牛津上海版八上Chapter5《Lookitup》word学习辅导材料

上海版牛津英语 8A 第五章 学习辅导材料（11.11）

学 习 新 词 语

Africa n. 非洲 例如：This kind of wild animal lives in Africa only.

这种野生动物只生活在非洲。

同根词：African adj. 非洲的；非洲人的 n. 非洲人

Europe n. 欧洲 例如：Italy is in the south of Europe. 意大利在欧洲南部。 同根词：European adj. 欧洲的；欧洲人的 n. 欧洲人

There are seven continents in the world. They are Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Oceania (Australia)，Europe and Antarctic.

世界上有七大洲,它们是:非洲、亚洲、南美洲、北美洲，大洋洲(澳洲)、欧洲和南极洲。 though conj. 虽然；尽管；即使 例如：

I felt very cold, though I was wearing a thick coat.虽然穿着件厚衣服,可我还是觉得很冷。 Though she was in a hurry, she stopped to talk to me. 尽管她很匆忙,但她还是停了下来和我说话。

词义辨析：though 和although

七年级我们学过although的用法，它可用于引导让步状语从句，though 的用法与although相似，简单说明如下：

(1) although 和though在一般情况下可以互换使用，但though 是相对非正式用语，而although 则比较正式，语气比though重， 常用来强调让步的概念。例如： Though /Although my car is very old, I don’t want to buy a new one. 虽然我的汽车很旧了，但我不想买一辆新的。 He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.

虽然我警告他不要做，但他仍然坚持要做。

(2) 当让步状语从句指某种假设情况时，通常用though而不用although。例如： Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. 就算全世界都反对，我还是要坚持我的立场。

Though everybody deserts you, I will not. 即使所有人都抛弃你，我也不会的。

(3) though 可以独立作副词，常放在句末，意思是all the same（还是；仍然）或however

（可是；然而），而although无此用法。例如：

She didn’t tell me what she had done, but I know it though. 她没有告诉我她所做的事情，但我还是知道的。

It’s hard work, I enjoy it, though . 工作很辛苦，但是我喜欢。

(4) 用although 或though 引导的让步状语从句中，主句都不可再用but。 如果要强调前

后两部分的对比意义，可在主句前加yet 或still。 例如：

Although / Though he has a lot of money, yet / still he is unhappy. 虽然他很有钱，但是他并不快乐。 create v. 创造；创建 例如：

Some people believe God created the world. 有人认为是上帝创造了世界。 They created a new city where there was only desert before. 他们在曾是一片沙漠的地方建起了一座新城市。 同根词：

creation n. 创造 It is a great creation of the science. 这是一个伟大的科学创造。 creator n. 创造者 (the Creator 上帝)

He is the creator of refrigerator. 他是开创制造电冰箱的人。

creative adj. 有创造力的 It is a useful and creative work.

这是个有用的、有创造力的工作。

creativity n. 创造力；艺术创新 The new product is a good creativity.

新作品是一个好的艺术创新。

词义辨析：make; create

make 和create 指“创造”时可换用。但当指“创作；塑造”等意义时，一般用create,而不用make。比较：

[正确] They don’t believe that God create / made man. 他们不相信上帝创造了人。 [正确] He created the characters. 他塑造了这些人物。 [错误] He made the characters.

look up v. (由动词和一个介词或副词构成短语动词，相当于一个动词单词) 意思很多： (1) （在词典、参考书中）查阅 例如：

If there are words you do not understand, look them up in the dictionary.

如果你有认不得的词，可以查词典。

He get hold of a railway timetable and looked up all the trains to Beijing.

他弄到一份列车运行时刻表，查阅了所有去北京车次的时间。

They looked up Xiao Li’s number in the telephone directory.

他们在电话号簿里查了小李的电话号码。 (2) 向上看，仰视(vi.) 例如：

He looked up and nodded to me. 他抬起头来，对我点点头。 Looking up from his book, he said “good morning” to us.

他停止看书，抬起头来向我们说“早晨好”。 (3) 好起来；（价钱）上涨，（东西）涨价(vi.) 例如： Things are looking up. 情况正在好转。

Our chances of success are looking up. 我们取得成功的可能性增大了。 Those goods were then looking up. 那些货物当时正在涨价。 (4) 寻找(vt.) 例如：

We’ve tried to look you up everywhere. 我们到处找你。

He asked me to look up the book and send it to him. 他要我找到这本书给他送去。 (5) 找到并拜访，看望(vt.) 例如：

If you are passing through Shanghai at any time, don’t forget to look me up Here is my

address. 你什么时候路过上海，别忘了来找我，这是我的地址。 (6) 振作起来 例如：

Look up, my old friend, all is not lost. 老朋友，振作起来，还有希望呢。 exist v. 存在；实际上有 例如：

The Roman Empire existed for several centuries. 罗马帝国延续了好几个世纪。

The old lady exists only on coffee and bread.老太太仅靠咖啡面包生活(exist可用live代替) 反义词：extinct v. 灭绝 The dinosaurs have extincted for a long time.恐龙灭绝了好久了。 常用短语：

(1) exist in 存在于……之中 例如：

Such an idea exists only in the minds of poets. 这种想法是诗人才有的。 (2) exist on 靠……生存 例如：

She existed only on milk. 她只靠牛奶维持生命。 even adv. 甚至 例如：

Even Mrs. Smith could not help laughing. 甚至连史密斯太太也忍不住笑了起来。 even 这个副词在句子中用法广泛，位置灵活，注意： (1) 用在比较级前，加强语气，表示程度，意思是“（比……）更；还要”。例如： This dictionary is even more useful than that one. 这本词典比那本更有用。 This time he did it even better. 这次他做得还要好。

(2) 用在它所强调的词、短语或从句前，用来加强语气，意思是“即使；甚至连……都”。

a) 强调名词。例如：

Even a child can understand this book. 甚至连小孩也能看懂这本书。 b) 强调副词。例如：

I have explained everything, but even now she doesn’t understand.

我已经做了全面的解释，但甚至到现在她还不明白。 c) 强调数词。例如：

Then the need turn to a dictionary or a reference book, perhaps ten or even twenty times a page, tires him out.

后来，每页需要查阅词典或参考书10次甚至20次，这使他疲惫不堪。 d) 强调动词。例如：

I even forget what my mother said. 我甚至连母亲的话都忘了。 I can’t even remember the name of that old friend of mine.

我甚至连那位老朋友的名字都想不起来了。 e) 强调介词短语。例如

He was afraid to go out, even for food. 他不敢出门，甚至连食物都不敢去找。 f) 强调从句。例如：

It happened even as we had expected. 事情正如我们所预料的那样发生了。 nobody pron. 没有人 例如：

Nobody in our class speaks Greek. 我们班没有人会说希腊语。 There was nobody at home. 家里没有人。

nobody, no one 和none 的用法比较：

no one = nobody，这两个词都只能指人，不能指物，它的后面通常不接of短语，作主语时谓语用单数。none 既可指人也可指物，它的后面通常接of短语；用作主语时，如果指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，如果指复数形式的可数名词，则谓语可用单数（较正式），也可用复数（常用于非正式文体）。例如： No one likes it. = Nobody likes it. 没人喜欢它。 None of the food was left. 一点食物都没留下。 None of the books is interesting.(较正式)

= None of the books are interesting.(非正式文体） 这些书没有一本是有趣的。

real adj. 真实的；实际存在的 例如：

That is a real dog, not a toy. 那是一只真狗，不是玩具狗。

This is a computer game, not a real war. 这是电脑游戏，不是真实的战争。 同根词：really adv. 实际上；真正地 例如：

I really enjoyed playing with you. 我真的喜欢和你一起玩。 reality n. 现实；真实 例如： It is the social reality. 这是社会的现实。

词义辨析：real 与true 意思相近，但使用场合有所不同。

real 较多用来指某事物是真实的或货真价实的。例如：

Don’t lose the ring, it’s made of real gold. 别把戒指弄丢了，那是真金做的。 true 较多用来指与事实、现实或事物的真实状态相一致。例如： He’s your father. It’s true. 他是你的父亲，这是真的。 believe v. 相信 例如：

She says she don’t take the money. Do you believe her? 她说她没拿那钱，你信吗？ Long ago, people believed that the earth was flat. 很久以前，人们认为地球是平的。 词义辨析：believe 与believe in

believe 做及物动词时，意思是“相信；信以为真”，后面直接跟宾语。例如 Do you believe his report? 你相信他的报告吗？

I could hardly believe my eyes. 我几乎不能相信自己的眼睛。

believe in 则是“信仰；信任”的意思，后面常接宗教、理论、原则、概念及可信任的人，如a religion（宗教）、ghosts（鬼）、fairies（神仙）、a theory （一种理论）、a friend（一个朋友）等词语。believe in 中的believe 为不及物动词。例如： We do not believe in ghosts. 我们不信鬼神。

He believes in getting plenty of exercise. 他相信多锻炼身体是有益的。 比较下面两句句子：

I believe him. (= I believe what he says.) 我相信他（所说的话）。 I believe in him. (= I trust him.) 我信任他。（相信他是个可以信任的人）

常用口头语：Believe me … 是用来表示希望对方相信自己的常用口头语，可以根据不同场合译成“真的；我不骗你；一定会；请相信”等。它相当于I bet(打赌) 或Take my word for it。例如：

Believe me, you will get well very soon. 相信我，你一定很快就会康复的。

语法及相关练习

（A）demonstration pronouns 指示代词

1. 指示代词分单数（this / that）和复数（these / those）两种形式，既可以作限定词，又可以作代词

1）指示代词的句法功能：

a. 作主语：This is the way to do it. 这是做这事的途径（方法）。 b. 作宾语：I like this better than that. 比起那个我更喜欢这个。 c. 作主语补语：My point is this. 我的要点就在这儿。

d. 作介词宾语：There is no fear of that. 没有那样的可能性。

2）指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人： a. That is my teacher. 那位是我的老师。(that 作主语，指人) b. He is going to marry this girl. 他将与这个女孩结婚。（this作限定词） c. I have bought this. 我买了这样东西。(this 指物，作宾语)

3. that 和他those可以作定语从句的先行词，但this和these 不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人：

a. He liked that which looked beautiful. 他喜欢外表漂亮的东西。（that作先行词，指物） b. He admired those who danced well. 他欣赏跳舞好的人。（those作先行词，指人） 2. 指示代词有单、复数之分。特指名词的单数用this(近)/that（远）；特指名词的复数用these（近）/those（远）。

e.g. Is this your book? Yes, it is. Is that your bike？No, it isn’t.

Are these your pencils? Yes, they are. Are those your parents? No, they aren’t.

（B）countable and uncountable nouns 可数名词和不可数名词

普通名词按其所表现的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式，通常用量词短语来表示它们的量。例如：some slices of (几片），a slices of (一片)；some pieces of (几张、几块)，one piece of (一张、一块）；two pairs of (两双），a pair of (一双）；three cups of (三杯），one cup of (一杯）；four bottles of（四瓶），a bottle of (一瓶)；five boxes of(五盒)，one box of (一盒)；six glasses of （六玻璃杯），a glass of (一玻璃杯)；seven baskets of （七篮子），a basket of (一篮子)……。不可数名词的数量只能体现在量词短语中名词的单数或复数上面。

（C）be made of, be made from, be made in, be made by, be made up of 的区别 be made of 由…所制成（能看出制成这种物品的原材料），例如： The books are made of paper. 书是用纸制成的。

be made from 由…所制成（不能看出制成这种物品的原材料），例如：

All kinds of plastics are made from petroleum. 各种各样的塑料都是由石油制成的。 be made in 某地（国、市、区或某工厂）制造

These bags are made in Shanghai. That purse is made in Italy. 这些书包是中国制造的，那个钱包是意大利造的。 be made by 是由…（某人）制造的。例如：

This violin is made by his cousin. 这只小提琴是他表兄制作的。 be made up of 由… 组成。例如：

This band is made up of twelve girls. 这个乐队由十二个女孩组成。 （D）even 后接形容词或副词的比较级表示“更…”的意思。例如：

My pencil is shorter than yours. His pencil is even shorter than mine. His pencil is the shortest one of our three pencils.

我的铅笔比你的短，他的铅笔比我的更短，他的铅笔是我们三支铅笔中最短的。 Huamu Park is beautiful. But Century Park is even more beautiful. 花木公园很美，但世纪公园更美。

（E）as…as 的句型，用来表示两者程度一样，例如：

This box is as heavy as that one. 这个箱子与那个箱子一样重。 相关练习题：

1. There are three ________ assistants in that ________ shop.

A. woman, shoe B. women, shoe C. woman, shoes D, women, shoes 2. I’d like to buy ________________ for my twin daughters.

A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes 3. ---What would you like to drink? ---________________, please.

A. Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffees C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cup of coffees 4. The chair is made ________ wood.

A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by

5. The medical team is made _________ seventeen doctors and fifteen nurses. A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 6. Glass is made ________ rock.

A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 7.That computer is made ________ Japan.

A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by 8. This piano is made ________ Master Chen.

A. from B. in C of D. up of E. by

9. My ruler is long. But his ruler is ________ ________ than mine.

A. even long B. even longer C. even longest D. even more long 10.This book is interesting. That book is _________________ than this one.

A. even interesting B. even interestinger C. even more interesting D. even most interesting 11.My brother is as ________ as yours.

A. younger B. youngest C. more young D. the most young E. young 12.The train runs as ________ as that one.

A. faster B. fastest C. more fast D. the most fast E. fast 13.I’m hungry, can you give me ________________?

A.some slice of bread B.some slices of breads C.some slices of bread D.some slice of breads 14.---Could I have something to eat? ---Sure, here’s some ________. A. chicken B. tomatoes C. bread D. juice

15.There is good ________ for you. I’ve found your lost watch. A. news B. ideas C. messages D. thoughts

综合能力测评

一.选择最恰当的答案：

1. I want to send these photos ________ fast mail. A. by B. with C. to D. for

2. I’ll take the digital camera. How much does it ________? A. cost B. spend C. take D. pay 3. His wish is ________ a scientist.

A. becomes B. become C. to become D. became

4. We had learned over ________ English words by the end of last month.

A. nine hundreds of B. nine hundred C. nine hundreds D. nine hundred of 5. ________ of the students like the pop songs.

A. Thirds-fifth B. Third-fifths C. Three-fifth D. Three-fifths

6. There are ________ more animals kept in the zoo. Let’s go and have a look sometimes. A. much B. many C. large D. over

7. When she was a child, her father told her the earth ________ round the sun. A. goes B. went C. had gone D. is going 8. They come from ________. They speak ________.

A. Greece, Greek B. Greek, Greece C. Greece, Greece D. Greek, Greek 9. Pour some wine into the ________. Let’s have a ________.

A. wine glass, wine glass B. glass of wine, glass of wine C. glass of wine, wine glass D. wine glass, glass of wine

10.The windows of this room are ________ glass.

A. made in B. made into C. made of D. made from 11.The boy’s never been to Beijing, ________ he? A. has B. hasn’t C. is D. isn’t

12.The headmaster is very pleased with the work of all the ________.

A. women teacher B. woman teachers C. woman teacher D women teachers 13. I’d like to ________ the word in French. A. say B. speak C. tell D. talk

14. A strong wind will arrive in Harbin. It will ________ much rain. A. bring B. take C. carry D. get 15. It’s ________ a beautiful stamp.

A. quite B. too C. very D. so

16. He doesn’t know ________ because he has studied it for only ________ weeks. A. much, a few B. little, few C. few, little D. a few, a little 17. It’s about ________ walk from my home.

A. ten minute B. ten minutes’ C. ten minute’s D. ten minutes 18. ----Is this your sock? ---- Yes, it is. But where is ________? A. the others B. the other one C. others D. other one 19. The radio is too noisy. Would you please ________ a little?

A. turn it off B. turn it down C. stop it from D. pick it up 20. The woman had to do the farm work herself, ________? A. did she B. didn’t she C. had she D. wasn’t she 21. He has ________ for about twelve years.

A. bought the house B. left here C. lived here D. gone there 22. I’d like some water, but he wants ________.

A. two bottle orange B. to bottles of orange

C. two bottle oranges D. two bottles of oranges 23. Mike is learning ________ a computer.

A. how can he use B. how to use C. how he use D. how to using 24. You are just ________ for the game. Please come and join us. A. in time B. on time C. at times D. at the time 25. Let me give you ________.

A. an advice B. a good piece of advice C. some advices D. the advice 26. All the ________ can have three ________ each.

A. hero; photo B. heros; photos C. heroes; photoes D. heroes; photos 27. My family raised plenty of ________, including two ________.

A. cattle; cows B. cattles; cows C. cows; cattle D. cow; cattles 28. Do you know these ________ are ________?

A. Germans; policemans B. Germans; policemen C. Germen; policemen D. German; policemans 二.选择合适的词填空：

1. It seemed all ________ (Greek, Greece) to me when I first came here. 2. Many things in daily use are made out of ________ (plastic, plastics). 3. Is that a ________ (real, true) flower or a fake one?

4. Walt Disney was the ________ (creator, creater) of Snow White and Seven Dwarfs.

5. Wood can be made into paper, houses, furniture and ________ (many others, any others). 6. Everyone was ________ (amusing, amused) by father’s story.

三.选择与下列各句中划线部分内容意思相近的单词或短语，用A,B,C,D 等表示： A. really likes B. accurate C. not often D. made E. the bones that support the body F. not pass 1. If you do not study hard, you’ll fail in the exam. 2. The project is very important to our company, so it must be with no mistakes. 3. Wendy seldom goes to bed until 2:00 a.m. 4. We can see the skeletons of the dinosaurs in the museum. 5. She is keen on pop music and writing poetry. 6. It was Walt Disney who created Mickey Mouse. 四.用括号中所给单词的适当形式完成下列句子： 1. She is a ________ (Europe) girl.

2. John hit her in the face ________ (fierce). 3. No water ________ (existence) on the moon. 4. Smoking is ________ (harm) to one’s health.

5. There are many ________ (amuse) parks in Shanghai. 6. I have a lot of ________ ( homework) to do today. 7. The thief has two _________ (knife) in his pocket. 8. I have some ________ (photo) of my friend Jim. 9. You should clean our ________ (tooth) every day. 10. We have to go to school on ________ (foot) today. 五.按要求改写句子：

1. He’s got some questions to ask. (改为一般疑问句) ________ he got ________ questions to ask?

2. Rita shook the bottle before taking the medicine.(改为否定句) Rita ________ ________ the bottle before taking the medicine.

3. May will give you a call at two o’clock this afternoon.（对划线部分提问) ________ ________ May give me a call? 4. I didn’t hear anybody. (保持原句意思) I ________ ________.

5. There is a lot of water in the jar.（保持原句意思) There ________ ________ water in the jar.

6. I can finish the task if you give me two more days. （保持原句意思) I can finish the task if you give me ________ ________ ________.

7. Peter never played computer games on weekdays.（改为反意疑问句） Peter never played computer games on weekdays, ________?

8. The room was too small to hold so many people.（保持原句意思)

The room was ________ small ________ it ________ hold so many people. 9. The man over there is Jack’s father. （对划线部分提问) ________ ________ is Jack’s father?

10. ---- Have you finished your report yet? ---- No, I’ll finish it in another ten minutes.

（保持原句意思)

---- Have you finished your report yet？---- No, I’ll finish it in ten ________ minutes. 11. Those are English books. （改为单数句） ________ ________ ________ English book. 12. Give him some water. （改为否定句） ________ give him ________ water.

13. She is feeling much better now.（对划线部分提问） ________ ________ ________ feeling now?

14. A computer can do a calculation very fast.（保持原句意思） A computer can do a calculation ________ a ________. 六.阅读理解：

A LOOK IT UP! ---QUICK REFERRENCE INDEX--- ACTORS AND ACTRESSES 1-15 AGRICULTURE 16-34 ANIMALS 35-38 ART, FAMOUS 39-40 BOOKS, BEST SELLERS 41 DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS 42-44 ECONOMICS 45-66 EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 67-104 FLAGS OF THE WORLD (COLOUR) 105-108 HIGHWAYS 109-119 MAPS (COLOUR) 120-132 MADICAL DEVELOPMENTS 133 MEMORABLE DATES 134-166 MINERAL PRODUCTION 167-171 NATIONAL PARKS 172-173 NATIONS OF THE WORLD 174-260 PASSPORTS 261-263 POPULATION 264-267 POSTAL INFORMATION 268-274 SPORTS 275-369 根据短文内容选择最恰当的答案： 1. Where can you find the information on the population of your country？

A. On page 133. B. On pages 264-267 C. On pages 261-263 D. On pages 120-132 2. If you want to know something about a famous American actress, where should you begin your search?

A. ACTORS AND ACTRESSES 1-15 B. EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 67-104 C. ART, FAMOUS 39-40 D. BOOKS, BEST SELLERS 41

3. One who wants to go abroad can find the information about how to get the passport on pages________.

A. 105-108 B. 174-260 C. 268-274 D. 261-263 4. Edition’s achievements can be found in ________.

A. MEMORABLE DATES 134-166 B. MEDICAL DEVELOPMENT 133 C. DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS 42-44 D. EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS 67-104 5. In POSTAL INFORMATIONS, you can find________.

A. telephone number B. postal code C. news D. names

B

Gardening has a long history. It is one of the oldest pastimes（消遣、娱乐） in the world. Roses are known to be on the earth before there are human beings, and now there are 300 kinds of roses grown in gardens. Gardening is so big a subject that you can spend your whole life learning about it.

People have different preferences for gardening. Some may enjoy having their own flower gardens and cutting flowers for their homes. Some may prefer to grow fruit and vegetables for food. Many like keeping plants in the homes. With flowers and plants in a room, the house can be more beautiful.

There are different things to be done in a garden in different seasons. There is a time to sow （播种), to cut off branches and to do many other jobs. Besides, you must also have some knowledge about the soil in your garden, and about fertilizers and weed killers, if you want to get high yields（产量）.

Today, indoor gardening is more and more popular. Hundreds of plants are growing indoors. To keep the indoor plants healthy, you have to follow certain rules. In heated rooms, plants need enough moisture. They have to be carefully watered and leaves should be sprayed. Potted plants are better to be kept on window-sills. The sun and daylight help to keep the leaves green. Fresh air is also needed if the weather is good. 根据短文内容，回答下列问题： 1. Is gardening a latest entertainment?

2. How many kinds of roses are grown in gardens nowadays?

3. Try to use your own words to tell people’s different preferences for gardening. 4. How can get high yields in your garden?

5. Try to use your own words to tell some rules about keeping the indoor plants. 七.完形填空：

A

in the USA, people call a middle school a high school. In the USA, schools begin in September ____1____ a long summer holiday. There are two terms in a school ____2____. The first term is from September to January, and the second is from February to June. Many American children begin to go to ____3____ when they are five years old. Most students are seventeen years old when they finish high school.

High school students take only four ____4____ five subjects each term. They usually have the same classes every day, and have homework for each class. After class they do many interesting things. After high school, many students go to college. They can go to a small or a large one. They usually have to pay a lot of money, so many college students work after class ____5____ the money for their studies. 1. A. after B. before C. when D. how 2. A. term B. terms C. year D. years 3. A. work B. school C. office D. garden 4. A. so B. and C. or D. add

5. A. to do B. to take C. to get D. to work

B

在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺：

Last summer, Mr Jack and his daughter Mary were t________ in the south of China. One day they wanted to go shopping. They didn’t ask any one foe h________ because their Chinese was very p________.

They went a________ the street and got to the station, the bus took them to a nice tall building. A lot of people came in and went o________ there. They thought it must be a supermarket. They were pleased to find the place. They entered the building. To their surprise, it was a great museum.

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