英语句子成分讲解及练习

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

1. 主语（subject） 句子说明的人或事物。可以由名词（短语），代词（短语），动名词（短语），数词(短语)，非谓语动词（to do/ doing), 主语从句充当。

The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Five and four is nine. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句 是真正主语）

2. 谓语（predicate） 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。可以由动词或动词短语充当，或由系动词+表语充当。

We study English. He is asleep. The police will look into the case.（复合谓语） The earth moves around the sun. He is cooking in the kitchen. She called me last night. Tom can swim.

3. 表语（predicative） 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。可以又名词(短语)，代词（短语），数词（短语），介词短语，副词（短语），非谓语动词和从句充当。

He is a teacher. （名词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词）

The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） Her dream is to be a lawyer.（不定式）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有 全系动词be; 表感官的系动词sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）; 表保持的系动词remain（保持，仍是）, keep, stay; 表变化的系动词 turn, get, become, go; 表终止的系动词 turn out(结果是，被证明是)，prove被证明是。 It sounds a good idea. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The door remains open. Trees turn green in spring. Her plan turns out a success.

4. 宾语：可以由名词(短语)，代词(短语)，数词(短语)，动名词(doing), 不定式(to do)和宾语从句充当。 1）动作的承受者-----动宾 I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词） We need two. （数词）

We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式）

Did you write down what he said （宾语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾 Are you afraid of the snake. Under the snow, there are many rocks. Upon finishing his studies, he started traveling in China. He spent five dollars on this book. She goes to school on foot.

3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. Please show me your ticket. My father bought me a new computer.

常见的双宾语及物动词：give, show, teach, lend, send, tell, buy等。

5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式(to do)，现在分词(doing)，过去分词(done)充当。 We elected him monitor. （名词）

We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词） We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. (副词)

Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式） Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词） I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）

6. 主补：对主语的补充。

(注：主动语态中的宾语补足语就是被动语态中的主语补足语)

He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

7. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。可以由名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词（短语），介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，不定式和定语从句充当。

Tom is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world. （数词）

He wants to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词） The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词） The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）

You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

8. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或者句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。可以由形容词，名词，副词，介词短语和句子充当。

I will go there tomorrow. (there地点状语; tomorrow时间状语) The meeting will be held in the meeting room.(地点状语) The meat went bad because of the hot weather.（原因状语）

He studies hard to learn English well.（hard程度状语；to learn...目的状语） He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.（hard程度状语; so that结果状语） I like some of you very much.（程度状语）

If you study hard, you will pass the exam.（条件状语） He goes to school by bike.（方式状语）

Though he is young, he can do it well.（让步状语）

9. 同位语(apposition)：补充说明或解释其前面的名词或代词。可以由名词(短语)，反身代词和从句充当。

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. （名词） Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.（名词）

He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. （反身代词） I myself agree to the plan.（反身代词）

The news that he won the match excited his parents.（从句）

Word has come that more high school graduate will be admitted into college.（从句）

综合练习

（一）找出下列句子的主语， 同时判断其结构：

1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.

4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5. Smoking does harm to the health.

6. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 7.To teach his a lesson seems quite necessary. 8.It is important for us to have our dreams. 9.It is obvious that he was wrong. 10.That he won the prize exited everyone.

（二）找出下列句子的谓语， 同时判断其结构： 1. He practices running every morning. 2. You may keep the book for two weeks. 3.He has caught a bad cold.

4. We are students. 5.You ought to work harder. 6. Tom lost his watch yesterday.

（三）找出下列句子的表语， 同时判断其结构： 1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. The weather has turned cold.

3. The food tastes good. 4. She looked sad after hearing the news. 5. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 6.The whole class got exited at the good news.

（四）找出下列句子的宾语， 同时判断其结构： 1. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 2. Tom likes swimming. 3. He pretended not to see me. 4. I think（that）he is fit for his office. 5.I find it impossible to believe him any longer. 6.They believe it strange that he should have done that.

（五）找出下列句子的宾语补足语， 同时判断其结构： 1. His father named him John.

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