignoring compound interest, calculate the borrowing costs which may be capitalized for each of the assets and consequently the cost of each asset as at 31 December

20X8.

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Example 2：

Zenzi Co had the following loans in place at the beginning and end of 20X8.

The 8.9% debenture was issued to fund the construction of a qualifying asset (a piece of mining equipment), construction of which began on 1 July 20X8.

On 1 January 20X8, Zenzi Co began construction of a qualifying asset, a piece of machinery for a hydroelectric plant, using existing borrowings. Expenditures drawn down for the construction was： $30m on 1 January 20X8, $20m on 1 October 20X8. Required

Calculate the borrowing costs to be capitalized for the hydroelectric plant machine. Answer：

Capitalized rate = weighted average rate = (10%×120/200)+(9.5%×80/200)=9.8% Borrowing costs = (30m×9.8%)+(20m×9.8%×3/12)=3.43m

第十九章 股份支付 Share-based Payment

以权益结算的股份支付：Equity-settled share-based payment

以现金结算的股份支付：Cash-settled share-based payment

股票期权：Share options

限制性股票：Restricted shares

股票增值权：Share appreciation rights

Example 1：Equity-settled share-based payment transaction

On January 20X1 an entity grants 100 share options to each of its 400 employees. Each grant is conditional upon the employee working for the entity until 31 December 20X3. The fair value of each share option is $20.

During 20X1 20 employees leave and the entity estimates that 20% of the employees will leave during the three year period.

During 20X2 a further 25 employees leave and the entity now estimates that 25% of its employees will leave during the three year period.

During 20X3 a further 10 employees leave.

Required

Calculate the remuneration expense that will be recognized in respect of the

share-based payment transaction for each of the three years ended 31 December 20X3.

Solution

The amount recognized as an expense for each of the three years is calculated as

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follows：

Example 2：On 1 January 20X1 an entity grants 100 cash share appreciation rights (SARS) to each of its 500 employees, on condition that the employees continue to work for the entity until 31 December 20X3.

During 20X1 35 employees leave. The entity estimates that a further 60 will leave during 20X2 and 20X3.

During 20X2 40 employees leave and the entity estimates that a further 25 will leave during 20X3.

During 20X3 22 employees leave.

At 31 December 20X3 150 employees exercise their SARs. Another 140 employees exercise their SARs at 31 December 20X4 and the remaining 113 employees exercise their SARs at the end of 20X5.

The fair values of the SARs for each year in which a liability exists are shown below,

together with the intrinsic values at the dates of exercise.

Required

Calculate the amount to be recognized in the income statement for each of the five years ended 31 December 20X5 and the liability to be recognized in the balance sheet at 31 December for each of the five years.

For the three years to the vesting date of 31 December 20X3 the expense is based on the entity’s estimate of the number of SARs that will actually vest (as for an

equity-settled transaction). However, the fair value of the liability is re-measured at each year-end.

The intrinsic value of the SARs at the date of exercise is the amount of cash actually paid.

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Accounting entries （请对照2008注会辅导教材P406）

31 December 20X1：

Dr. General administrative expenses 194 400

Cr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 194 400

31 December 20X2：

Dr. General administrative expenses 218 933

Cr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 218 933

31 December 20X3：

Dr. General administrative expenses 272 127

Cr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 272 127

Dr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 225 000

Cr. Cash in bank 225 000

31 December 20X4：

Dr. losses from changes in fair value 61 360

Cr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 61 360

Dr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 280 000

Cr. Cash in bank 280 000

31 December 20X5：

Dr. losses from changes in fair value 40 680

Cr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 40 680

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Dr. Accrued wages----share-based payment 282 500

Cr. Cash in bank 282 500

第二十章 所得税 Income taxes

Deferred tax liabilities（递延所得税负债） are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences.

Deferred tax assets（递延所得税资产） are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of： (1) deductible temporary differences; (2) the carryforward of unused tax losses; (3) the carryforward of unused tax credits

Temporary differences（暂时性差异） are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the balance sheet and its tax base. Temporary differences may be either：

(1) Taxable temporary differences（应纳税暂时性差异）; (2) Deductible temporary differences（可抵扣暂时性差异）.

The tax base（计税基础）of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes.

Question：

State the tax base of each of the following assets：

(a) A machine cost 10,000. For tax purposes, depreciation of 3,000 has already been deducted in the current and prior periods and the remaining cost will be deductible in future periods, either as depreciation or through a deduction on disposal. Revenue generated by using the machine is taxable, any gain on disposal of the machine will be taxable and any loss on disposal will be deductible for tax purposes. (7,000)

(b) Interest receivable has a carrying amount of 1,000. The related interest revenue will be taxed on a cash basis. (nil)

(c) Trade receivables have a carrying amount of 10,000. The related revenue has already been included in taxable profit. (10,000)

(d) A loan receivable has a carrying amount of 1m. The repayment of the loan will have no tax consequences. (1m)

(e) Dividends receivable from a subsidiary have a carrying amount of 5,000. The dividends are not taxable. (5,000)

State the tax base of each of the following liabilities：

(a) Current liabilities include accrued expenses with a carrying amount of 1,000. The related expense will be deducted for tax purposes on a cash basis. (nil)

(b) Current liabilities include interest revenue received in advance, with a carrying amount of 10,000. The related interest revenue was taxed on a cash basis. (nil) (c) Current assets include prepaid expenses with a carrying amount of 2,000. The related expense has already been deducted for tax purposes. (2,000)

(d) Current liabilities included fines and penalties with a carrying amount of 100.

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Fines and penalties are not deductible for tax purposes. (100)

(e) A loan payable has a carrying amount of 1m. The repayment of the loan will have no tax consequences. (1m)

第二十一章 外币折算 Foreign currency transactions

2007年会计英语附加题

英文附加题（本题型共1题，共10分。答案中的金额单位以千元表示，有小数的，保留两位小数，两位小数后四合五入。用英文在答题卷上解答，答在试题卷上无效）。

1．Company A is a limited 1iability company located in China, with Renminbi

（RMB&yen；）as its recording currency．The following foreign currency transactions or events occurred in this company from January 20×7 through March 20×7． A公司系在中国注册的一家有限责任公司，以人民币作为记账本位币。以下业务是该公司20×7年1月～3月发生的相关业务事项：

（1）On Jan 5th,company A bought 1 00 thousands B shares of Company X（US$3 per share）for US$300 thousands．The spot exchange rate on that day was$1=&yen；

7．60．In addition，company A paid transaction cost of￥20 thousands． Company A classified the investment as held for trading．Until March 3 1，20× 7，company A was still holding the investment．The fair value of the share is $4．5 per share on March 3 1，20×7．

1月5日，A公司以30万美元购入X公司10万股B股票，每股价格3美元，共支付30万美元。当日汇率为$1=￥7．60。A公司另外支付交易费用2万元人民币。A公司将该项投资划分为交易性投资。20×7年3月31日，A公司仍持有该股票，市场公允价值为每股4.5美元。

（2）On March 20th, company A purchased equipment Y from an overseas company for US$200 thousands．The spot exchange rate on the purchase date was $1=

￥7.30.Based on the purchase agreement，the purchase price was to be settled in 3 months，although delivery was made immediately．Assume no tariff is levied on the purchase.

3月20日，A公司从海外一家公司以20万美元购入一台设备，当日汇率为$1=￥7.30。根据买卖合同约定，虽然设备立即运送至A公司，但款项在3个月内支付。假定没有关税。

（3）On Feb 10th，Company A exposed products to a US company with selling price of US$ 150 thousands．The delivery was made immediately and receivable was due within 60 days from delivery. The spot exchange rate on Feb 10th Was $1=￥7.36. Assume no valued-added tax（VAT） is levied on the export. The cost of the products was ￥900 thousands.

2月10日，A公司销售给一家美国公司一批货物，价款为15万美元，货物已交付运输将于60天内到达。当日汇率为$1=￥7.36。假定不考虑增值税。该批产品的成本为90万元人民币。

（4）On March 1st，Company A accepted investment of US$1 000 thousands from investor W. The spot exchange rate on that day was $1=￥7.26，and the exchange rate set in the investment contract was $1=￥7.30.Remittance was made to Company A’s bank account on March 1st．After the investment，the total paid-in capital of Company A is ￥70000 thousands，among which investor W accounts for 10％． 3月1日，A公司接受W投资者投入资本100万美元，当日汇率为$1=￥7.26，合同约定汇率为$1=￥7.30。款项当日已汇入A公司账户。接受投资后，A公司总资本为7000万人民币，W投资者占有10％的份额。

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