新标准大学英语第三册 Language in use-unit5

Language in use

word formation: pro- and anti-

1 Look at the sentence from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions.

She was pro-abortion, anti-corruption, pro-low carbon emissions and anti-capital punishment, as fine a

progressive liberal as you could find this side of the Atlantic.

1 If she was pro-abortion, was she in favour of or against the possibility of having an abortion? She was in favour of the possibility of having an abortion.

2 If she was anti-capital punishment, was she in favour of or against the death penalty? She was against the death penalty.

3 How are the words formed?

These words are formed using the prefixes pro- and anti-.

4 What information do they give about people’s characters?

They indicate a person’s political ideas.

(a) against racism

An anti-racist: a person who is against racism, ie against the belief that people of their own race are better than those of other races, and against the unfair and violent treatment to people from other

races.

(b) in favour of devolution

A pro-devolutionist: a person who is in favour of devolution of power, finance, decision-making on

education, health etc to regional or local administrative bodies, rather than keeping such power and

control centrally with the government.

(c) against intervention

An anti-interventionist: a person who is against intervention by the central government in business,

education, health etc especially for regional or local matters.

(d) against protecting the environment

An anti-environmentalist: a person who is against environmentalism, ie who is against those who think

we need special action to protect the environment.

(e) in favour of a market economy

A pro-market economist: a person who is in favour of letting market forces have their own process with minimal government intervention or control.

(f) in favour of the government

A pro-governmentalist: a person who is in favour of the government policies and actions. not just to … but to …

2 Rewrite the sentences using not just to … but to …

1 I needed to see him for two reasons. I wanted to tell him about the new contract, and I also wanted to check whether he was still interested in working with us.

I needed to see him not just to tell him about the new contract, but to check whether he was still interested in working with us.

2 People went to Joanne’s for two reasons. They went because they were curious to see who their fellow diners were, but also to be seen themselves.

People went to Joanne’s not just to see who their fellow diners were, but to be seen themselves. 3 Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro for two reasons. Firstly, it was a personal challenge, and

secondly, he wanted to raise money for a children’s charity.

Matthew decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro not just to face this personal challenge, but to raise money for a children’s charity.

4 I agreed to go to Egypt for two reasons. I wanted to see an old friend, and I also needed a break from the

northern winter.

I agreed to go to Egypt not just to see an old friend, but to take a needed break from the northern winter.

5 Florence left home for two reasons. She couldn’t find a job in the area where she lived, and she was

beginning to find family life oppressive.

Florence left home not just to find a job in this area, but to escape from her family life which she found

oppressive.

prep. + which / whom

3 Complete the sentences with an appropriate prep. + which / whom.

1 It’s not always easy to identify the group to which someone belongs.

2 The global community, of which we are all part, is changing very rapidly.

3 The friends with whom I grew up all left home years ago.

4 The standards by which we are judged today seem to have little to do with traditional values. 5 The society in which I grew up was rather different in those days.

6 My parents, to whom I owe so much, came from a very poor background.

unpacking complex sentences

4 Look at the sentences from the passage Dinner at Joanne’s and answer the questions. 1 Did Joanne’s have a reputation for good food?

No, in fact, the food was often maligned.

2 How did Josh know it?

He knew it by reputation, ie he had heard or read good comments about it.

3 What was special for its orchestra?

The orchestra had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet.

4 Who were the sort of guests it had a reputation for?

They were celebrities, eg politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars, Nobel Prize winners etc.

5 Who does anyone who was anyone refer to?

It refers to anyone who is famous or who has star quality.

collocations

5 Read the explanations of the words. Answer the questions.

1 intense When a feeling or action is intense, it is usually very strong or extreme, or it exists in large

amounts.

(a) If the pain is intense, what do you feel like doing?

You feel like screaming or crying with pain.

(b) What sort of work requires intense concentration?

Difficult or hard work on which you need to focus all your attention.

(c) What kind of weather is intense heat?

Very hot and dry weather.

2 delivery This word usually means carrying goods somewhere and giving them to someone who is waiting to receive them.

(a) How many of the online bookstores offer free delivery?

A few offer free delivery.

(b) What do you do if you are asked for cash on delivery?

You pay when what you have ordered is delivered.

(c) If a mother has had an easy delivery, what has she just brought into the world?

A baby; she has just given birth in a comfortable manner.

3 core This word usually means the centre of something, or the most important and necessary part of something.

(a) What do you do with the apple core when you’ve finished eating?

You throw it away because it is not the part to eat, but it has the most important part for the apple tree –the pips or apple seeds.

(b) How many words do you think should be included in a core vocabulary of English?

A limited number of basic and frequent words.

(c) How devoted are a hard core of fans who stay up all night to greet their heroes?

They are very devoted and loyal.

6 Translate the paragraphs into Chinese.

1 Josh shivered as he checked the address on the slip of paper in his hand. He’d never been to Joanne’s, but knew it by reputation, not because of its food, which had often been maligned, or its jazz orchestra, which had a guest slot for a well-known movie director who played trumpet, but because of the stellar quality of its sophisticated guests: politicians, diplomats, movie actors, hall-of-fame athletes, journalists, writers, rock stars and Nobel Prize winners – in short, anyone who was anyone in this city of powerbrokers.

乔希打了个冷战，他打开手里的纸条核对了一下地址。之前他没来过乔安妮餐厅，但对于它的鼎鼎大名却早有耳闻，倒不是因为这里的饭菜有多美味，其实这里的菜品屡遭恶评，也不是因为这里的爵士管弦乐队有一位知名电影导演客串吹小号，而是因为这里汇集了有头有脸的宾客，可以说是星光璀璨，他们中有政客、外交家、电影明星、载入名人堂的体育明星、记者、作家、摇滚明星、诺贝尔奖得主等等——总之，这里的每一位客人都是这座权力之城里的一个人物。

2 The Swedes and the Saudis in this true story have different concepts of the role of personal relationships in business. For the Swedes, business is done with a company; for the Saudis, with a person whom one has learned to know and trust. As long as one does not know another person well enough it is convenient to have present an intermediary or go-between, someone who knows and is trusted by both parties. At the root of the difference between these cultures is a fundamental issue in human societies: the role of the individual versus the role of the group.

在这个真实的故事里，瑞典人和沙特人对人际关系在商业中的作用有着不同的理解。对瑞典

人来说，他们是在和一个公司做生意；但对沙特人来说，他们是在和一个他们了解并且信任的人做生意。只要他们对某个人还不够了解，就会让一位双方都认识并信任的中间人或介绍人在场，这样做会比较方便。这两种文化的差异源于人类社会的一个根本问题：即个人角色与集体角色的问题。

7 Translate the paragraphs into English.

1 这位年轻人是个侦探小说迷，在看了福尔摩斯探案故事之后，他自以为完全掌握了侦探技巧，于是就开始调查一起抢劫案。经过几个星期的周密调查，他倒是追查到了三名疑犯，只可惜案发时这三个人都身在国外。(know sth inside out; track down)

This young man liked reading detective stories. After finished reading Holmes’ stories, he thought he had known the detective’s skills inside out and started to investigate a case of robbery. After a few weeks of close investigation, he tracked down three suspects, who turned out to be abroad when the robbery took place.

2 在本书中我们确实体会到了两种文化之间的差异。不过作者没有详细叙述这些差异，而是仔细讨论了两种文化的相同点，其中说得最多的是为什么这两种文化都如此强调工作的热忱。(dwell on; of which; loyalty)

In this book, we do find some differences between the two cultures. But instead of dwelling on the differences, the author presents lengthy discussions on things they have in common, of which their loyalty to work are most thoroughly touched upon.

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