初高中衔接教材-英语

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初高中衔接教材

英语

古浪三中英语组

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

目录

前言

第一章 高中新教材简介及学习方法 第二章 语音知识及实践演练 第三章 词汇知识及实践演练 第四章 句子成分和基本句型 第五章 简单句的种类 第六章 动词的时态语态

第七章 复合句:宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句 第八章 高考试卷组成及题型介绍 附:英语课堂常用语

第一章 高中新教材简介及学习方法

一、高中英语NSEFC教材设计的特点

1、教材内容有利于提高思想道德素质和人文素养。

NSEFC(人教社出版的高中英语新教材)中包括友谊、当代英雄、文物、环保、节日、文学、艺术、戏剧、考古、宗教等50几个话题,从话题选择、切入、展开到活动设计,全面地考虑到对爱国精神、民族意识等思想情感的积极影响和培养,处处渗透着人文思想。以模块一的第一单元“友谊”为例,它引导学生思考朋友和友谊的真正涵义以及如何与人相处的问题。通过描述第二次世界大战中的犹太女孩安妮在孤独中与日记交朋友的故事,鼓励人们要乐观地面对生活中的痛苦和坎坷。在活动设计上,它采用了调查问卷、乐趣写作等方式,为学生探讨思考友谊、朋友和交友过程中遇到的问题提供了广阔的空间。再如,模块一的第四单元“地震”,不仅描写了地震发生前后的情景,更重要的是描述了地震中人们的心灵感受和人与人之间的互助互爱,感受人性的光辉。

2、力求符合心理发展的需要,激发兴趣。

NSEFC选择了贴近学生生活和青少年感兴趣的话题,如,友谊、运动、节日、计算机、音乐、旅游、动植物、克隆、未来生活等等,例如,模块一第三单元“游记”叙述了大学生王薇、王坤姐弟两人如何实

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

现了自己高中时代的梦想──骑自行车作长途旅行。

3、语言真实、地道、自然,以英国英语为主,同时介绍美国和其他国家的英语。

NSEFC聘请了英、美、加、澳等主要英语国家的专家进行编写工作,保证了语言的真实、地道、自然、鲜活。教材虽然以英式英语为主,但同时介绍了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等主要英语国家的英语及其相关文化和传统,比如:模块一第二单元“世界上的英语”还谈及了印度英语和英语在历史上的发展变化。

4、提倡功能、结构、话题及“任务型”活动途径相结合的教学模式与方法。

本教材采用了功能、结构、话题及“任务型”活动相结合的编写模式,以话题为核心,以结构和功能为主线,组织和安排听说读写的活动,通过“任务型”活动和完成项目(Project)实现教学目标。

5、进行探究式的学习,发挥思维和想象力,以培养创新精神和实践能力。

NSEFC无论是行文的安排还是活动任务的设计都非常注重启发想象思维,努力培养创新精神和实践能力。比如:模块三第四单元“天文学:星星的科学”,通过想象中的月球之旅讲述了重力的变化过程,然后鼓励展开想象,写出月球之行可能会遇到的问题和解决的办法。

7、注意学科整合,拓宽文化知识视野。

学科融合以及学科间的相互支持是今后教学发展的一个重要趋势。NSEFC注重英语学科与其他学科间的横向联系,以丰富的内容负载英语语言,话题广泛,涉及人文科学和自然科学领域的十几个学科的知识,具体包括:天文、地理、物理、化学、医药、航天、环保、信息技术、文学、艺术、美术、音乐、体育、新闻传媒等。

8、内容和语言的安排具有弹性,区分层次,注意学习的潜力和可接受性。

NSEFC在内容和语言的安排上,层次清晰,由易到难,循序渐进。从总体上讲,在保证完成课程标准的分级具体目标的前提下,语言材料适当扩展,比如:学生用书和练习册中带星号部分和词汇表中标有三角符号的单词,都是供选学和选用的部分。可根据实际情况,灵活安排。

9、多种媒体配合,提供丰富的配套资源。

NSEFC除了学生用书、练习册、教师用书,还有配套读物、录音带、听说材料、评价手册、挂图、投影片、多媒体课件以及人教网络平台等,配套资源丰富。

10、增加形成性评价。

NSEFC除了提供诊断性测试的建议,还提供了学生自我评价的建议,有助于学生在学习的过程中不断反思,肯定进步与成绩,找出问题,调整自己的学习目标和学习策略,明确努力方向。

二、NSEFC的主体结构

NSEFC全书共11册,分别对应高中英语课程中的模块1~5的必修课程和模块6~11的系列Ⅰ顺序选修课程。每册书分为3个主要部分:学生用书(Student’s book),练习册(Workbook)和教师用书(Teacher’s book)。下面简要介绍前两本:

1、学生用书(Student’s book)

学生用书每册包含五个单元,为一个模块。每个单元由六个方面的内容构成:热身、阅读、语言学习、语言运用、小结和学习建议。

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

“热身”(Warming Up)通过问卷调查、看图讨论、情景听说、思考问题等多种形式的活动,激活已有的知识和经验,思考该单元的中心话题。调动学习主观能动性,在原有知识结构的基础上学习构建新的知识,逐步形成新的知识体系。

“阅读”由“读前”(Pre-reading)、“阅读”(Reading)和“理解”(Comprehending)三个相互关联的部分组成,其中“阅读”部分包含了每个单元的主要阅读篇章。阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的重要手段,而丰富准确的语言输入(language input)是高质量的语言输出(language output)的重要前提。主要阅读篇章承载着该单元有关话题的重要信息,呈现了大部分的词汇和主要的语法结构。对阅读技能的处理,改变了以前从词汇、句子和结构入手的做法,而是采用从“自上而下”的方式(top-down approach),将阅读篇章作为整体来处理。 “读前”部分所包括的问题与阅读篇章的内容密切相关,通过简短的讨论,对课文内容进行预测,然后在阅读的过程中验证自己的推测。随后的“理解”部分,包含形式多样的练习和活动,有选择题、问答题、填写表格等等。这些练习有的侧重检查对课文中的事实、情节、要点等是否清楚,这属于表层理解;有的则要求学生分析推断出作者的观点、态度、主旨、意图,判断其文体特征等,这属于深层理解。

“语言学习”(Learning about Language)部分包含语言知识和语言技能的基本训练,以探究的方式,引导发现呈现在前面几部分、特别是阅读课文之中主要的新的语言现象(词汇、语法等)。比如:通过新词语的英文释义或文中的例句等找出书中的重点语言项目,即课程标准所要求掌握的语言知识,逐步形成发现和归纳构词规律和语法规则的能力。

“语言运用”(Using Language)部分,为学生创设了运用本单元新的语言知识的大量有意义的真实(authentic)和半真实(semi-authentic)情景,通过围绕中心话题的听说读写的综合性活动和任务,培养综合运用英语语言的能力。这一部分除了少量课程标准中要求掌握的新语言之外,还包含了一些非课程标准词汇,这些词汇一般不要求掌握,但有相当一部分也比较常用的词语和短语被列入了词表,以方便学有余力的学生进行学习。这一部分虽有一些单项微技能训练如Listening或Writing, 但多数是两项或三项技能的综合性活动和任务,如Listening and writing;Reading and speaking;Reading, listening and writing等。这些活动和任务围绕着贴近实际生活的情景和有关单元主题的语言材料展开。

“小结”(Summing Up)部分,改变了以往课本提供各课复习要点的做法,而是要求自己归纳和总结出从单元中学到的内容(Content),生词和习惯用语(Words and expressions) 以及语法结构(Structures),并鼓励学生通过相互讨论共同完成这一任务。这样可以加强学生自主学习与合作学习的意识和能力,促使他们运用适合自己的认知策略。

“学习建议”(Learning Tip)部分,通过提供与单元内容有关的学习建议,鼓励通过多种方式,在生活实际中运用英语,在“用”中学,在“做”中学,优化学习方式,着重培养运用认知、交际和资源等策略的能力。

2、练习册(Workbook)

练习册是学生用书的加强、拓展和延伸。NSEFC的练习册一改过去形式单一的词汇语法练习和单项技能训练,而是以综合性任务(Integrated tasks)与项目(projects)为主线,在真实情景中强化语言知识和语言技能,促进综合语言运用能力培养。

在整个高中阶段你需要完成以下高中英语学习的主要任务:

1)基础要求:单词:3000左右;短语或词组:1000个左右;句型:1000个左右;语法:词法和句法;交际用语:41种情景。

2)技能要求介绍:听力:抓听前预读与预测,听中抓关键词句,听后及时选答,过后及时朗读录音原文。阅读:研究阅读问题六种题型即标题、主旨、细节、生词、推理、结论以及问题的定位、对策。书面表达:研究几种常见体裁、文章构段技巧、应用文格式与套话。说话技能:掌握几十种常见情景习惯用语,

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

学习引起、维持、退出会话技巧。

三、高中英语学习方法探索 “三衔接”

(一)、做好英语知识的衔接。

高一开始,应从实际出发,先找到初高中英语知识“脱钩处”,尽快平稳过渡。梳理初中知识,对掌握得不够扎实的内容要好好补补。结合新课教学的需要,将初、高中英语语言知识有机地结合起来,复习旧知识为新课打下基础,在学新课的过程中,旧知识又得到运用和巩固。 “两条腿走路”,才走得更实、更好、更远。

(二)、做好英语学习习惯的衔接。

初中学习英语的习惯大多数是被动式的,进入高中,应该从被动逐渐转向主动。高一开始,应特别注意培养以下几个新的学习习惯。

1、学会使用工具书的习惯。遇到词汇方面的疑问不要被动等待教师解答,学会自己查词典寻找答案。准备一本好的英语语法工具书和词典,养成经常翻阅的习惯,在口、笔头实践中有意识地运用所学的语法知识和词汇,正确地理解语言和运用语言。

2、预习的习惯。初中英语教师对预习也有粗放的要求,初中生对预习也不陌生。但到高中,随着英语课文篇幅的加长,内容增多,难度加大,如果没有搞好预习就适应不了课堂的教学进程。所以,对预习不能只是泛泛而提,而要把它当作英语学习的一个重要环节,比如:作预习笔记;学会能用英语词典查单词,自己解决生词;对重要词组、有用短语进行罗列,并能用这些词组、短语来造句;摘抄课文中结构严谨、用词优美的句子,读熟背熟;对课文内容进行简写;记下预习过程中遇到的问题和难点以便释疑解惑等。

3、阅读与摘抄的习惯。初中英语一般还只限于课本,到了高中,英语阅读能力成为一个重点培养目标。多阅读适合自己水平和兴趣的英语读物,尤其是原汁原味的地道的。

4、背诵英语课文和范文的习惯

英语表达能力差,要提高书面表达能力一个行之有效的办法就是多背诵,学习别人的好词好句,久而久之,表达能力也会随之提高。所以要培养背诵英语课文和范文的习惯。

5、每周做一点学法探讨。学习策略是提高学习效率和培养自主学习能力的保证。根据多元智力理论,每个学生都有自己的优势和独特的学习策略,比如:精耕细作(ploughboy)、博览群书(bookworm)、强化训练(test-killer)、灵感突现(inspiration-catcher)、听说交际(au-diovisual learner)和博采众长(multi-method learner)等类型。最佳学习策略应是一整套立足个性、突出特色和强调实效的学习方法。每个学生都应不断改进和寻找适合自己的学习策略,结合教材的Learner Log, Assessment, Learning tip和Checkpoint写“学法周记”,总结和探讨。

(三)、做好心理上的衔接。

相对于初中英语,高中英语一下子难度加大,容量增加。相当一部分学生不适应。再者,进入高中的学生往往都是原先初中成绩较好的学生,“高手”群体中总有一些学生会掉在班级的后面。有些学生这时候以为自己英语学不来了,就想放弃或懈怠它。这个时候,每位学生都应该对自己有个辩证的分析,从客观主观上,对自身及其他同学上,剖析自己的长处短处,剖析自己初中学习英语的特点,发扬优点,摒弃不足。与老师沟通,与同学交流。千万不要因为暂时的不适应放弃至关重要的英语。心理上的衔接很重要。

“四环节”

1、预习。每天上课前或上课前一天的某个时间,把老师要讲的内容先去看一看,力争运用所学过的知识去理解上课的内容。这也是自学能力的一种培养。预习结果可以自已看懂老师上课要讲的内容;通过预习,也清楚自已哪些地方存在困难,上课就可对症下药地重点去聆听,减轻课堂负担,提高上课效率。

2、上课。通过预习,对上课的内容基本了解或大致掌握。这时,并不是说自己已懂上课可以不听了,自己做自己的事情。相反,更要认真地听老师是如何讲解的,自己有困难的地方如何搞懂,充分调动思维,

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

[?] vision pleasure measure treasure visual [h] home hard head behind whole [r] red write frog carry rose 3、破擦音

破擦音共有六个:[t?],[d?],[tr] ,[dr],[ts], [dz]。破擦音由两个成分组成:开头是爆破音,结尾是摩擦音。六个破擦音也可以分成清、浊相对应的三对。第一对是[t?],[d?]。在[t?],[d?]中的第一个成分,即爆破音[t],[d]由于受了后面摩擦音[?],[?]的影响,发音时舌位靠后,在齿龈较后部分发音。这一点也适用于第二对破擦音[tr] ,[dr]。这里,[t], [d]由于受了后面摩擦音[r]的影响舌位也要靠后,后面再加上[r],分别念成[tr], [dr]。第三对破擦音[ts],[dz]中的清辅音[ts]很像汉语普通话里的c(雌、雄的“雌”),加上声带振动就能发出浊辅音[dz]。

[t?] cheap fetch chalk teach watch [d?] jaw jazz danger age cage [tr] tree trade transport troop street [dr] drill dress dry dream drink [ts] students guests pockets puts spirits [dz] odds ends hands friends sends 4、鼻辅音

英语里有三个鼻辅音,即[m],[n],[?]。发鼻音时,由于口腔通道被堵住,声音只能从鼻子里出来。发第一个鼻辅音[m]时双唇闭拢;发第二个鼻辅音[n],(不闭嘴)舌尖要贴住上齿龈;发第三个鼻辅音[?],(不闭嘴)舌后部要抬起来,贴住软腭。

[m] my make farm map number [n] new night knife near finish [?] long ink bank think sing 5、舌边音

英语里的舌边音有两种发音方法。1)出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音,它的发音是[l];2)出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音,它的发音是[l]。发这个音时可以先摆好发后元音[?]的舌位,然后把舌端贴住上齿龈。这样发出来的音就是[l]。

[l] 清晰舌边音law lake follow large last

模糊舌边音little gentle middle article giggle people 6、半元音

半元音[w],[j]的舌位和元音[u:],[i:]相似,但半元音的发音方法和元音不同。元音可以单独成音,可以延长。半元音则不能单独成音,不可延长,必须很快滑向它后面的元音,和元音拼合在一起发音。由于这一特点也有人把半元音[w],[j]称为“滑音”。

[w] why what swim wash white [j] yes yellow you yet beyond

五、音节知识

英语单词的音节一般有六种:开音节,闭音节,r音节,re音节,元音字母组合以及成音节。发音规则如下:

开音节

1)以发音的元音字母结尾的单节. 例:be,he.

2)以辅音字母(r 除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节. 例:make,like. * 在重读的开音节中元音字母按字母名称读音. 闭音节

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

以一个或几个辅音字母(r 除外)结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节,称为闭音节.例:map,desk,is. * 在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音. 一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake 在开音节中 a [?] bag dad hat map black back 在闭音节中 e i o u 在开音节中 在闭音节中 在开音节中 在闭音节中 在开音节中 在闭音节中 在开音节中 在闭音节中 [i:] [e] [ai] [i] [ou] [C] [ju:] [Λ] he these me Chinese bed let pen desk yes egg bike fly drive time nice kite fish big drink sit milk swim those close go hoe home no clock not box shop sock student excuse duty Tuesday bus cup jump much lunch 在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如:June blue ruler super 二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音 元音字母 a在[w]音后面 a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 i在-nd -ld和gh前 o在-st -ld前 读 音 [C] [α:] [ai] [ou] 例 词 want what watch wash quality after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father find child light high most postcard old cold come monkey love mother o在m n v th前 [Λ] 三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 [E]E China another woman breakfast a [i] orange comrade village cabbage [E] hundred student open weekend e [i] chicken pocket begin children [E]/[i] holiday beautiful family animal i [ai] exercise satellite [E] second tonight somebody welcome o [Eu] also zero photo [E] autumn difficult u [ju:] popular congratulation January 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如:July influence February issue 在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[E]音,也可以读作[i]音. 四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 ar ar在[w]音后面 读 音 例 词 [α:] car farm dark sharpener [C:] warm quarter towards [C:] forty morning short or or在[w]音后面 [E:] word worker worse er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday 辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如: 11

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

carry sorry hurry -r音节在非重读音节中通常读[E]音,例如:dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday 五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 are [εE] care dare hare ere [iE] here mere ire [aiE] fire hire wire ure [juE] pure cure are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[E]音,例如:picture pleasure 重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读[r]音. 例如:parent zero story during inspirng 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象. 例如:orange very American paragraph 六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play air [εE] air hair chair pair repair [C] small ball talk wall all [C:l] always also salt almost alal在f m前 [α:] half calm au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw [i:] teach easy cheap please ea [e] heavy bread sweater weather [ei] break great [iE] hear dear near clear year ear [εE] bear pear wear swear [E:] earth learn early ee [i:] jeep week green three eer [iE] pioneer deer beer [ei] eight neighbour they ei/ey [i:] either key [ju:] new few newspaper eu/ew在 j l r s后 [u:] flew brew jewelry [i:] piece field receive ie/ei[s]音之后 oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet [u:] broom food tooth school oo [u] book look cook foot good [au] flower house count down [ou] know row throw though ou/ow young country enough [Λ] [u:] group you soup [C:] course your four our [auE] our hour ours [E:] journey 12

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

[ju:i] ui 在j l r s后 [u:] 七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音 元音字组或字群 读 音 ai/ay ei/ey [i] ow [ou] 元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音或[i]. 例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee -sion -tion [Fn] [Vn] -sion在元音字母后 fluid suicide tuition juice fruit suit 例 词 Sunday foreign monkey yellow sparrow tomorrow impression nation vision decision occasion [tFEn] question suggestion -tion在s后 -sten [sn] listen -stle [sl] whistle -sure [VE] pleasure measure -ture [tFE] picture culture 八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音 复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读. 例如: everyday[ei] handbag[?] blackboard[C:] 有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词.其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音. 例如: sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 > Sunday[i] 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday[i] 假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 > breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] > cupboard[E] 碗柜 九、辅字组的读音 辅字组 读 音 例 词 [b] bike bus bag b [/] bomb tomb [k] cake picture coat music c c在e前或在i/y前 [s] face decide cinema [tF] much chick rich teacher ch [k] school headache chemistry [F] machine -ck [k] cock pocket black knock d [d] doctor bread hand day -dge [dV] bridge fridge dr- [dr] children driver drink f [f] five four breakfast [^] bag garden go g g在e i/y前 [dV] orange large German [f] cough enough gh [/] light daughter high [^] guess league dialogue gu- -gue gu在非重读音节中 [^w] language anguish [h] hot head house hand h [/] hour honest 13

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

j k kn- l m -mn n n在[k] [g]音前 -ng p ph q qu- r s在词首或清辅音前 元音字母间或浊辅音前 sc- sh t在通常情况下 在弱读字母ia ie io前 tch th在通常情况下 在冠词 代词 介词 连词中 在词尾-the -ther中 tr- v w wh- wh-在字母o前 x 在重读元音前 wr- y- z 单词中如何划分音节呢?

音节划分口诀

一靠后,二分手,多个中间偏左右, 组合字母算一个,常见组合要遵守。 词尾看e加音节,发音不发分两种, 双字相连不连手,听音验证最后头

一靠后:

当两个元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时,一般把它划分给后面的音节当头。如a—go,be-gin,a-bout,chi-na,wa-ter,ma—ny,rea—son,la-ter,a-bi-li-ty,ne-ver,ar-gue,na-tive,hea-vy。 二分手:

当两个元音字母之间有两个辅音字母时,一般把它们分开,一边一个,如:in-side,dif-fet,com-mon,at-tach,

14

[dV] [k] [n] [l] [m] [m] [n] [N] [N] [p] [f] [k] [kw] [r] [s] [z] [sk] [s] [F] [t] [F] [tF] [θ] [T] [T] [tr] [v] [w] [/] [w] [h] [ks] [gz] [r] [j] [z] jeep jar joke join July kind bike skate make week knife know knock life milk school tall monkey come autumn autumn column solemn not shine ten note uncle thank hungry morning young wrong paper plane pig ship pen elephant photo telephone Iraq quality quite red rubber ruler sit sleep desk music husband scarlet muscle science she fish shirt wash ten letter meet patient nation watch thin thirty method the these with than clothe fathe r weather tree train country truck very voice love leave week win wake sweet wait Answer two what when white why who whose whole box text exercise example exist exact write yes yard yellow young puzzle zero zoo

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

can-not,num-bet,prob-lem,doc-tor,com-pare,treat-ment,af-ter。 多个中间偏左右:

当两个元音字母之间有三个以上辅音字母时,中间的辅音字母要么划分给前面的音节当尾,要么划分给后面的音节当头。如:in-stead,suc-cess-ful,tran-sport,in-clude,im-prove,con-gress。 组合字母算一个:

组合字母指“字母表”第6列中的固定组合字母,它们组合后发一个音,在划分音节时一般被当成一个字母看待。如:re-try,o-ther,con-tract,as-tro-no-my,cen-tral,tech-no-lo-gy,quick-ly。 常见组合要遵守:

英语里有一些字母常常组合在一起,但它们不像固定组合字母那样发一个音,而是各发各的音,如pr,pl,fr,cl,sp,st,sk,scr,gr等等,这类组合字母在划分音节时一般不拆开,把它们划分在一起,尊重它们的常见组合习惯。再有,英语里有一些“发音独立的词头词尾”,如re-.de-,com-,con等,它们在划分音节时一般也都当成常见组合看待,划分音节时不拆开。如单词restart,是由词头re和单词start组合出来的,划分音节时划分成re-start。但英语里有些“需要发音合并的词头词尾”,如词尾-able,-al,-ate等,它们的第一个元音字母本身就是用来与别的单词尾巴上的辅音字母合并成音节的,这种情况可以做音节合并,如read和-able连接时,划分成rea—dable。person和al连接时,划分成per—so—nal。 词尾看e加音节,发音不发分两种:

单词尾加er、est、ing等第一个元音字母肯定发音的词尾时,通常增加一个音节,并且把单词尾的辅音字母“抢”过来当音节头。如 Smal-ler,smal-lest,lon-ger,lon-gest,li-ving,wa-tching。

单词尾加s、es、d、ed这四个词尾时,要看e增加音节。若e需要发音间隔则增加一个音节;若e不需要发音间隔则不增加音节。①s.x,z,ch,sh连es时,因为e两边的字母发音相同或太相近,需要e发[i:]来间隔,并增加音节;②t,d连ed时,也因为e两边的字母发音相同或太相近,需要e发[i:]来间隔,并增加音节。其他情况下e不发音,不增加音节。比如: 需要e发音并增加一个音节的举例:

nose加s成为noses,e发[i:]来间隔两个s的发音; box加es成为boxes,e发[i:]来间隔x和s的发音; size加s成为sizes,e发[i:]来间隔z和s的发音:

branch加es成为branches,e发[i:]来间隔ch和s的发音; wash加es成为washes,e发[[i:]来间隔sh和s的发音; create加d成为created,e发[i:]来间隔t和d的发音; regard加ed成为regarded,e发[i:]来间隔两个d的发音。 不需要e发音并且不增加音节的举例:

work加ed成为worked,k、d发音差别明显,不需要e间隔; like加s成为likes,k、s发音差别明显,不需要e间隔; live加s成为lives,v、s发音差别明显,不需要e间隔: 双字相连不连手:

英语里有很多单词是由两个单词连起来构成的,如,rest-room,it-self,how-ever这种情况下两个单词一般分开发音,不合并。若两个单词的头尾相接字母是字母表里的固定组合字母,如 rest-room中间的tr,it-self中间的ts,一般也要拆开发音,不合并。 有声验证最后头,解释意外不发愁。

一个单词有时会有多种音节划分方案,并且哪一个方案都合理,难以判断哪一个正确,这时候就要“尊重历史习惯”,听一听单词的声音(或参看一下字典上的近似音标),看英语习惯上选择什么发音。若听到的声音与自己推测的结果不一样,就一定要用上面的“音节划分口诀”对出乎意料的声音进行解释,使它也变成意料之中。这样经过一段时间的练习后,你的判断失误就会越来越少,见字读音的准确率就会越来越高。 1.一个音节至少有一个元音字母。即a,e,i,o,或u,有时也可以是y。例如: re/fuse,un/com/for/ta/ble,jum/ping,a/void/ed,gar/lic,for/ty 2.当两个元音字母中间只有一个辅音字母时(辅音字母r除外),而且左边的元音又是按重读开音节规则发音,这个辅音字母通常划入右边的音节。例如:

stu/dent,o/pen,pa/per,va/cant,fa/tal,pi/lot

3.两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母或辅音字母组合,左边的元音按重读闭音节规则发音,那么,这个辅音字母或辅音字母组合通常划入左边的音节。例如: moth/er,slith/er

15

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

4.如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母,通常这两个辅音字母分别划入左右两个音节。例如: mem/ber,les/son,col/lect,shal/low,hap/pen,dis/tant

5.如果两个元音字母中间有两个辅音字母,第一个是r,这两个辅音字母,也分别划入左右两个音节。第一个音节(左边那个音节)

称为r音节,按重读r音节读音规则发音。例如: cor/ner,por/trait,har/bor,bar/ber

6.如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的是一个元音或双元音,划分音节时,不能将其从中分开,要划在一起。例如:

oi boil/er;oy voy/age;ou through/out;ow tow/er

7.有些辅音字母经常在一起,只发一个辅音,或者联系很紧密。划分音节时,也不能将其分开。例如: ph tele/phone;sh ush/er;th pa/thetic;wh a/while

8.辅音字母组合构成发音的辅音连缀,划分音节时,也不能将其分开。例如: des/troy,ex/pli/cit,pre/scribe,in/struc/tion

9.如果一个单词是以字母-le结尾,并且辅音-le前面还有一个辅音字母,那么这个辅音字母通常划分在右边这个音节里。因为发音 时,这是一个成音节。例如:

ta/ble,un/cle,mar/ble,peo /ple,hur/dle,sta/ble

但是,以-ckle结尾的单词例外。因为辅音字母-c不发音,所以辅音字母-ck划分在左边的音节里。例如: pick/le,buck/le,sick/le

10.加前缀时,前缀单独划为一个或一个以上的音节。例如:

dis/like,be/head,in/ac/tive,im/pos/si/ble,sem/i/cir/cle,su/per/man,o/ver/sleep,an/ti/air/craft

11.加后缀时,后缀不影响其他音节的划分。例如:

paint/er,pass/a/ble,dif/fer/ent,fall/ing,friend/ship,seek/ers多数后缀如-ing,-ed,-ment,-ty,单独划分音节。

12.如果后缀-ed加在以-t或-d结尾的单词后面,发/-id/,构成一个音节,拼写时可单独划分为一个音节;反之, 其他情况下不算一个独立的音节。例如:

pre/dict/ed,test/ed,lift/ed,fin/ished,fol/lowed,un/fogged

第三章 重要词性了解

一、名词 个体名词 集体名词 名词 分类 抽象名词 专有名词 普通名词 物质名词 表示人或物的个体,如:teacher, pen, hand 表示个体组成的集合体,如:family, team, police 表示无法分为个体的固体、液体、气体等实物,如:ice, water, gas 表示抽象概念的,如性质、状态、情感等的名词,如:sadness, happiness, work 人名、地名、机构、事物、组织、概念、节日等。 16

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

①一般直接在名词后加-s ②以字母-s,-sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词后加-es 规则变化 ③以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词,把-f/-fe改为-v,再加-es ④以-0结尾的名词的复数多数加-es ⑤以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,要把y改为i,再加-es 名词复数构成规律 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母 ②单复数形式相同,如:sheep, deer, fish, means ③表示某国人的名词的复数形式因习惯不同而各异 不规则变化 a.单复数形式相同(多以ese结尾),如:Chinese, , Swiss b.词尾加-s(多以-an结尾),如:Americans, Koreans, Indians c.将man变成men,将woman变成 women,如:Englishman-Englishmen ④其他形式,如:mouse—mice, child- children ①名词单数形式,用-’s,表示,如: the girl’s books ②复数形式,用s’表示,如Teachers’ books 注:所有格后所接名词表示地点时候,地点名词可省略。如:the doctor’s 加-’s/-s’ 名词所有格 ③复合名词在最后的名词后加’s,如brother-in-law’s books ④表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市,地点无生命的名词也可用’s形式来表示其所有关系,如:three days walk 借助介词of 双重所有格 无生命的物体的名词所有格常用of表示。如:the cover of the book 由’s所有格和of所有格组合修饰名词,如:an old friend of Tom’s 二、代词

种类 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 人称代词 I, we, me, us you we, he, she, it 物主代词 my, our, mine, ours your, yours his, her, its, hers, theirs 反身代词 myself, ourselves yourself,yourselves himself, herself, itself, themselves 指示代词 不定代词 this, that, these, those, such, the same all, both, neither, none, either, each, many, few, little,another, much, one, ones, some, any以及no-/some-/any-/every-+body/one/thing 17

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

疑问代词 相互代词 Exercises:

1. Here is the that his younger brother loves best.

A. coffee cup B. coffee’s cup C. cup of coffee D. coffee of cup 2. Mr. Tony always has to tell his students at the beginning of his lectures. A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good news C. some good piece of news D. some piece of good news

3. As a businessman, Mr. Li gained his by selling famous of English and American writers. A. wealth; work B. wealth; works C. wealths ; works D. wealths ; work 4. He is a kind-hearted man. People can get on well with him. A. Few B. A little C. Quite a few D. Little

5. The post office isn’t far from here. It’s only bicycle ride.

A. half an hours’ B. an hour and a half C. half an hour D. half an hour’s 6. The population of Shanghai very big and most of its population native people. A. are ; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are 7. —Would you like to have ,Tom? —No, thanks, l have had enough.

A. any more orange and apples B. some more oranges and apples C. any more oranges and apples D. some more oranges and apple 8. —Which do you prefer to drink, or coffee? — , please.

A. teas; Two tea B. tea; Two tea C. tea; Two teas D. teas; Two teas

9. lt was really to get a present from him on her birthday party that she couldn’t believe it, looking at him in .

A. such big surprise; a surprise B. such a big surprise; surprise C. so big surprise; a surprise D. such big surprise; surprise 10. These are bikes. The twin brothers like them very much.

A. Jack’s and Jerry’s B. Jack’s and Jerry C. Jack’s and Jerry B. Jack and Jerry’s 11. —How much water is there in the bottle?

— .You’d better come to fetch another bottle. A. A little B. Nothing C. No one D. None

12. Bill works harder than in his class. He is the most excellent student l have met.

A. the other boys B. other boys C. any boy D. another boy

who, whom, whose, what, which each, other, one, another, each other’s, one another’s 三、形容词

一、成分 成 分 18

例 句 初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

定 语 表 语 宾语补足语 状 语 One of the most common languages used for creating web pages is called HTML. Who is the greatest woman writer alive in the world? After getting her hair cut, she looked even more beautiful With the window open, many things in the shop were stolen at night. The bird fell onto the ground, dead.

二、比较级

此外,初中还安排了形容词比较级、最高级的语法点学习。其变化规则如下表: 规 则 单音节形容词在词尾加-er;-est 以字母e结尾的形容词在词尾加-r;-st 以重读闭音节结尾的形容词,末尾只有一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾,应先双写该辅音字母,然后加-er;-est 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,须先将y变成i,然后加-er;-est 多音节形容词前加more变比较级;加the most变最高级 原级 good bad/ill many/much little far old 三、具体用法 1、只能修饰形容词原级的词very, quite, so, too. 例如: He is too tired to walk on. 他太累了以至不能再继续走了。

My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 我弟弟跑得那么快以至我跟不上他。

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原 级 high few large wide 比较级 higher fewer larger wider 最高级 highest fewest largest widest thin big hot thinner bigger hotter thinnest biggest hottest happy funny happier funnier happiest funniest beautiful interesting more beautiful more interesting the most beautiful the most interesting 部分不规则的形容词变化如下表: 比较级 better worse more less farther/further older/elder 最高级 best worst most least farthest/furthest oldest/eldest

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

2、含有as?as(与?一样)的原级表达句式。例如: Tom is as old as Kate. 汤姆和凯特年龄一样大。 Tom is twice as old as Kate. 汤姆的年龄是凯特的两倍。 Tom runs as fast as Mike. 汤姆和迈克跑得一样快。 【注意】

1、否定形式not as?as 也可以用成not so?as“不如??不及??。”例如: He doesn’t walk as slowly as you. 他走路不像你那样慢。 This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。

2、可以修饰比较级的词much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far(??得多),a little, a bit(??一点儿),even(甚至),still(仍然),any(用于否定、疑问句中)。例如:

Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two.第一课比第二课容易得多。 Tom looks even younger than before. 汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。 This train runs much faster than that one. 这辆火车比那辆跑得快。

She drives still more carefully than her husband. 她开车仍然比她丈夫还认真。 【典型例题】

1、The experiment was easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much

答案C。much可修饰比较级,easier本身已是比较级,不能再用more. 2、最高级表示三者及三者以上事物间的比较,常与of?,in?连用。例如:

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China. 长江是中国最长的河流。→ The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China. 长江比中国其他任何一条河都长。

Of all the planets, the Mercury is the nearest to the sun. 在所有的行星中,水星离太阳最近。 3、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越??”。例如: He is getting taller and taller. 他长得越来越高了.

The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越漂亮。 4、“the + 比较级…the+比较级‖表示“越??,就越??”。例如:

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you’ll make. 你越认真,犯的错误就越少。 【典型例题】

children there are in a family, their life will be. A. The less, the better B. The fewer, the better C. Fewer, richer D. More, poorer

答案B。由句意得知“家里孩子越少,生活会越好。‖children是可数名词,应用few来修饰。 四、形容词与不定代词的搭配连用

当形容词和不定代词something, anything, noting, everything连用时,这些代词应放在前面,形容词在后面。例如:

Do you have anything interesting to tell us all today? 今天有啥有趣的事情跟我们大家说说吗? Take it easy. There is nothing serious with your disease, which is just a cold. 别紧张,你的病无大碍,只是感冒而已。 【典型例题】

I have to do today.

A. anything important B. something important C. important nothing D. important something

答案B。形容词修饰不定代词时应放在其后面。故排除C、D。句意是“我今天有重要的事情要做”,表示肯定用something.

五、形容词与enough的搭配连用

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

当形容词enough和不定代词连用时,形容词放在前面,enough在后面。例如:Charlie was lucky enough to have been taken to the Loch Ness with families. 查理足够幸运地被家人带着去过尼斯湖。 【注意】

1. 只能用作定语,不能用作表语的形容词:little, wooden , golden, many, elder…不能说The boy is little. The watch is golden / wooden.

2. 只能作表语,不能用作定语的形容词:well, ill, alone, content, unable, worth, afraid, alive, asleep, ashamed, awake, aware…例如:an ill boy, an alone village就是用错的短语。可以说an ill idea“坏点子‖,ill当定语时是转义,不是“有病的”了。

3. 英语形容顺序

当两个以上形容词修饰一个名词,形容词该如何排列?为什么不能说a black new pen,而是说成a new black pen? 这里面有无规则可循?

如果你记住下列口决:好美小高状其新,颜色国料特别近。那你就能掌握英语中系列形容词做前置定语时的排列问题。

“好”代表评价性的形容词,如nice, good, kind等;

“美”指描述物体给人的心理感受的形容词,如beautiful, pretty, handsome, ugly, good-looking, lovely等; “小”指描述物体大小的形容词,如small, big, large, little等;

“高”指描述物体的高低/矮的形容词,如tall, high, short, deep, wide, shallow, thick等; “状”指描述物体形状的形容词。如round, square, narrow等; “其”是整个口诀中的语气词,无含义。

“新”指描述物体新旧的形容词。如new, old young等。

“颜色”就是red, green, blue, pink, black, yellow, purple这类词语。

“国”也就是描述国籍类的形容词。如Chinese, Germany, Russian, Spanish等。

“料”指描述物体制成所用的材料。如plastic, metal, wood, aluminum, wool, cotton, glass, steel等。 英语中这六类形容词连用时就按上述先后顺序排列,如a nice long new black British plastic pen 当然,实际语言使用中不可能出现这么多形容词连用的情况。 4. 英语同源形容词的区别

在英语中某些词有两种或两种以上的形容词形式,它们词形相近,但词义不同,容易用错。 v-ing 表示事物的特征 frightening 令人恐惧的 delighting annoying exciting 【典型例题】

The boy on the tree asked in a voice,“Are you sure I’m going to land on the mat?” A. happy B. frightened C. frightening D. embarrassing

答案B。树上的孩子害怕地问道:“你们确信我会落到垫子上吗?”a frightened voice,表明树上的孩子心理很恐惧。

5.“定冠词the+形容词”表示一类人或物,用做主语时,谓语用复数形式。例如:

the young 年青人 the weak 弱者 the strong 强者

the disabled 残疾人 the old/aged老年人 the injured受伤人员

E.g: The injured in the traffic accident have been rushed to the nearest hospital. 交通事故中受伤的人员已经被迅速送到最近的医院去了。

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v-ed 表示人的心理感受 Frightened对??感到恐惧 delighted annoyed excited 初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

6.“not +比较级”并不表示否定,而是表示正面的肯定。例如: I couldn’t agree more. 我绝对赞同。

You couldn’t have chosen a better gift for me.你挑选给我的是最好的礼物。

7. 并非所有的形容词都有比较级。如:superior, senior, junior, similar, different, necessary, impossible等形容词没有比较级、最高级的用法。 【典型例题】

After we compare the two, we find this design is that one. A. more superior to B. far superior than C. more superior than D. far superior to

答案D。“对比之后,我们发现这款设计比那一款要优越”。形容词superior没有比较级形式,选项A.C.用了比较级,故错误;superior 与to搭配连用,故B也错。

8. 连系动词seem, feel, sound, appear, remain, look, go, turn, get, become常接形容词构成系表结构。例如:The witness remained silent over the matter for some reasons. 出于某些原因,目击者对此事保持沉默。 Your proposal sounds very practical. 你的提议听起来很实用。 Exercises:

1. Several hours later, with the help of the police, the students managed to escape from the dangerous place, . A. hungry and frightened B. hungrily and frightening C. hungry and frightening D. hungrily and frightened 2. l feel even now.

A . bad B. well C. worse D. worst 3. She was very happy. She ran of all the runners. A. fastest B. the quickest C. slowest D. quickly 4. Keep quiet, please. It’s noisy here.

A. many too B. too many C. much too D. too much 5. —Have you spoken to a foreigner? — No,

A. already; never B. ever; never C. yet; already D. ever; ever 6. He is taller than in his class.

A. any boy B. any c. any other boy D. some other boys 7. English is as as Chinese. You should learn it well.

A. important B. more important C. the most important D. much more important 8. Music is not so useful as science. It’s useful than science. A. fewer B. less C. more D. a lot 9. We’ve never heard of story before.

A. such a strange B. such strange C. so a strange D. so strange 10. You must wear glasses. They can keep your eyes A. soft B. safe C. safely D. safety

11. The box is heavy for the girl carry. A. too; to B. to; too C. so; that D. no; to

12. As far as I’m concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn, . A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life 四、副词

22

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

一、成分 1、作状语

We should listen to the teachers carefully in class. 我们在课上应该仔细听讲。(副词修饰动词) You are quite right. 你相当正确。(修饰形容词)

He parked the car very easily. 他很容易地把汽车停放好了。(修饰副词)

I usually go to school at 6:40 every morning. 我通常每天6点40去上学。(修饰整个句子) 2、作定语

有时少数地点副词和时间副词可以作定语,放在所修饰词的后边。

People there used to drink or use the water in the river. 过去那儿的人们饮用那条河里的水。 【注意】副词作定语时和介词短语作定语一样,一律后置。 3、作表语

作表语的副词多数是表示位置的,如in, out, on, back, down, up, off, away, upstairs. He is in. 他在家。

What’s on this evening? 今晚演什么节目? I must be off mow. 我现在必须走了。 4、作宾语补足语 Let them in.让他们进来。

We saw her off two days ago. 两天前我们为她送行。 二、副词在句中的位置

1、在形容词之前。 It’s extremely hot today. Wind is a kind of environmentally friendly energy. 2、在be动词、助动词之后。

I’m terribly sorry for what I have done to you. English is widely used all over the world. 3、多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。但须注意:

①大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。

We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们能清晰地看到一束奇怪的光在我们的前头。 ②方式副词well, badly(糟、坏),hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well.

4、地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末。 【注意】地点副词作状语时要后置,不属于这种情况。

I’ll wait for you here. 我将在这儿等你。(地点副词)

I’ll meet him at the station tomorrow. 明天我将去车站接他。(时间副词) Tomorrow I’ll meet him at the station.

The boy wrote the homework quickly. 这个男孩子写作业很快。(方式副词)

They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday. 昨天他们在实验室认真地做实验。(方式地点时间)

【注意】有时为了强调时间,也可把时间副词放在句首。

Last week the students all worked well here. 这些学生上周在这里都做得很好。 5、频度副词在句子位置有以下两种:

①在be动词、情态动词及第一个助动词之后。例如: She is always kind to us. 她对我们总是很好。(动词)

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

I can never forget the day. 我永远也不能忘掉这一天。(情态动词) The work has never been done. 这件工作永远也做不完。 ②在实义动词之前。例如:He often goes to school late. 三、副词的比较级和最高级

规则副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样的,这里不再赘述。仅举几例: hard — harder — hardest fast — faster — fastest late-- later -- latest early – earlier – earliest 不规则副词

well – better -- best much – more – most badly – worse -- worst little – less –least

但是,派生类副词即以后缀-ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加-er 或-est,如 quickly -- more quickly -- most quickly quietly -- more quietly -- most quietly 【注意】early 中的ly不是后缀,故可以把y变i再加-er和-est 四、副词的排列顺序

1、时间、地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。 Let’s make it 8:30 tomorrow morning.

2、方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.

3、多个不同副词排列,程度+地点+方式+时间副词 【注意】副词very可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

(错)I very like English. (对) I like English very much.

【注意】副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

I don’t know him well enough.

There is enough food for everyone to eat. 五、副词的构成

除了often, seldom, always, already, ever, fast, straight等副词外,一般情况下,在形容词末尾加上-ly就成了副词,一些以-l结尾的形容词变副词时须双写l,然后加-ly。如:

slow – slowly, quick – quickly , clear – clearly, obvious – obviously physical – physically, mental – mentally, peaceful – peacefully 另外少数-le结尾的形容词变副词时,-le直接换成-ly。

Terrible – Terribly gentle – gently comfortable – comfortably true – truly 但需注意:下列-ly结尾的词多用做形容词。

friendly, deadly, lovely, lively, likely, lonely, weekly, monthly, orderly, warmly 六、come, go, head, arrive等动词与下列副词连用时,不用介词。

drive downtown驾车去商业区 go upstairs上楼 come downstairs下楼 live abroad住在国外 stay indoors呆在室内 play outdoors在户外玩 go home回家 get there去那儿 arrive here 到这儿 衔接学习:

1、否定副词(no, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, few等)置于句首用部分倒装。例如

Hardly had the criminal arrived at the airport when the policemen arrested him. 罪犯一到机场就被警察抓住。

Seldom does my father drink unless there comes a good friend. 我父亲很少饮酒,除非有好朋友来。

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

一般将来时:will+be+done 过去将来时:would+be+done 现在完成时:have/has+been+done 过去完成时:had+been +done

2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词

因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。

The children were taken good care of by her. 【注意】

短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。 3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况

若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如: The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). 4) 主动形式表示被动意义

1)如wash, clean, cut, read, wear, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如: The pen writes smoothly.

2) 感官动词如feel,look,smell,taste,sound等直接跟形容词作表语。

The food tastes good.

非谓语动词(只简要介绍初中部分内容,在高中阶段非谓语动词是重要语法项目,同学们要努力掌握)

对非谓语动词的考点是:感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to;有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语,但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。 (1)非谓语动词的形式

非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。 (2)不定式作宾语补足语

Father will not allow us to play on the street. (3)不定式作目的状语

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词

这样的动词有感官动词如:see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等,使役动词如:have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作) 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 (5)用不带to不定式的情况

使役动词如: let, have, make等和感官动词如: see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。 (6)接动名词与不定式意义不同

1) stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。

2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做) 3) remember to do 记得去做某事。 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事。 (已做) 4) try to do 努力,企图做某事。 try doing 试验,试着做某事。

5) go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。 go on doing 继续做原来做的事。 6) mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味着

4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析 (1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。

1) say表示讲话,作为及物动词使用,后跟宾语或宾语从句。 He said he would go there.

It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.

2)speak表示“讲话”,一般作为不及物动词使用,而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。

Do you speak English? May I speak to Mr Pope, please?

3) talk表示“谈话”,是不及物动词,与to , about, with等连用,才可宾语。 What are you talking about?

Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.

4) tell 表示“告诉,讲述”是及物动词,可以带双宾语或复合宾语。 She told us an interesting story yesterday.

My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month. (2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。

1) look强调“看”这个动作,是不及物动词,常与at连用,然后接宾语。 Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual? 2) see 指“看见”某物,强调的是结果。 They can't see the words on the blackboard. Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday? 3) watch 指的是“观看”,“注视”之意。 The twins are watching TV now. He will go to watch a volleyball match.

4) read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。 Don't read in the sun.

I like to read newspapers when I am free. (3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。

1) borrow意思为“借入”,常常与from连用,是非延续性动词,表示瞬间即能完成的动作。 Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now. May I borrow your dictionary?

2) lend 是“借出”之意,常常与to连用,同borrow一样,是非延续性动词,只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。

Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li. Could you lend us your radio, please?

3) keep是“保存”的意思,动作可以延续。 How long can the recorder be kept? The farmer kept the pat for two weeks. (4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。

1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。 Bring me the book, please.

May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?

2) take意思是“拿走”,“带走”,把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。 It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you. Mother took the little girl to the next room.

3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思,指随身携带,有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义,不表明来去的方向。

Do you always carry a handbag? The box is heavy. Can you carry it? 4) get是去某处将某物拿回来。 Please go to my office to get some chalk. There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some? (5) wear, put on和dress的区别

42

初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等,强调“穿着”的状态。 Tom always wears black shoes. He wears a raincoat even when it is fine. She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.

2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。 It's cold. You'd better put on your coat. He put on his hat and went out of the room.

3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词,有“穿着”“打扮”的意思。作“穿着”解时,只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物动词用时,它的宾语是人,不是衣服。dress sb. (给某人穿衣服),而wear作“穿着”用时,也是及物动词,但它的宾语是物,不是人,即wear sth.(穿着衣物)。 She always dresses well. Get up and dress quickly. Mary is dressing her child. (6) take, spend 和use的用法。

1) take指做某事用多少时间,句型是:It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth. It took me three days to finish the work.

It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest. It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.

2) spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是: Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth. She spent more than 500 yuan on that coat. He didn't spend much time on his lessons.

He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises. Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes. 3) use表示使用工具、手段等。 Do you know how to use the computer? Shall we use your car?

(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别。

1) reach是及物动词,后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。 After the train had left, they reached the station We reached the top of the mountain at last.

2) get是不及动词,常与to连用,再接名词,后面接表示地点的副词时,不用to,get to常用于口语中。

When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

My sister was cooking when mother got home.

3) arrive是不及物动词,表示到达一个小地方时,用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in。 The soldiers arrived at a small village

The foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow. 【演练】

1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them. A. are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked

2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday. A. teaches B. taught C. will teach D. had taught

3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before. A. have seen B. was seeing C. saw D. see

4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very expensive. A. must B. can C. mustn’t D. can’t

5. Coffee is ready. How nice it ________ ! Would you like some? A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels

6. ― Mr. Zhu, you’d better _______ too much meat. You are already over weight,‖ said the doctor. A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat

7. ―Don’t always make Michael ________ this or that. He is already a big boy, dear,‖ Mr. Bush said to his wife.

A. do B. to do C. does D. did

8. Sorry, I can’t hear you clearly. Will you please ________ your E-mail address? I’ll write it down. A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat

9. Don’t ________ your coat, Tom! It’s easy to catch cold in spring. A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out

10. You _______ go and ask Meimei. She _______ know the answer. A. must; can B. must; may C. need; can D. can; may 11. I’m sorry you’ve missed the train. It ________ 10 minutes ago. A. left B. has left C. had left D. has been left 12. I bought a new dictionary and it ________ me 30 yuan. A. paid B. spent C. took D. cost 13. ---Mum, may I go out and play basketball? ---_______ you _______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finishing D. Have; finished

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

14. I have to go now. Please remember to ________ the lights when you leave. A. turn off B. turn down C. turn up D. turn on

15. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school next week. A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give 16. Look! How heavy the rain is! You’d better ________. A. don’t go now B. stay here when it stops C. not leave until it stops D. not to leave at once 17. You may go fishing if your work ________.

A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done 18. Cotton _______ nice and soft. A. is felt B. is feeling C. feel D. feels 19. ---Who cleaned the blackboard yesterday, Dick? ---John _________.

A. cleaned B. does C. did D. is

20. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______? ---No. She got up too late.

A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she 【练习答案】

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.A 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.C 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.C

第七章 复合句(宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句)

宾语从句考点集汇,讲解和训练

一. 宾语从句的种类

宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语 和非正式文体中可以省略。例如:

He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如: Do you know who (whom) they are waiting foe? He asked whose handwriting was the best.

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I don’t know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如: I want to know if (whether) he lives there. He asked me whether (if) I could help him. 二. 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如: I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.

I think (that) you will like this school soon. Can you tell me how I can get to zoo? Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting. 三. 宾语从句的时态

1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。例如: I don’t think (that) you are right. Please tell us where he is.

Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时, 过去进行时,来时,过去完成时)。例如: He asked what time it was.

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet. He asked if you had written to Peter.

He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。例如: Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year. Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun. 【演练】

1. Do you know _______ during the coming summer holiday? A. what will Tom do B. what did Tom do C. what Tom will do D. what Tom did 2. I want to know_________.

A. what is his name B. what’s his name C. that his name is D. what his name is 3. Do you know ________ I could pass the exam? A. that B. whether C. what D. which 4. Jim doesn’t understand ____________. A. which is the way to the museum B. why his wife always goes shopping C. what is the way to the museum

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过去将 初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

D. why does she always go shopping

5. ---Could you tell me ______ she is looking for? A. that B. whose C. who D. which

6. Mr. King didn’t know _______ yesterday evening. A. when does his son come home B. when his son comes home C. when did his son come home D. when his son came home

7. Could you tell me _______ the bike this morning? A. how does he mend B. how he mends C. how he mended D. how did he mend

8. ---I’m waiting for the mail. Do you know ________ it will arrive? ---Usually it comes by 4: 00.

A. how B. where C. when D. what

9. ---Excuse me, would you please tell me ________?

---Certainly. Go straight along here. It’s next to a hospital. A. how we can get to the post office B. how can we get to the post office C. how get to the post office

D. how could we get to the post office 10. ---Can I help you?

---Yes. I’d like a ticket to Mount Emei. Can you tell me ______ take to get there? A. how soon will it B. how soon it will C. how long it will D. how long will it 11. He wanted to know ___________. A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would start C. what he’s going to do at the meeting D. where would the meeting be held

12. ---Could you tell me _________ the Bamboo Garden? ---The day after tomorrow, I think.

A. when will you visit B. when you will visit C. when would you visit D. when you would visit 13. Would you please tell me _________ next, Mr Wang? A. what should we do B. we should do what C. what we should do D. should we do what

14. You can’t imagine _________ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

C. how excited were they D. they were how excited 15. I want to know ________ you will come back at 8:00 tomorrow. A. that B. when C. where D. whether 16. ---Could you tell me ____________?

---Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting. A. what does he say at the meeting B. what did he say at the meeting C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting

17. ---Could you tell me _________ last night? ---Er, I was watching Euro 2004 at home.

A. what you were doing B. what were you doing C. what you are doing D. what are you doing 18. The teacher asked the students __________. A. if they were interested in dinosaurs B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how many trees they have planted

19. Every morning the patients are asked if ________ their temperature taken. A. they had had B. have they had C. they have had D. had they had

20. It’s up to you to decide _______ you’ll go there, by air or by road. A. how B. why C. that D. when 【练习答案】

1.C 2.D 3.B 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.A 19.C 20.A

状语从句的考点集汇,讲解和训练

【名师点睛】

用来修饰主句中的动词,副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句,地点状语从句,条件状语从句, 原因状语从句,结果状语从句,比较状语从句,目的状语从句,让步状语从句。

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如: It was raining hard when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang. As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

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初高中衔接教材 ? 英语

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里,通常不用将来时态,用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everything when he comes back. He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里,如果主句用肯定式,其含义是“一直到……时”,谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式,其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如:

The young man read till the light went out. Let’s wait until the rain stops. We won’t start until Bob comes. Don’t get off until the bus stops. 2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如: What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里,谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如: I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如: Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 3. 原因状语从句

(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如: He didn’t come to school because he was ill. As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.

(2)because表示直接原因,语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题,只能用because。As和since语气较弱,一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如: ------Why aren’t going there? ------Because I don’t want to.

As he has no car, he can’t get there easily. Since we have no money, we can’t buy it. (3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。

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