00015英语二 打印版 - 图文

00015英语(二） 单词表 organizational[`?:g?nai‘zei??nl]a.组织（上）的

goal[g?ul]n.1.目的，目标；2.得分进球，球门 objective[?b‘d?ektiv]n.目标，目的；a.1.客观的，真实的；2.如实的，无偏见的 accomplish[?‘k?mpli?]vt.完成（任务等）

predict[pri‘dikt]vt./vi.预言；预示

accompany[?‘k?mp?ni]vt.1.伴随，陪同；2.为??伴奏

implement[‘implim?nt]vt.实现；完成（任务等）；履行（协定、诺言等）

constraint[k?n‘streint]n.1.强制；2.强制因素，制约条件 precedent[‘presid?nt]n.先例，前例 simplify[‘simplifai]vt.简化 tendency[‘tend?nsi]n.趋势，倾向 managerial[`m?n?‘d?i?ri?l]a.1.经理的，管理人的；2.管理上的，经营上的 maker[‘meik?]n.制造者；制造商 achievement[?‘t?i:vm?nt]n.1.完成，达到；2.成就，成绩 attain[?‘tein]vt.达到；完成 optimal[‘?ptim?l]a.最适宜的；最理想的 suboptimization[s?b`?ptimai‘zei??n]n.局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现） trade-off[‘treid?f]n.1.（对不能同时兼顾的因素）权衡；2.物物交换 argue[‘ɑ:gju:]vt./vi.争辨，争论，辩论；vt.1.说服；2.用辩论证明 budget[‘b?d?it]n.预算；vt.1.把??编入预算；2.安排，预定 scheme[ski:m]n.计划；方案；vt./vi.计划，策划 define[di‘fain]vt.1.解释，给??下定义；2.限定，规定 multiple[‘m?ltipl]a.多样的，复合的；n.倍数

profitability[`pr?fit?‘biliti]n.赚钱，获利 correctness[k?‘rektnis]n.正确，正确性

unintended[‘?nin‘tendid]a.非计划中的，非故意的

ongoing[‘?n‘g?ui?]a.进行中的，前进的

entity[‘entiti]n.1.存在，实体；2.统一性

skilled[skild]a.熟练的；有技能的

in the way挡路；碍事 make a guess at猜测

and the like等等，诸如此类 seek to追求，争取

in part部分地，在某种程度上 point of view观点

interview[‘int?vju:]vt./n.1.面谈，采访；2.面试，口试 criticism[‘kritisiz?m]n.批评；评论

candidate[‘k?ndideit]n.1.候选人，候补者；2.应试者

vague[veig]a.含糊的；不明确的

notion[‘n?u??n]1.概念；2.想法，看法

prospect[‘pr?spekt]n.1.展望，景象；2.[常pl.]前景，前程

community[k?‘mju:niti]n.社区；共同体

unattractive[`?n?‘tr?ktiv]a.无吸引力的；不引人注意的 indifference[in‘difr?ns]n.冷漠；不感兴趣（to） interviewer[‘int?vju:?]n.接见者；面谈者 personality[`p?:s?‘n?liti]n.个性；人格；品格 prospective[pr?s‘pektiv]a.预期的；未来的 speechless[‘spi:t?lis]a.1.不会说话的；2.不说话的 clarification[`kl?rifi‘kei??n]n.澄清，阐明 correspondence[`k?ris‘p?nd?ns]n.1.符合，一致；2.通信 photocopy[‘f?ut?u`k?pi]vt./n.1.复印，影印；2.照相复制本 resume[‘rezju:mei]]n.1.摘要，梗概；2.个人简历 inefficiency[`ini‘fi??nsi]n.无效；效能差 neat[ni:t]a.整洁的；简洁的；整齐的 conservative[k?n‘s?:v?tiv]a.1.保存的，防腐的；2.保守的，守旧的 punk[p??k]n.1.（俚）阿飞；2.朋克（70年代以来英国、美国的年轻人中的颓废派）；a.颓废派的 miniskirt[‘minisk?:t]n.超短裙 panel[‘p?nl]n.专门小组 intimidate[in‘timideit]vt.恐吓，恫吓 clutch[kl?t?]vt./vi.抓住，握紧

grip[grip]vt./n.1.紧握，紧夹；2.掌握，控制

painful[‘peinful]a.1.痛苦的；2.费力的

rephrase[‘ri‘freiz]vt.重新措辞，改用别的话表示 apply for申请 day to day（=day-to-day）work日常工作

take the trouble to不辞劳苦，费力

put oneself in somebody‘s place设身处地

1

to one‘s advantage对某人有利

ask for 1.请求，向??要；2.寻找

in hand手头上有

make sure 1.查明，弄确实；2.确信

at a disadvantage处于不利地位

turn down 1.拒绝；2.调小或调低；3.翻下 astronomer[?s‘tr?n?m?]n.天文学家

escape[is‘keip]vi./vt.逃跑；避免；n.1.逃跑；2.逃路，出口 exert[ig‘z?:t]vt.尽（力）；发挥（威力等）；施加（压力等）；产生（影响等）；行使（职权等） explode[iks‘pl?ud]vt.使爆炸；vi.爆炸；突发 density[‘densiti]n.1.密集度，稠密度；2.[物][化]密度 collapse[k?‘l?ps]vt./vi./n（使）倒塌，（使）崩溃；（使）瓦解 supernova[`sju:p?‘n?uv?]n.[天]超新星 daytime[‘deitaim]n.白天，日间 dwarf[dw?:f]n.1.矮子；2.[天]矮星（=～star，如太阳） shrink[?ri?k]vt./vi./n.收缩；缩小；vi./n.退缩，畏缩 gravity[‘gr?viti]n.1.严肃，认真；2.严重性，重要性；3.[物]重力，地球引力 marble[‘mɑ:bl]n.1.（游戏用的玻璃、石头等做的）弹子；2.大理石；a.大理石的，大理石般的 boundary[‘baund?ri]n.分界线，边界 observer[?b‘z?:v?]n.1.遵守者，奉行者；2.观察者，监视者 interchangeable[`int?（:）‘t?eind??bl]a.可交换的；可互换的 constant[‘k?nst?nt]a.1.永恒的，经久不变的；2.经常的，不断的；n.[数]常数 measurement[‘me??m?nt]n.衡量，测量 implication[`impli‘kei??n]n.1.含意，暗示；2.牵连，涉及，卷入

basis[‘beisis]n.1.基础，根据；2.主要成份；3.军事基地 launch[l?:nt?]vt.1.发射，投射；2.使（船）下水；3.发动，发起（运动等）；n.发射，（船）下水

galaxy[‘g?l?k?si]n.1.[天]星系，[G-]银河系，银河；2.一群出色（或著名）的人物 observatory[?b‘z?:v?t?ri]n.1.天文台；2.了望台

convincing[k?n‘vinsi?]a.有说服力的，使人信服的

binary[‘bain?ri]a.1.二，双，

复；2.[数]二进制的；n.1.二，双（体），复（体）；

twin[twin]a.1.双胞胎的；2.两个相似部分组成的；n.1.双胞胎之一，[pl.]双胞胎；2.两个相象的人或物；3.[Twins][天]双子座

companion[k?m‘p?nj?n]n.1.同伴，同事；2.[天]伴星

speculation[`spekju‘lei??n]n.1.推测，猜测；2.投机 swallow[‘sw?l?u]vt.吞咽 mankind[`m?n‘kaind]n.人类 operate[‘?p?reit]vi.1.运转，起作用；2.动手术（on，upon）；vt.1.操作，操纵，经营；2.对??动手术

research into研究

speculation about关于??猜测 swallow up吞没，耗尽 make use of利用 planet[‘pl?nit]n.行星 revolve[ri‘v?lv]vi.旋转；绕转 solar[‘s?ul?]a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 largely[‘lɑ:d?li]ad.1.大量地；2.主要地 glitter[‘glit?]vi.闪闪发光，闪烁；n.闪光 cloudless[‘klaudlis]a.无云的，晴朗的 astronaut[‘?str?n?:t]n.宇航员 thrilling[‘θrili?]a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的 outer[‘aut?]a.外部的 whereas[hw??r‘?z]conj.而，却；反之 lesser[‘les?]a.较小的；更少的；次要的 concerned[k?n‘s?:nd]a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的 microscopic[`maikr?s‘k?pik]1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的 whilst[hwailst]conj.1.当??时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管 plateau[‘pl?t?u]n.高原 tropical[‘tr?pik?l]a.1.热带的；2.炎热的

coloured[‘k?l?d]a.有色的 religion[ri‘lid??n]n.宗教；宗教信仰

circumstance[‘s?:k?mst?ns]n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇 a great many很多 above all首先，首要 as a rule通常；一般说来 euthanasia[ju:θ?‘neizj?]n.1.无痛楚的死亡；2.安乐死 weaken[‘wi:k?n]vt.削弱，减弱；vi.变弱 Dutchman[‘d?t?m?n]n.荷兰人 deteriorate[di‘ti?ri?reit]vt./vi.（使）恶化 lethal[‘li:θ?l]a.致死的

injection[in‘d?ek??n]n.1.注射；2.注射剂，针剂 nationwide[‘nei??n‘waid]a.全国性；ad.在全国范围内 debate[di‘beit]vt./n.争论，辩论；vi.对??进行争论，辩论（about，on）

legal[‘li:g?l]a.1.法律上的；2.合法的 Dutch[d?t?]a.荷兰人的；荷兰语的；n.1.[the Dutch][总称]荷兰人；2.荷兰语

parliament[‘pɑ:l?m?nt]n.1.议会，国会；2.[P-]（英国或加拿大等的）议会，国会

prosecute[‘pr?sikju:t]vt.对??起诉，告发

request[ri‘kwest]vt./n.请求，要求 criterion[krai‘ti?ri?n]n.（批评，判断的）标准，准则 crowd[kraud]n.群，人群；vi.聚集，群集 ensure[in‘?u?]vt.保证，担保 healthcare[‘helθ`k??]n.保健 oppose[?‘p?uz]vt.1.反对，反抗；2.使相对，使对抗（to） tradition[tr?‘di??n]n.传统；惯例 hospice[‘h?spis]n.（晚期病人）收容所 council[‘kauns?l]n.理事会，委员会 founder[‘faund?]n.创始者；缔造者 consideration[k?n`sid?‘rei??n]n.1.考虑；2.体谅，照顾 elderly[‘eld?li]a.较老的，人过中年的；n.近老年人，到了晚年的人 disabled[dis‘eibld]a.伤残的；使失去战斗力的 burden[‘b?:dn]n.1.担子，负担；2.责任，义务；vt.使负重担；麻烦，劳累 opt[?pt]vi.抉择，选择（for），在??之间选择（between） shorten[‘??:t?n]vt./vi.缩短，缩小；减少 vulnerable[‘v?ln?r?bl]a.1.易受伤的，弱小的；2.易受??攻击的，易受??伤害的（to） prohibition[`pr?uhi‘bi??n]n.禁止；禁令

individual[`indi‘vidju?l]n.个人，个体，独立单位；a.1.个人的；2.个别的

paternalistic[p?`t?:n?‘listik]a.家长式统治的；家长作风的

moving[‘mu:vi?]a.1.活动的，移动的；2.动人的，令人感动的 sensitive[‘sensitiv]a.1.敏感的；2.灵敏的，感光的 be affected with患有??疾病 debate on关于??进行辩论 make request for要求?? be opposed to反对

open up 1.打开；2.开办，开辟，开发；3坦诚地或无拘束地谈话 take??into account考虑到 need for对??的需要 opt out of决定不参加??，决定（从??）中退出

have??at heart对某事十分关心

conspiracy[k?n‘spir?si]n.1.阴谋，密谋；2.阴谋集团，阴谋帮派

old-boy[‘?uld b?i]n.1.老同学；2.（招呼用）老朋友，老弟，老兄

network[‘netw?:k]1.[纺]网眼织物；2.网状物，网络

escalator[‘esk?leit?]n.自动扶梯

privilege[‘privilid?]n.特权；vt.给予??特权 profession[pr?‘fe??n]n.（尤指脑力劳动或受过专业训练的）职业 graduate[‘gr?djueit]vi.大学毕业，[美]毕业；vt.[主美]准予??毕业；a.1.毕业的；2.研究生的；n.大学毕业生，[美]毕业生 unfair[?n‘f??]a.不公平的，不公正的 employment[im‘pl?im?nt]n.1.使用；2.雇佣；3.职业，工作 publish[‘p?bli?]vt.1.出版，刊印；2.公布，发表 senior[‘si:nj?]a.1.年长的，年纪较大的；2.地位较高的，资历较深的；3.[英]（大学）高年级的，[美]大学四年级的；n.1.年长者；2.资历深者，上级 appoint[?‘p?int]vt.1.任命，委任（as）；2.私营的，私立的；3.秘密的，私下的 headmaster[‘hed‘mɑ:st?]n.（中学或小学的）校长 leading[‘li:di?]a.1.领导的，指引的；2.最重要的，主要的 bias[‘bai?s]n.偏见；v.[常用被动语态]有偏见（常与against，towards连用） entry[‘entri]n.1.进入，入场（权），入会权；2.入口；3.登记，条目，账目 merit[‘merit]n.1.优点，长处；2.功绩，功劳

fiercely[‘fi?sli]ad.1.凶猛地，凶残地；2.猛烈地

competitive[k?m‘petitiv]a.竞争的；比赛的

entrance[‘entr?ns]n.1.进入；2.入口，门口；3.入场，入会，入学

additional[?‘di??nl]a.附加的，追加的；另外的 abolish[?‘b?li?]vt.废除（法律，习惯等）；取消

applicant[‘?plik?nt]n.申请人，请求者

performance[p?‘f?:m?ns]n.1.执行，完成；2.表现，工作性能；

2

3.演出，演奏

accessible[?k‘ses?bl]a.1.易接近的，能进去的；2.易受影响的（to）；3可理解的（to） elite[ei‘li:t]n.[集合名词]精英，杰出人物；a.杰出的，精英的

academic[`?k?‘demik]a.1.（高等）专科院校的，研究院的，学会的；2.学术的

excellence[‘eks?l?ns]n.优秀，杰出

recruit[ri‘kru:t]vt./vi.1.征募（新兵），吸收（新成员）；2.聘用，补充；n.新兵；新成员 equivalent[i‘kwiv?l?nt]a.1.相等的，相同的（to）；2.等价的，等量的，等效的；n.1.等价（物），等量（物）；2.对应词（或对应语） ivy[‘aivi]n.常青藤 replicate[‘replikeit]vt.重复；复制 elitist[ei‘litist]n.1.杰出人物；2.杰出人物统治论者；adj.1.杰出人物的；2.杰出人物统治论的 remedial[ri‘mi:dj?l]a.1.治疗的，治疗上用的；2.补救的 prime[praim]a.1.最初的，基本的；2.首要的，主要的；3.第一流的，最好的 vision[‘vi??n]n.1.想象力，幻觉；2.视力，视觉；3.眼光 classless[klɑ:slis]a.1.无阶级的；2.不属于任何阶级的 amount to 1.达到总计；2.相当于，等于 on average平均 blame??for为??责备某人 by nature生来，天生，就其本性而言 be worth doing值得做?? slavery[‘sleiv?ri]n.1.奴隶制度，奴役；2.奴隶身份 domestic[d?‘mestik]adj.1.家庭的，家务的；2.国内的，本国的；n.家仆，佣人 Briton[‘brit?n]n.大不列颠人；英国人 statistics[st?‘tistiks]n.1.统计数字，统计资料；2.[用作单]统计学

diplomat[‘dipl?m?t]a.外交家；外交官

abroad[?‘br?:d]ad.到国外；在国外

exploit[iks‘pl?it]vt.1.开发，开采；2.利用；3.剥削 abuse[?‘bju:z]vt./n.1.滥用，妄用；2.虐待，凌辱

campaign[k?m‘pein]n.1.战役；2.运动，参选活动；v.参加运动，参加竞选活动

sexually[‘seksju?li]ad.在性方面

passport[‘pɑ:sp?:t]n.护照 Filipino[`fili‘pi:n?u]n.1.菲律宾人；2菲律宾语；a.菲律

宾人的；菲律宾的

maid[meid]n.1.少女；2.侍女，女仆

execute[‘eksikju:t]vt.1.实行，执行，完成，贯彻；2.将??处死

convict[k?n‘vikt，‘k?nvikt]vt.1.证明??有罪‘mein]a.不人道的，残忍的 ineffective[`ini‘fektiv]a.无效的，不起作用的

civil[‘sivl]n.1.国民的，民用的；2.国内的，民间的

union[‘ju:nj?n]n.1.工会，协会；2.结合，联合

liberty[‘lib?ti]n.1.自由，自由权；2.冒昧，失礼；3.[常pl.]特许权，特权 punishment[‘p?ni?m?nt]n.1.处罚，罚，刑罚；2.折磨，损害 disaffection[`dis?‘fek??n]n.不满 argument[‘ɑ:gjum?nt]n.1.争论，辩论；2.论据，理由 watch over看守，照管，监视 in unison完全一致地 call up 1.打电话；2.使想起，使忆起 blues[blu:z]n.1.[用作单或复]布鲁斯（源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调）；2.慢四步舞 rock‘n‘roll[`r?kn‘r?ul]n.摇滚乐，摇滚舞 folk[f?uk]n.1.人们；2.[口]家属，亲属；a.民间的 musician[mju（:）‘zi??n]n.音乐家；作曲家 transformation[`tr?nsf?‘mei??n]n.1.变化，转化；2.改造，改革 rhythmic[‘riemik]a.有韵律的；有节奏的 musically[‘mju:zik?li]ad.在音乐方面；好听地；悦耳地 distinct[dis‘ti?kt]a.1.与其他不同的，独特的；2.明显的 consciousness[‘k?n??snis]n.意识，知觉；觉悟 youthful[‘ju:θful]a.1.年轻的；2.朝气蓬勃的 anti-war[‘?nti‘w?:]a.反战的 sentiment[‘sentim?nt]n.1.感情，情绪；2.感伤

spontaneous[sp?n‘teinj?s]a.1.自发的，本能的，自动的；2.出自自然的

originate[?‘rid?ineit]vi./vt.发源；发生，发起

imitator[‘imiteit?]n.模仿者 Negro[‘ni:gr?u]n.黑人；a.黑人的

eclecticism[ek‘lektisiz?m]n.折衷主义

synthesis[‘sinθisis]n.结合，合成

jazz[d??z]n.爵士乐

readily[‘redili]ad.1.乐意

地；2.很快地，容易地

limitless[‘limitlis]a.无限制的，无限的

instrument[‘instrum?nt]n.1.仪器；2.乐器

electronic[ilek‘tr?nik]a.电子的

amplifier[‘?mplifai?]n.放大器

guitar[gi‘tɑ:]n.六弦琴，吉他

electronics[ilek‘tr?niks][复]n.[用作单]电子学 studio[‘stju:di?u]n.1.（艺术家的）工作室；2.（无线电，电视）播音室，演播室；3.电影制片厂

penetrating[‘pen?treiti?]a.1.穿透的，贯穿的；2.深刻的，透彻的 thereby[‘e??bai]ad.由此，从而 passive[‘p?siv]a.1.被动的；2.消极的 participant[pɑ:‘tisip?nt]n.参加者；a.参与的 multimedia[`m?lti‘mi:dj?]a.1.多种手段的；2.多媒体的；同时使用形、光、声效果的；n.多媒体，多媒体的使用 ballroom[‘b?:l‘rum]n.舞厅 lighting[‘laiti?]n.照明，照明设备 take place发生 take over 1.接管，接任；2.把??从一处运到另一处 take on 1.具有；2.担任（工作等）；3.雇佣 composer[k?m‘p?uz?]n.作曲家 inspire[in‘spai?]vt.1.鼓舞；2.使产生灵感 fruitful[‘fru:tful]a.有成果的，有收获的 output[‘autput]n.1.产量；2.输出 theme[θi:m]n.1.题目，主题；2.主旋律 invariably[in‘v??ri?bli]ad.不变地 improvise[‘impr?vaiz]vt.1.即兴创作；2.临时准备，临时凑成 symphony[‘simf?ni]n.1.交响曲，交响乐；2.交响乐队，交响音乐会

handle[‘h?ndl]n.柄，把手；vt.1.拿，弄；2.运用，操纵3.经营，管理

constructive[k?n‘str?ktiv]a.建设的，建设性v creative[kri（:）‘eitiv]a.创造性的

notebook[‘n?utbuk]n.笔记本 preliminary[pri‘limin?ri]a.预备的；初步的；n.初试；预赛 painstaking[‘peinz`teiki?]a.苦干的；费力的

traditionalist[tr?‘di??n?list]n.传统主义者；因循守旧

者

thematic[θi‘m?tik]a.1.题目的，主题的；2.主旋律的 conception[k?n‘sep??n]n.概念，观念

well-established[‘wel is‘t?bli?t]a.1.固定下来的；2.得到确认的

temper[‘temp?]vt.1.[冶]使回火，锻炼；2.调合

well（-）tempered[‘wel‘temp?d]1.脾气好的；2.（键盘乐器）调到平均律的

clavichord[‘kl?vik?:d]n.[音]击弦古钢琴

mold[m?uld]n.模子；模型；vt.用模子做，浇铸 sake[seik]n.缘故 completeness[k?m‘pli:tnis]n.1.完整，圆满；2.完成，结束 summarize[‘s?m?raiz]vt./vi.概述，总结 diversified[dai‘v?:sifaid]a.多样化的 conventional[k?n‘ven??nl]a.1.惯例的，常规的；2.（艺术等）因袭的 experimental[eks`peri‘mentl]a.实验的；经验的 harmony[‘hɑ:m?ni]n.1.协调，和谐；2.融洽，一致 sonority[s?‘n?riti]n.响亮，洪亮 evident[‘evid?nt]a.明显的，明白的 in other words换句话说 in a sense在某种意义上 at a stretch连续不断地 serve as适合 belong in应归入（类别、范畴等） in advance 1.在前面；2.预先 It goes without saying不言而喻，理所当然 for the sake of为了??之好处；为了??的目的 efficiency[i‘fi??nsi]n.1.效率；2.功效，效能，实力 robotics[r?u‘b?tiks]n.[用作单]机器人学，机器人技术 robot[‘r?ub?t]n.机器人；自动控制装置

increasingly[in‘kri:si?li]ad.不断增加地

prevalent[‘prev?l?nt]a.流行的，普通的

automotive[`?:t‘?m?utiv]a.1.自动的，机动的；2.汽车的 weld[weld]vt./n.焊接

spray[sprei]n.1.浪花，水花；2.喷雾，喷雾状物；vt.喷；向??喷射；喷涂；vi.喷；溅散

cast[kɑ:st]vt.1.投，扔，抛，掷；2.投射（光、影，视线等）（on，at）；3.浇铸，铸造；n.1.投，掷；2.模具；3.演员（阵容） frame[freim]n.构架，框架

3

install[in‘st?:l]vt.安装 appliance[?‘plai?ns]n.1.应用，适用；2.用具，器械

calculator[‘k?lkjuleit?]n.1.计算者；2.计算器 radioactive[`reidi?u‘?ktiv]a.[原]放射性的；放射引起的

personnel[p?:s?‘nel]n.1.[集合名词]全体人员，全体职员；2.人事（部门）

expose[iks‘p?uz]vt.1.使暴露，使面临；2.揭露，揭发 radiation[`reidi‘ei??n]n.1.放射，发光；2.放射物，辐射线，辐射能

reduction[ri‘d?k??n]n.1.减少，减小；2.降级，降职；3.归纳，归并 automatic[`?:t?‘m?tik]a.1.自动的；2.无意识的，机械的 reprogramme[‘ri:‘pr?ugr?m]v.再次（重新）设定程序 completion[k?m‘pli:??n]n.完成，结束；完满 specific[spi‘sifik]a.1.特有的，特定的；2.具体的，明确的 switch[swit?]n.1.开关，转换器；2.（思路、话题等的）转换；vt.1.转换，改变（思路、话题等）；2.接通??电流（on），切断??电流（off）；vi.转换，变换 critical[‘kritik?l]a.1.批评（性）的，批判（性）的；2.对??表示谴责的，对??感到不满的（of）；3.紧要的，关键性的，危急的 digital[‘did?itl]a.1.手指的，指状的；2.数字的，计数的 camera[‘k?m?r?]n.照相机，摄影机 light-sensitive[‘lait‘sensitiv]a.光敏的 intensity[in‘tensiti]n.强烈，剧烈 grayscale[grei‘skeil]灰度（使不同黑白比例混合而得从黑到白的一系列色差灰色色调） brightness[‘braitnis]n.1.明亮，晴朗；2.聪敏，机灵 scale[skeil]n.1.刻度，表度；2.规模；3.比例（尺）；4.[pl.]天平，磅秤 shade[?eid]n.1.荫，阴影；2.遮光物，罩；vt.遮蔽，遮光 calculation[`k?lkju‘lei??n]n.1.计算，计算结果；2.仔细考虑

defective[di‘fektiv]a.有缺点的；有缺陷的 assemble[?‘sembl]vt.1.集合；2.装配；vi.集合

attendant[?‘tend?nt]n.1.侍者，服务员；2.出席者

fireman[‘fai?m?n]n.消防队员 housekeeper[‘haus`ki:p?]n.管理家务的主妇；女管家 expose to暴露；面临；曝露

in that在于，原因是

in between在中间；每间隔；在??期间

in question正被谈论的 plenty of大量的；丰富的 earthquake[‘?:θkweik]n.地震

warning[‘w?:ni?]n.警告；警报；a.警告的

forecast[‘f?:kɑ:st]vt.1.预测，预报；2.预示

giant[‘d?ai?nt]n.1.巨大；2.巨物，巨大的动物；a.巨大的 shift[?ift]vt./vi.1.替换；转移；2.轮班；n.1.转换，转移；2.轮班

fault[f?:lt]n.1.缺点，毛病；2.错误，过失；3.[地]断层 seismic[‘saizmik]a.地震的 precede[pri（:）‘si:d]vt.先于??，比??优先；vi.在前面，居前，领先 radon[‘reid?n]n.氡 decay[di‘kei]vi.1.腐朽，腐烂；2.衰败；3.[原]衰变；vt.使腐朽，使腐烂；n.1.腐朽，腐烂；2.衰败 radium[‘reidj?m]n.镭 underground[‘?nd?graund]a.1.地下的；2.秘密的，隐蔽的；ad.1.在地下；2.秘密地，隐蔽地 speculate[‘spekjuleit]vi.思索；推测（on/upon，about）；vt.1.投机；2.思索，推测 subside[s?b‘said]vi.1.沉淀；2.沉降，下沉；3.平静下来，平息，减退 datum[‘deit?m]1.资料，材料，2.数据 reliability[ri`lai?‘biliti]n.可靠性 partial[‘pɑ:??l]a.1.偏袒的，偏心的，对??偏袒（to）；2.部分的，不完全的 up-to-date[‘?p tu:deit]a.1.最新的，现代化的；2.直至目前的 analyze[‘?n?laiz]vt.分析 eastern[‘i:st?n]a.1.东方的，东部的；2.向东方的，来自东方的 work on 1.从事??；2.对??有影响

set up 1.设立，建立；2.建立，提出 on the alert警戒，处于戒备状态

leadership[‘li:d??ip]n.1.领导；2.[总称]领导人员 research[ri‘s?:t?]n.研究，调查；vi.调查，研究 attach[?‘t?t?]vt.（to）1.固定住，系；2.附加，隶属；3.把（重点等）放在；4.使喜爱，使依恋

possession[p?‘ze??n]n.1.有，拥有；2.[常pl.]占有物；财产 satisfaction[`s?tis‘f?k??n]n.满意，满足

relaxation[`ri:l?k‘sei??n]n.1.松弛，放松；2.缓和，减轻；3.休养

desirable[di‘zai?r?bl]a.称心的，合意的，理想的 occupation[`?kju‘pei??n]n.1.占领；2.占有；3.职业

portray[p?:‘trei]vt.描绘；描写；描述

urban[‘?:b?n]a.城市的，都市的

stressful[‘stresful]a.紧张的；压力重的

loom[lu:m]vi.隐隐呈现；逼近 renewal[ri‘nju（:）?l]n.1.更新；2重新开始

underlie[`?nd?‘lai]vt.支撑；构成（理论，政策，行为等）的基础 acquire[?‘kwai?]vt.获得，得到 recognition[`rek?g‘ni??n]n.1.认出；2.承认，公认 impart[im‘pɑ:t]vt.把??分给；给予作业 freshman[‘fre?m?n]n.1新手，生手；2.大学一年级学生 kid[kid]vt./vi./n.1.戏弄，开玩笑；2.欺骗，哄骗 faithfully[‘feiθfuli]忠诚地；如实地 temptation[temp‘tei??n]n.引诱，诱惑 look ahead to向前看；展望未来 allocate??for分配给??；配给 fall by the wayside半途而废，中途退出 hang up 1.把??挂起来；2.挂断（电话）；3.延迟，拖延 throw off扔掉；摆脱 work out做出；制定出 up to date 1.最新的，新式的；2.切合目前情况的（on） kid??into doing欺骗??去做?? stick with坚持；继续 jet[d?et]n.1.喷射；2.喷嘴；3.喷气式飞机，喷气式发动机 lag[l?g]vi.走得慢，落后；n.落后，滞后 flight[flait]n.1.飞行，飞翔；2.航班，班机；3.逃跑，溃退 physiological[`fizi?‘l?d?ikl]a.生理的，生理学的

regulatory[‘regjul?t?ri]a.1.规章的；2.调节的

mechanism[‘mek?niz?m]n.1.[机]机构，机制；2.（自然现象等）作用过程

hormonal[h?:‘m?unl]a.荷尔蒙的，激素的

secretary[‘sekr?tri]n.1.秘书；2.书记；3.（英，美等国的）部长，大臣

negotiation[ni`g?u?‘ei?i?n]n.谈判，协商

proceeding[pr?‘si:di?]n.1.

程序，进程；2.[pl.]项目，活动，会议文集

instantaneously[`inst?n‘teinj?sli]ad.瞬间地；即刻地

transport[tr?ns‘p?:t，‘tr?nsp?:t]vt.运输；n.运输 overcome[`?uv?‘k?m]vt.战胜；克服

regulate[‘regjuleit]vt./n.1.管理；2.调节

timing[‘taimi?]n.1.时间的选择；2.计时，定时

periodicity[`pi?ri?‘disiti]n.周期性，间发性 internal[in‘t?:nl]a.1.内部的，内在的；2.国内的

suprachiasmatic[‘sju:pr?kai?z‘m?tik]a.超（染色体）交叉的 rhythm[‘rie?m]n.1.韵律，格律；2.节奏 timer[‘taim?]n.计时员，定时器 external[eks‘t?:nl]a.外在的，在外的 alarm[?‘lɑ:m]n.1.警报；2.惊恐；vt.1.向??报警，使警觉；2.使??惊恐，打扰 reset[ri:‘set]vt./n.重新安排，重调 palm[pɑ:m]n.手掌 sweat[swet]n.汗；vi.出汗；vt.使出汗 discrepancy[dis‘krep?nsi]n.差异；不一致 bodily[‘b?dili]a.身体的，肉体的 cortisol[‘k?:tis?l]n.[生]皮质（甾）醇 excretion[eks‘kri:??n]n.排泄；分泌 destination[`desti‘nei??n]n.目的地，终点 feasible[‘fi:z?bl]a.可行的，可能的 pharmacological[`fɑ:m?k?‘l?d?ik?l]a.药物学的，药理学的 assumption[?‘s?mp??n]n.1.假定，设想；2.承担，采取 mid-afternoon[‘mid`ɑ:ft?‘nu:n]a.下午三点左右的 neutral[‘nju:tr?l]a.1.中立的；2.中性的

wakefulness[‘weikfulnis]n.觉醒，不眠

promote[pr?‘m?ut]vt.1.促进，发扬；2.提升，升级；3.发起，创办

synchronize[‘si?kr?naiz]vi.同时发生，同步；vt.使在时间上一致；使同步

effect on对??的作用 blame??on把??归咎于 to advantage有利地，有效地 as fresh as paint精神饱满 now that（连词）既然，由于 leave??alone 1.不管，不理；2.听其自然

4

out of step步伐不一致；不协调

in time 1.及时；2.终于

span[sp?n]n.1.指距，一柞宽；2.跨距；3.一段时间

fluctuate[‘fl?ktjueit]vi.1.波动，起伏；2.动摇，不定；vt.使波动，使起伏

fluctuation[`fl?ktju‘ei??n]n.波动，起伏

tick[tik]n.（钟表的）滴答声；vi.（钟表的）滴答响

fade[feid]vi.1.凋谢，枯萎；2.（颜色）褪去；3.（声音等）衰弱下去；vt.使褪色

illusion[i‘lju:??n]n.错觉；幻觉

duration[dju?‘rei??n]n.持续；持续时间 infrequent[in‘fri:kw?nt]a.很少发生的 illustration[`il?s‘trei??n]n.1.说明；2.例证，插图 moderate[‘m?d?rit]a.1.中等的，适度的；2.温和的，有节制的 distraction[dis‘tr?k??n]n.1.精神涣散，精神不集中；2.消遣，娱乐 distractor[dis‘tr?kt?]n.分散注意力的东西 focal[‘f?uk?l]a.焦点的；vt.1.治疗；2.补救（法）；vt.1.治疗；2.补救，纠正 fearful[‘fi?ful]a.1.可怕的，吓人的；2.害怕的，胆怯的 productivity[`pr?d?k‘tiviti]n.1.生产率；2.丰饶，多产 finance[fai‘n?ns]n.1.财政，金融；2.经费，资金 retention[ri‘ten??n]n.保持；保留 distract[dis‘tr?kt]vt.分散（注意，心思等）；使人分心 adversely[‘?dv?:sli]ad.1.相反地；2.不利地，有害地 appreciate[?‘pri:?ieit]vt.1.欣赏，鉴赏；2.正确评价，鉴别；3.感激，感谢 contrary[‘k?ntr?ri]a.相反的，相对的，与??相反（to） mislead[mis‘li:d]vt.把??带错路，使??错或做错 motivation[`m?uti‘vei??n]n.动机；动力

inefficient[`ini‘fi??nt]a.无效的；效率低的 exceptional[ik‘sep??nl]a.1.例外的；2.异常的，特殊的 hinder[‘hind?，‘haind?]vt.阻止；妨碍

typical[‘tipik?l]a.典型的，代表性的

to date到目前为止

attend to专心；注意；照顾 make the grade取得成功，达到理想标准

fall apart四分五裂；崩溃

be true of符合于??，对??适用

classify[‘kl?sifai]vt.1.把??分类，把??分等级；2.把??列为（as）

aged[eid?id]a.年老的，老的 northwestern[‘n?:θ‘west?n]a.1.在西北的，向西北的；2.来自西北的

approximate[?‘pr?ksimit，?‘pr?ksimeit]a.近似的，大约的；vt.1.近似，接近；2.使接近；vi.接近（to）

paradox[‘p?r?d?ks]1.似非而可能是的论点；2.自相矛盾的话 proportion[pr?‘p?:??n]n.比率，比例；vt.使成比例，使相称

dependency[di‘pend?nsi]n.从属；依赖（on） advantageous[`?dv?n‘teid??s]a.有利的，有助的 liability[`lai?‘biliti]n.1.责任，义务；2.[pl.]债务，负债；3.不利条件，妨碍的人（或物） inactive[in‘?ktiv]a.不活动的；不活跃的 appreciation[?`pri:?i‘ei??n]n.1.欣赏，鉴赏；2.正确评价；3.感激，感谢 salient[‘seilj?nt]a.1.突出的，凸起的；2.显著的 resettlement[ri:‘setlm?nt]n.重新定居，重新安置 acknowledge[?k‘n?lid?]vt.1.承认；2.表示感谢 fore[f?:]ad.在前面；a.1.先时的，先前的；2.在前部的；n.前部 gathering[‘g?e?ri?]n.1.聚集；2.集会 birthrate[‘b?:θreit]n.出生率 elsewhere[‘els‘w??]ad.在别处；向别处 demography[di‘m?gr?fi]n.人口统计学 alter[‘?:lt?]vt./vi.改变，改动 experiential[iks`pi?ri‘en??l]a.经验的；凭经验的 continued[k?n‘tinju（:）d]a.继续的，连续的

lengthen[‘le?θ?n]vt.使延长；vi.变长，延伸

wealthy[‘welθi]a.富裕的；丰富的

neglect[ni‘glekt]vt.1.忽视，忽略；2.疏忽；n.忽略；疏忽 expectation[`ekspek‘tei??n]n.1.期待；2.估计寿命

slippery[‘slip?ri]a.1.滑的；2.圆滑的

demographer[di‘m?gr?f?]n.人口学家

revision[ri‘vi??n]n.修订，修改

upwards[‘?pw?dz]ad.向上；趋

向上升

approximate to与??接近 to the fore 1.在前面，到前面；2.在显著地位

resistance to对??的阻力 esteem[is‘ti:m]vt./n.尊敬，尊重

cope[k?up]vi.对付，妥善处理（with）

parenting[‘p??r?nti?]n.父母对孩子的养育

tone[t?un]n.1.音调，音色；2.腔调，语气；3.[语]声调，语调 infant[‘inf?nt]n.婴儿，幼儿；a.婴儿的，幼儿的

lovable[‘l?v?bl]a.可爱的，讨人喜欢的

manageable[‘m?nid??bl]a.易管理的 unlovable[?n‘l?v?bl]a.不可爱的；不讨人喜爱的 worthless[‘w?:θlis]a.1.无价值的，无用的；2.不足道的，不可取的 ultimately[‘?ltim?tli]ad.最后，最终地 self-defeating[`selfdi‘fi:ti?]a.1.自我挫败的；2.有违被衰的 crisis[‘kraisis]n.1危机；2.决定性时刻 withdraw[wie‘dr?:]vt.1.收回，提取；2.撤退，撤销；vi.1.撤退，退出；2.退缩，逃避现实 inconsiderate[`ink?n‘sid?rit]a.不替别人考虑的；不体谅人 outcome[‘autk?m]n.1.结果，结局；2.出路，出口 reinforcement[`ri:in‘f?:sm?nt]n.增强，加固；强化 tangible[‘t?nd??bl]a.1.可触摸的，可感知的；2.确实的，真实的 attribute[?‘tribju:t]n.1.属性，特征；2.[语]定语；vt.把??归因于（to） fold[f?uld]vt./vi.折叠；对折；n.褶（痕） appropriate[?‘pr?upri?t]a.适合的，恰当的，相宜的 cope with对付；处理 no other??than 1.除??外没有，只有；2.正是，就是 take advantage of 1.利用；2.占??便宜

act out 1.将??表演出来；2.（用行动）表示出来 election[i‘lek??n]n.选举；选举权

presidential[`prezi‘den??l]a.总统（或校长）的；总统（或校长等）职务的

winner[‘win?]n.获胜者，优胜者；成功者

republican[ri‘p?blik?n]a.1.共和国的；2.[R-]（美国）共和党的；n.1.共和主义者；2.[R-]共和党党员

democratic[dem?‘kr?tik]a.民主的，民主主义的

nominee[`n?mi‘ni:]n.被提名者；被任命者

vote[v?ut]n.1.选举，投票；2.票，选票；vi.投票，选举

certainty[‘s?:t?nti]n.一定；必定

nomination[`n?mi‘nei??n]n.提名；任命

loyalty[‘l?i?lti]n.忠诚；忠心

decline[di‘klain]vi.1.下倾，下降；2.衰退，衰落；3.谢绝，拒绝；vt.拒绝，谢绝；n.1.下倾，下降；2.衰退，衰落

democrat[‘dem?kr?t]n.1.民主主义者，民主人士；2.[D-]民主党党员 voter[‘v?ut?]n.选举人，投票人 strategically[str?‘ti:d?ik?l]ad.战略上地，颇具策略地 pursue[p?‘sju:]vt.1.追赶；2.追求，寻求；3.进行，从事 impact[‘imp?kt，im‘p?kt]n.1.冲击，碰拦；2.效果，影响；vt.装紧，压紧 headquarters[‘hed‘kw?:t?z][复]n.1.司令部，指挥部；2.（机构，企业）总部，总店 economy[i（:）‘k?n?mi]n.1.经济；2.节约 strategist[‘str?tid?ist]n.战略家 rating[‘reiti?]n.1.等级，规格；2.评定结果，（电视）收视率 poll[p?ul]n.1.选举，投票；2.民意测验；1.得到选票；2.对??进行民事测验；vi.投票 stir[st?:]vt.1.搅拌，搅动；2.激起，打动；vi.微动；活动；n.惊动；轰动 strategy[‘str?tid?i]n.战略；策略 constitutional[`k?nsti‘tju:??nl]a.1.宪法上规定的；2.组成的，构成的 provision[pr?‘vi??n]n.1.供应，供应品；2.条款，规定；3.[常pl.]给养，口粮 electoral[i‘lekt?r?l]a.选举的

representation[`reprizen‘tei??n]n.1.描写，表现；2.代表，代理

congress[‘k??gres]n.1.（代表）大会；2.国会，议会；3.[C-]（美法等的）参议院，上院 House[haus]n.[英]议院

district[‘distrikt]n.1.区，行政区；2.地区，区域

representative[`repri‘zent?tiv]n.代表，代表人；a.典型的，有代表性的

presidency[‘prezid?nsi]n.1.总统（或校长，会长，行长等）职务（或职权，任期）；2.管辖

5

overwhelming[?uv?‘（h）welmi

?]a.压倒之势的

stand no chance没有可能；没有希望

identify??as把??看作 impact on对??之影响

contest[‘k?ntest]n.1.竞争，比赛；2.争夺，竞争；3.争论，争辩

rivalry[‘raiv?lri]n.竞争；对抗

dozen[‘d?zn]n.1.一打，十二个；2.十来个，十几个

nominate[‘n?mineit]vt.1.提名；2.任命；3.命名

electorate[i‘lekt?rit]n.全体选民；选区

inevitably[in‘evit?bli]ad.不可避免地，必然地 dominance[‘d?min?ns]n.优势，控制，统治 assault[?‘s?:lt]n.1.攻击，袭击；2.（军）冲击，突击，强击 parliamentary[`pɑ:l?‘ment?ri]a.议会的，国会的 congressman[‘k??gresm?n]n.（美）国会议员 statistically[st?‘tistik?li]ad.在统计方面 dominant[‘d?min?nt]a.占优势的；支配的 majority[m?‘d??riti]n.1.多数，大半；2.多数党，多数派 automatically[`?:t?‘m?tik?li]ad.自动地；习惯性地 competitor[k?m‘petit?]n.竞争者；对手 running[‘r?ni?]n.1.跑，赛跑；2.竞选 inevitable[in‘evit?bl]a.不可避免的，必然（发生）的 peaceful[‘pi:sful]a.1.平静的，安宁的；2.和平的，和平方式的 transfer[tr?ns‘f?:]vt.1.转移，传输；2调动；3.改变；vi.1.转移，转学；2.换车；换船；n.转移，传输，变换 overturn[`?uv?‘t?:n]vt./n.1.打翻，使翻过来；2.推翻，颠覆，毁灭；vi.翻身；倒下 foolproof[‘fu:l‘pru:f]a.1.连傻子都懂的；2.不会出毛病的；3.有安全装置的

monopoly[m?‘n?p?li]n.垄断；专卖

opposition[`?p?‘zi??n]n.1.反对，反抗；2.对立，意见相反 monopolize[m?‘n?p?laiz]v.垄断；专卖

moderation[`m?d?‘rei??n]n.1.温和，适度；2.缓和，减轻 legislation[`led?is‘lei??n]n.1.立法；2.法律，法规 temporarily[‘temp?r?rili]ad.暂时地，临时地 break up打碎；结束；驱散；散开；分解

in the running参赛，参加竞选 in power掌权的，执政的 out of power丧失权力

in favour of 1.赞成，支持；2.为??的利益，有利于；3.支付给

come into power上台；开始掌权

carry on 1.经营，进行；2.继续

anaesthetics[`?nis‘θetiks]n.麻醉学

vaccine[‘v?ksi:n]n.牛痘苗；疫苗；a.牛痘的；疫苗的

diabetes[dai?‘bi:ti:z]n.糖尿病

developmental[di`vel?p‘ment]a.1.发展的，开发的；2.促使成长的，起改进作用的 disorder[dis‘?:d?]n.1.混乱；2.失调，紊乱；vt.使混乱；使失调 irrelevant[i‘reliv?nt]a.不相干的，离题的，与??不相干（to） misleading[mis‘li:di?]a.引入歧途的；使人误解的 irresponsible[`iri‘sp?ns?bl]a.无责任感的，不负责任的 unethical[?n‘?θik?l]a.不合伦理的；不合道德的 thalidomide[θ?‘lid?maid]n.[药]萨立多胺（原用作中枢神经镇静剂，因有造成胎儿缺肢畸形的副作用，已被禁用） replacement[ri‘pleism?nt]n.1.复位，复职；2.替换，代替 refinement[ri‘fainm?nt]n.精炼，精制 simulate[‘simjuleit]vt??假装，冒充；2.模仿，模拟 cell[sel]1.细胞；2.小房间，单人牢房 toxicity[t?k‘sisiti]n.毒性 eventual[i‘ventju?l]a.最后的，结局的 dose[d?us]n.（一次）剂量 replace[ri（:）‘pleis]vt.1.把??放回（原处），使恢复（原职）；2.更换，以??替代 tube[tju:b]n.1.管，软管；2.电子管，真空管；3.[英]地铁 partly[‘pɑ:tli]ad.部分地；在一定程度上

polio[‘p?uli?u]n.[医]脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症 biomedical[‘bai?u‘medik?l]a.生物医学的

ethics[‘eθiks]n.[pl.]1.[用作单]伦理学；2.伦理观，道德标准

undergo[`?nd?‘g?u]vt.经历，经受；忍受

suitable[‘sju:t?bl]a.合适的；适当的

rabbit[‘r?bit]n.兔

litter[‘lit?]n.1.（供动物睡眠或植物防冻的）干草；2.杂乱

无章；3.（猫狗等）一窝（仔畜）；4.[总称]乱丢的东西（尤指废纸等杂物）；vt.1.为（动物）铺草；2.（多产动物）产（仔）；3.乱丢

refine[ri‘fain]vt.1.提纯，精制；2.使精美，使改进；vt.1.精炼，提纯；2.变优雅

regeneration[ri`d?en?‘rei??n]n.新生，再生，复兴

paralyse[‘p?r?laiz]vt.1.使麻痹，使瘫痪；2.使无力，使气馁

regrow[ri:‘gr?u]vt.再生长，重新生长

reproduce[`ri:pr?‘dju:s]vt.1.繁殖；2.再生产，再生长（器官）；3.复制；4.再现，重现 sacrifice to向??献祭；为??而牺牲；为??而失去 do research into进行??的研究 be central to对??极为重要的 do experiment on用??做实验 be irrelevant to与??不相干；不切题 test on对??进行试验 aim for瞄准；以??为目标 pet[pet]n.宠物，爱畜；a.宠爱的，表示亲昵的 delightful[di‘laitful]a.令人高兴的；讨人喜欢的 humanity[hju（:）‘m?niti]n.1.人性，博爱，仁慈；2.人类 negative[‘neg?tiv]a.1.否定的，否认的；2.反面的，消极的；3.[数]负的，[电]阴性的；n.1.负片，底片；2.负数 remark[ri‘mɑ:k]vt.说，评论；vi.评论，议论（on）；n.评论，看法 touching[‘t?t?i?]a.动人的，使人感伤的 going[‘g?ui?]n.进行状况；a.进行中的；现行的 coming[‘k?mi?]a.正在到来的，即将来到的；n.来到，到达 literal[‘lit?r?l]a.1.精确的，如实的；2.逐字的，字面的 grant[grɑ:nt]vt.同意；准予；n.1.同意，授予；2.拨款

contented[k?n‘tentid]a.满足的，满意的

serene[si‘ri:n]a.安详的；宁静的

contemplate[‘k?ntempleit]vt.1.注视，凝视；2.沉思

plea[pli:]n.1.请求，恳求；2.托词

devotion[di‘v?u??n]n.献身，忠诚

ownership[‘?un??ip]n.1.拥有；2.所有权，所有制

imperative[im‘per?tiv]a.1.绝对必要的，迫切的；2.命令，强制的；3.[语]祈使的

stricken[‘strik?n]I.strike的过去分词II.a.1.被打中的，被击伤的；2.（常用以构成复合词）受灾的，受侵袭的

relief[ri‘li:f]n.1.（痛苦，压迫等）减轻，宽慰；2.救济 donation[d?u‘nei??n]n.捐献；赠送

afflict[?‘flikt]vt.使苦恼，折磨

deprive[di‘praiv]vt.夺去，剥夺；使失去（of）

individualistic[`indi`vidju?‘listik]a.个人主义（者）的 prevail[pri‘veil]vi.1.胜过（over，against）；2.流行，盛行

starvation[stɑ:‘vei??n]n.饥饿；饿死 kwashiorkor[`kw??i‘?:k?:]n.[医]恶性营养不良症 deficiency[di‘fi??nsi]n.缺乏，不足 starve[stɑ:v]vi.1.饿死；2.挨饿；3.极需，渴望（for）；vt.使饿死；使挨饿 sustain[s?s‘tein]vt.1.支撑，承受住；2.供养，维持 unreasonable[?n‘ri:zn?bl]a.1.不讲道理的，非理智的；2.不合情理的，过度的 bring out 1.使显现，显示；2生产，使产生 attach??to使??与??相关，把??附加到 goings and comings 1.来往；2.活动，发生的事 take??for granted 1.认为真实；2.视为当然 at ease自在的，舒适的 plea for恳求；请求 not that??并不是说 not（never）for a moment决不；从不 break in on（upon）1.打扰；2.打断，闯进 feel bitter at对??怀恨 seize hold of 1.抓住；2.占有 daydream[‘deidri:m]vi./n.白日做梦 symptom[‘simpt?m]n.症状，征兆 habitual[h?‘bitju?l]a.1.习惯性的，习以为常的；2.惯常的，已成规则的

maladjustment[m?l?‘d??stm?nt]n.1.失调；2.不适应环境 compensatory[k?m‘pens?t?ri]a.赔偿，补偿的

equilibrium[`i:kwi‘libri?m]n.1.平衡，均衡，平均，相称；2.均势；3.（心情的）平静；4.（判断上的）不偏不倚

intellectual[`inti‘lektju?l]n.知识分子；a.智力的，理智的

detail[‘di:teil]n.细节，详情；vt.详述，详细说明

enhance[in‘hɑ:ns]vt.提高；

6

增强

spur[sp?:]vt.1.用催马刺催促（马）；2.激励，鞭策；n.1.踢马刺；2.刺激（物），激励，鼓舞

initial[i‘ni??l]a.1.最初的，开始的；2.词首的；n.首字母 inventor[in‘vent?]n.发明者，创造者

waylay[wei‘lei]vt.伏击；拦住??问讯

muse[mju:z]v./n.沉思，冥想 confront[k?n‘fr?nt]vt.1.面对，遭遇；2.正视，对抗

painter[‘peint?]n.漆工；画家

sensitivity[`sensi‘tiviti]n.敏感性；灵敏度

inner[‘in?]a.1.内部的，里面的；2.思想的，精神的；n.内部；里面 reflection[ri‘flek??n]n.1.反射，反映，映像；2.深思，考虑 creativity[`kri:ei‘tiviti]n.创造性 effortless[‘ef?tlis]a.1.不作努力的；2.不费力的，容易的 dreamlike[‘dri:mlaik]a.梦一般的，梦幻的 surrounding[s?‘raundi?]n.[pl.]周围的事物；环境；a.周围的 character[‘k?rikt?]n.1.性格，品质；2.特性，特征；3.人物，角色；4.（书写或印刷）符号，（汉）字 thinker[‘θi?k?]n.思想家；思考者 steadily[‘stedili]ad.稳固地；稳定地 vividly[‘vividli]ad.鲜明地；生动地 drift[drift]n.1.漂流；2.趋势，倾向；vi.漂流；漂泊；vt.使漂流 trace[treis]n.1.痕迹，踪迹；2.微量，少许；vt.跟踪，查找 undisturbed[‘?ndis‘t?:bd]a.不受干扰的；宁静的 tune[tju:n]n.1.曲调，曲子；2.和谐，协调；vt.1.为（乐器）调音；2.和谐，调节

midst[midst]n.中间，当中；prep.（=amidst）在??当中 impoverished[im‘p?v?ri?t]a.贫困的，赤贫的

well-being[wel‘bi:i?]n.1.健康；2.福利，幸福

modest[‘m?dist]a.1.谦虚的，谦恭的；2.适中的，不过分的 investment[in‘vestm?nt]n.投资；（时间，精力的）投入 excitement[ik‘saitm?nt]n.刺激；兴奋

to excess过分，过度，过量 substitute??for用??代替??

be contrary to与??相反

in reality实际上，事实上 put off 1.延期；2.消除；3.阻碍

let go of放手；放开 be confronted with面临，面对 draw on 1.用做，依靠；2.临近 gaze at凝视，注视

be unaware of不知道??，没觉察到??

dream of梦见；梦想

in one‘s mind‘s eye在脑海里

at sea 1.在海上，在航海中；2.迷惑，茫然

go over 1.越过，渡过；2.仔细检查

impress??on使??铭记，牢记

be free from没有??的；不受??的 put aside 1.放在一边，撇开；2.储存 be beneficial to对??有益 add up to 1.总和是；2.[口]总起来意味着 perchance[p?‘t?ɑ:ns]ad.[古]1.偶然，意外地；2.可能，或许 miserable[‘miz?r?bl]a.悲惨的；可怜的 far-fetched[‘fɑ:‘fet?t]a.1.牵强的；2.未必会的，靠不住的 veteran[‘vet?r?n]n.1.老兵，老手；2.[美]退伍军人；a.老练的；经验丰富的 administration[?d`minis‘trei??n]n.1.管理，经营；2.行政，行政机关 sleepy[‘sli:pi]a.困倦的，嗜睡的 link[li?k]n.环节，联系；vt.用环连接；联系 elude[i‘lju:d]vt.（巧妙地）逃避，躲避 respectively[ris‘pektivli]ad.各自地，分别地 definitive[di‘finitiv]a.1.决定的，确定的；2.限定的，明确的 evolve[i‘v?lv]vt.1.使发展，使形成，制定；2.引申出，推论；vi.进展；2.进化 differ[‘dif?]vi.1.不同，相异（from）；2.与??意见不同（from，with）

surprisingly[s?‘praizi?li]ad.惊人地；出乎意料地 namely[‘neimli]ad.即，也就是

plus[pl?s]prep.加，加上；a.1.正的；2.附加的

acronym[‘?kr?nim]n.首字母缩略词

eyeball[‘aib?:l]n.眼球 correlation[`k?ri‘lei??n]n.相互关系，关联

physiology[`fizi‘?l?d?i]n.生理学

unhappy[?n‘h?pi]n.1.不快乐的，愁苦的；2.不幸的

dreamer[‘dri:m?]n.1.做梦的；2.空想家

volunteer[`v?l?n‘ti?]n.志愿者；志愿兵；a.志愿的；vi.志愿

identity[ai‘dentiti]n.1.同一，一致；2.身份，本体

primarily[‘praim?rili]ad.1.首先，起初；2.首要地，主要地 merry[‘meri]a.欢乐的，愉快的

psychology[sai‘k?l?d?i]n.1.心理学；2.心理

location[l?u‘kei??n]n.1.定位，测位；2.位置，场所

reinforce[`ri:in‘f?:s]vt.1.增援，支援；2.加强，增加；3.进一步证实

influence on对??的影响 break into分成（部分） check into调查 compel[k?m‘pel]vt.强迫（to） rightly[‘raitli]ad.1公正地，正当地；2.合适地，恰当地 laborer[‘leib?r?]n.劳动者；工人 antithesis[?n‘tiθisis]n.1.对偶，（修辞学）对句；2.对立，对立面 voluntary[‘v?l?nt?ri]a.1.自愿的，志愿的；2.自发的 undertake[`?nd?‘teik]vt.1.着手做，进行；2.承担，从事，进行；3.承担，答应（to） coincide[k?uin‘said]vi.一致，相符（with） manual[‘m?nju?l]a.1.手的，用手（操作）的；2.体力的；n.手册 cobbler[‘k?bl?]n.补鞋匠 clerk[klɑ:k]n.1.办事员，公务员；2.（美）店员 efficiently[i‘fi??ntli]ad.效率高的；有能力地 coronary[‘k?r?n?ri]a.冠的；冠状的；n.1.冠状动脉；2.冠状动脉血栓形成 compulsion[k?m‘p?l??n]n.强制，强迫 division[di‘vi??n]n.1.分开，分割；2.分工；3.除（法）；4.部门，（机关的）科，处 eliminate[i‘limineit]vt.排除，消灭

formerly[‘f?:m?li]ad.以前，从前

enjoyable[in‘d??ibl]a.愉快的；快乐的；有趣的

boring[‘b?:ri?]a.令人厌烦的 aristocracy[`?ris‘t?kr?si]n.1.贵族统治；2.贵族 ritualize[‘ritju?laiz]vt./vi.（行为模式）仪式化

grouse[graus]n.松鸡 unchanging[?n‘t?eind?i?]a.不变的

aristocratic[`?rist?‘kr?tik]a.贵族的；贵族式的

amusement[?‘mju:zm?nt]n.娱乐，消遣

gamble[‘g?mbl]vi./vt.1.赌博，打赌（on）；2.投机，冒险；n.1.赌博；2.投机，冒险

duel[‘dju（:）?l]n./vi.1决斗；2.（双方的）斗争

warfare[‘w?:f??]n.1.战争，作战，交战；2.斗争，竞争

aptly[‘?ptli]ad.1.恰当地，贴切地；2.灵巧地

phrase[freiz]n.1.短语，词语；2.习惯用语 so far as??knows就某人所知 of??value有??价值

of??importance有??重要性

in the strict sense在严格的意义上 of??interest有??兴趣 coincide with相符，一致 attitude toward（s）对??的态度；意见 at a guess凭猜测 go in for 1.参加，从事；2.以??为兴趣，爱好 get（sink）one‘s teeth into 1.死死咬住，紧紧抓住；2.认真对待，决心解决，全神贯注于 workman[‘w?:km?n]n.工人，劳动者 tighten[‘taitn]vt./vi.（使）变紧；拧紧 infinitely[‘infinitli]ad.无限地，无穷地 varied[‘v??rid]a.1.各种各样的；2.杂色的，斑斓的 subtle[‘s?tl]a.1.精巧的，精妙的；2.微妙的，难以捉摸的 cadre[‘kɑ:dr]n.干部；基干 curtail[k?:‘teil]vt.1.截短，缩短（讲话，假期，节目等）；2.削减（经费等） subtly[‘s?tli]ad.1.精巧地，精妙地；2.微妙地，难以捉摸地 excessive[ik‘sesiv]a.过多的，过分的 competition[`k?mpi‘ti??n]n.1.竞争；2.比赛 slack[sl?k]a.1.懒散的，清闲的，松弛的；2.行动迟缓的，有气无力的；vi.减慢，松懈；n.1.清闲；2.淡季，不活跃时期 longshoreman[‘l????:m?n]n.码头装卸工人

cargo[‘kɑ:g?u]n.船货，货物 toss[t?s]vt.1.抛，掷；2.使摇摆，使动荡；vi.1.摇摆，颠簸；2.翻来覆去

coin[k?in]n.硬币，钱币；vt.创造（新词）

vengeance[‘vend??ns]n.报仇，报复

outrage[‘autreid?]n.1.暴行，不法行为；2.愤慨；vt.1.对??施暴；2.激怒

vain[vein]a.徒劳的

hell[hel]n.1.地狱，阴间；2.（非正式）用以咒骂或表示愤

7

怒，不满

white-collar[‘wait‘k?l?]a.白领阶层的，从事脑力劳动的 encounter[in‘kaunt?]v.1.遭遇，遇到；2.意外地遇到（朋友等）；n.1.遭遇，冲突；2.偶然相见

series[‘si?ri:z]n.[单复同形]1.一系列，连续；2.丛书，套，辑，组；3.[电]串联 assembly[?‘sembli]n.1.集合；2.集会，[总称]与会者；3.装配，组装

clipboard[‘klipb?:d]n.带弹簧夹子的书写板

stopwatch[‘st?pw?:t?]n.（赛跑用的）跑表；vt.用秒表测定时间

disapproval[`dis?‘pru:v?l]n.不赞成；不许可 studied[‘st?did]a.1.深思熟虑的；2.故意的，蓄意的 discredit[dis‘kredit]vt.1.败坏??的名声；2.使不可置信；n.1.丧失信义；2.不信，怀疑 response[ris‘p?ns]n.1.作答，回答；2.响应，反应 year in and year out一年一年地，年复一年 in large measure很；大半；大部分 take??easy轻松一点；勿太紧张 on and off（off and on）1.不时；2.断断续续地，间歇地 put an end to结束或废除某事务 do one‘s best尽全力；尽量 expect sth.of sb.对某人报有某种期望 to do with 1.处理；2.忍受 in return作为回报 do without 1.没有??也行；2.将就，设法应付过去 have an edge具有优势 so long as假如；只要 keep up 1.赶上，不落后；2.振作，使不落后；3.遵守；4.继续，保持 cut down on减少对??之消耗量 apply oneself致力于，努力 play into sb.‘s hands为某人谋方便；有利于某人 at present现在；目前

toss a coin掷硬币（以猜其正反面）；（与某人）掷硬币以做出决定

with a vengeance 1.猛烈地；2.过度地

on occasion有时，间或

in vain无效地；无结果地；徒然

go to hell见鬼去（骂人用法） rob sb.of sth抢某人之财物 in series串联电路的；成串联的 with a view towards（to）以??

为目的

take a free ride免费搭车 How come??怎么会??？ shocking[‘??ki?]n.令人震惊的，骇人听闻的

miniature[‘minj?t??]n.缩样，小型物；a.微型的，小型的 device[di‘vais]n.1.装置，器械；2.方法，手段 capture[‘k?pt??]vt.1.捕获；2.夺得，占领；3.用（照片、录音带）留存；n.1.捕获，夺得；2.捕获物

microcassette[‘maikr?uk?‘set]n.微型卡式录音带

allege[?‘led?]vt.1.断言，宣称；2.作为（事实，借口，理由，辩解等）提出 compassion[k?m‘p???n]n.同情；怜悯（for） grab[gr?b]vt./n.攫取；抓取；vi.攫取；抓住（at） jaw[d??:]n.颔，颚 attacker[?‘t?kt?]n.攻击者 activate[‘?ktiveit]vt.使活动，使起作用 recorder[ri‘k?:d?]n.1.记录者；2.录音机 prosecutor[‘pr?sikju:t?]n.1.起诉人；2.检察官，公诉人 belonging[bi‘l??i?]n.[常pl.]所有物；行李 hysterical[his‘terik?l]a.1.癔病的，歇斯底里的；2.患癔病的 threatening[‘θretni?]a.威胁（性）的，凶兆的 persistently[p?（:）‘sist?ntli]ad.坚持地；固执地 convince[k?n‘vins]vt.（to）（of）1.使确认，使信服；2.使认识错误（或罪行） excerpt[‘eks?:pt]n.摘录，节录；vt.摘；引用 beloved[bi‘l?vd]a.1.[用作表语]为??所爱的；2.[用作定语]亲爱的；n.心爱的人，爱人 foster[‘f?st?]vt.1.鼓励，促进；2.养育，抚养；3.报（希望等）；a.收养的 persuasion[p?（:）‘swei??n]n.说服，劝服 avail[?‘veil]vt./vi.有利，有助；n.好处，用处

hiker[‘haik?]n.徒步旅行者 smother[‘sm?e?]vt.1.使窒息，把??闷死；2.忍住，抑制（感情等）；vi.窒息，闷死；n.1.浓烟，浓雾；2.窒息

suspect[‘s?spekt，s?s‘pekt]vt./vi.疑有；推测；n.嫌疑犯，可疑分子

county[‘kaunti]n.1.（英国）郡；2.县

profound[pr?‘faund]a.深刻的，深奥的

juvenile[‘d?u:vinail]a.青少年的；n.青少年

materialism[m?‘ti?ri?liz?

m]n.1.[哲]唯物主义，唯物论2.实利主义，物质至上

solicit[s?‘lisit]vt.请求；恳求

p.a.system有线广播系统，扩音系统

merchant[‘m?:t??nt]n.商人 heartbreaking[‘hɑ:tbreiki?]a.使人心碎的

resonance[‘rez?n?ns]n.1.回声，反响；2.共振，共鸣

convince sb.to do sth说服某人做某事 on one‘s head归罪于某人，（责任）落到某人身上 to（of）no avail完全无用，毫无效果

comment on对??评论 wrath[r?:θ]n.愤怒，愤慨 apartheid[?‘pɑ:theit]n.种族隔离，种族隔离法 repressive[ri‘presiv]a.镇压的；抑制的 divisive[di‘vaisiv]a.造成不和的，制造分裂的 queue[kju:]n.1.辫子；2.列队；vi.排队（for） restriction[ris‘trik??n]n.限制；约束 subversive[s?b‘v?:siv]a.颠覆性的；起破坏作用的 sportsman[‘sp?:tsm?n]n.爱好运动的人；运动员 singer[‘si??]n.歌唱家，歌手 actor[‘?kt?]n.男演员 illegal[i‘li:g?l]a.非法的；违规的 chess[t?es]n.国际象棋 barrier[‘b?ri?]n.障碍，障碍物 poet[‘p?uit]n.诗人 incapable[in‘keip?bl]a.无能力的；不能的（of） truthfully[‘tru:θfuli]ad.说真话的，如实地 blindness[‘blaindnis]n.1.无视，视而不见；2.盲目性 ban[b?n]vt.禁止，取缔；n.禁止；禁令 flee[fli:]vi./vt.逃离；逃避 pledge[pled?]v.发誓；保证；n.1.誓言，誓约；2.保证物，抵押品

suicide[‘sjuisaid]vt./vi./n.自杀

indication[indi‘kei??n]n.1.指示，表示；2.象征，迹象 legislate[‘led?isleit]vi.立法；vt.通过立法

inflict[in‘flikt]vt.使遭受（损伤，苦痛等），使承受（on，upon）

rejection[ri‘d?ek??n]n.1.拒绝，抵制；2.驳回 separation[`sep?‘rei??n]n.1.分开，分类；2.分隔

cease[si:s]vt./vi./n.停止，结束

eruption[i‘r?p??n]n.1.（火山）

喷发；2.（战争，感情等）爆发，

迸发

pervasive[p?（:）‘veisiv]a.弥漫的，渗透的；遍布的

extent[iks‘tent]n.1.广度，范围；2.程度

sterility[ste‘riliti]n.1.不生育，（植物）不结果，（土地）贫瘠；2.消毒，无菌

deny sth.to sb.否认??的??

be subversive of破坏??的 be incapable of不会??，不能??

commit suicide自杀 cut off 1.切去，割掉；2.切断，使孤立

computerize[k?m‘pju:t?raiz]vt.电子计算机化，用电子计算机计算 solely[‘s?ulli]ad.单独地；唯一地 content[k?n‘tent]a.满足的，满意的；vt.使满意；n.满足，满意 sensible[‘sensibl]a.1.感觉得到的，可觉察的（of）；2.明智的，明白事理的 marvelous[‘mɑ:v?l?s]a.奇异的，惊人的；2.[口]了不起的，妙极的 leap[li:p]v./n.1跳跃；2.飞跃 theoretical[θi?‘retik?l]a.理论上的 persist[p?（:）‘sist]vi.1.坚持，固执（in）；2.持续，存留 profusion[pr?‘fju:??n]n.丰富，大量；过分 vital[‘vaitl]a.1.生命的；2.有生命力的；3.极其重要的 foolishness[‘fu:li?nis]n.愚蠢；可笑 unexamined[`?nig‘z?mind]a.未检查的；未审查的 logic[‘l?d?ik]n.1.逻辑（学）；2.逻辑性，条理性；3.理由，道理 evaluate[i‘v?ljueit]vt.估价，评价 raw[r?:]a.1.未煮过的，生的；2.未加工的 texture[‘tekst??]n.1.组织，质地；2.织品，织物

ultimate[‘?ltimit]a.最后的，最终的

digression[dai‘gre??n]n.离题；偏离

obscure[?bs‘kju?]a.1.昏暗的，朦胧的；2.模糊的，难解的；vt.1.使暗，遮掩；2.使难理解 functional[‘f??k??nl]a.1.功能的；2.职务上的；3.实用的 extension[iks‘ten??n]n.1.伸张，伸展，扩大；2.电话分机 undue[?n‘dju:]a.过度的，过分的

concrete[‘k??kri:t]a.1.具体的，有形的；2.混凝土制成的；n.混凝土；vt.使凝固，使固结

8

conquer[‘k??k?]vt.征服，战胜；vi得胜，胜利

error[‘er?]n.谬误；错误 correction[k?‘rek??n]n.1.改正，纠正；2.责备，惩罚

sterile[‘sterail]a.1.不生育的，不结果实的，贫瘠的；2.无菌的，消过毒的

prolong[pr?‘l??]vt.延长；拉长

technician[tek‘ni??n]n.技术员；技术专家 junction[‘d???k??n]n.1.连接，结合；2.结合点，交叉点 technologist[tek‘n?l?d?ist]n.工艺学家；技术专家

loose[lu:s]a.1.松的，宽的；2.宽松；3.放荡的

universal[ju:ni‘v?:s?l]a.1.宇宙的，全世界的；2.普遍的，通用 specialist[‘spe??list]n.专家 dynamo[‘dain?m?u]n.1.[电]发电机；2.精力，精力充沛的人 nourishment[‘n?ri?m?nt]n.滋补品，营养品 proof[pru:f]n.1.证据，证明；2.校样 safeguard[‘seifgɑ:d]vt.保护，捍卫；n.保护措施 uniqueness[ju（:）‘ni:knis]n.独一无二；独特 possess[p?‘zes]vt.具有，拥有 pull down 1.拆除；2.推翻 mistake??for错把??当作?? distinguish between分辨，区分 come to terms（with）1.达成协议；2.妥协，习惯于 end in以??告终 reflect on仔细考虑，反思 come about发生 turn loose 1.放开，释放；2.听凭，放纵 enable??to使??能够?? respect for对??的尊敬 make over 1.（财产）转让，移交；2.改造，重做 speculate on 1.思索；2.推测，猜测 infrastructure[‘infr?`str?kt??]n.基础；基础结构（如教育，运输，通讯等设施）

kindergarten[‘kind?`gɑ:tn]n.幼儿园

postgraduate[‘p?ust‘gr?d?u?t]a.大学毕业后的，大学研究院的；n.研究生

scarce[sk??s]a.1.缺乏的，不足的；2.稀有的，珍贵的 expansion[iks‘p?n??n]n.扩张；膨胀

enrolment[in‘r?ulm?nt]n.1.登记，接收，招生；2.招收人数，入学人数

secondary[‘sek?nd?ri]a.1.第二位的，次要的；2.中等的

upheaval[?p‘hi:v?l]n.1.胀起，（地壳）的隆起；2.剧变，动乱

busing[‘b?si?]n.公共汽车接送；[美]用校车接送学生

accountability[?`kaut?‘biliti]n.有解释义务；负有责任

promotion[pr?‘m?u??n]n.1.促进；2.提升

diploma[di‘pl?um?]1.执照，特许证；2.毕业文凭，学位证书 award[?‘w?:d]vt.授予；判给；n.1.判定；2.奖，奖品

sociology[`s?usi‘?l?d?i]n.社会学

establishment[is‘t?bli?m?nt]n.1.建立，创办；2.机构 journalism[‘d??:n?liz?m]n.1.新闻业；2.[总称]报刊；3.新闻学 humanistic[`hju:m?‘nistik]a.人文主义的，人本主义的，人道主义的 perspective[p?（:）‘spektiv]n.1.透视，透视画法；2.远景，展望；3.观点，看法 integrate[‘intigreit]v.使结合，使并入；使成一体（into） unconventional[‘?nk?n‘ven??nl]a.非常规的，不落俗套的 diversity[dai‘v?:siti]n.多样性 rote[r?ut]n.1.死记硬背；2.机械的方法 permissive[p?（:）‘misiv]a.1.容许的，许可的；2.随意的，开放的 progressive[pr?‘gresiv]a.1.进步的，先进的；2.渐次的，累进的 prescribe[pris‘kraib]vt.1.指示，规定；2.开处方，开药 schoolhouse[‘sku:lhaus]n.（小学或乡村学校）校舍 route[ru:t]n.路线；航线 infiltrate[‘infiltreit]vt./vi.渗入，透过；浸润 economics[`i:k?‘n?miks]n.[用作单或复]1.经济学；2.经济情况，经济 chip[t?ip]n.1.片屑，切屑；2.（食物）薄片；3.电子集成电路片，（计算机）芯片

tier[ti?]n.1.排层；2.等级 undergraduate[`?nd?‘gr?djuit]n.（尚未取得学位的）大学生；a.大学生的on the contrary相反地 as for对于，至于

demand for对??的要求

go to law against[俗]控告某人

go along with和??一起 shy away from 1.躲开，回避；2.赞成

learn by rote由熟记而学某事 disagree about对??意见不

一 重点难点句子详解 Unit 1-A 1．A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available．决策就是从可选的行动方案中做出选择。本句中“course of action”是固定搭配，意为“行动步骤；办事程序；做事方案”。that从句为定语从句，修饰courses，介词短语among?available作from的宾语，另如：They were mostly elected from among the workers．他们大多数是从工人中选出来的。He took his watch from under the pillow．他从枕头下把表拿了出来。We didn’t meet until after the show．我们直到演出后才见面。 2．?some suggest that the management process is decision making．??有人认为管理过程就是决策过程。当suggest意为“建议”时，后面从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气，即“(should)+动词原形”形式，而当suggest表达“认为；提出；暗示”时，则不用虚拟语气。例如：It is suggested that the meeting(should)be held at some other time．人们建议会议改期进行。She smiled，but her eyes suggested that she was not happy at all．她笑了笑，但眼神却显示出她并不幸福。Are you suggesting that I am too old for the job?你是说我老得干不了这份工作? 3.?decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them．??决策既包括识别选项又包括缩小选项范围。在A as well as B结构中，语义侧重点通常在A项，一般可理解为“不仅B，而且A”或“既B又A”。例如：There are advantages as well as disadvantages of friction．摩擦力既有消极作用，也有积极作用。 Unit 1-B 1．In fact．I did have several questions，but you have already answered them all．我刚才确实有些问题，但您已经全部解答过了。助动词do在肯定句中用在动词之前可以表示强调，其形式只有现在时(do，does)和过去时(did)，这种用法叫做强调肯定式。例如：I do think you are a good cook．我确实认为你是个好厨师。So you did come after all．你毕竟还是来了。用在祈使句中，能使清求更加客气而友好，或者更具有鼓励作用一例如：Do have another cup of tea，please．请再喝杯茶吧!但是，在表示制止意义的祁使句中，助动词又可以表示说话人不耐烦的情绪。例如：Do stop talking!别说话啦！ 2.?but do not let it worry you too much．??但不要为这种场面而忐忑不安。动词let，make，have，hear，see，observe等之后的宾语补足语为不定式结构时，省略to，又如：Let me go，will you?让我走，好不好? 3．There is little likelihood that???的可能性微乎其微；几乎不可能??其他类似的表达方法还有：There is little likelihood of?几乎没有??的可能性。There is a likelihood that／of?有??的可能性。There is every likelihood that／of?完全有??的可能性。There is no likelihood that／of?绝无??的可能性。There is a strong likelihood that／of???的可能性很大。 Unit 2-A 1．It is only space?or so we think．它只是个空间??或者(换句话说)我们就是这样认为的。注意本句中不表示倒装，而

表示确信、证实之意。试比较：You asked him to leave，so did I.你要他离开，我也要他离开。You asked me to leave，so I did．你要我离开，我这样做了。“I am a student．”“So am I.”“我是个学生。”“我也是。”“You are a student．”“so I am．”“你是个学生。”“我确实是。” 2．Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable?爱因斯坦曾说，物质与能量是相互转换的??注意本句主句用了一般过去时，表示过去发生的行为；而宾语从句则用了一般现在时，表示客观事实或真理。 3．It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes．直到最近，天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。强调句型“It is?that?”可用来强调除谓语以外的任何句子成分，that一般不能换成when，which，where等其他词，但强调人时that可换为who，whom，whose等。例如：She met your brother in New York yesterday．→It was she t}lat(who)met your brother in New York yesterday．→It was your brother that(who，whom)she met in New York yesterday．→It was in New York that she met your brother yesterday．→It was yesterday that she met your brother in New York． Unit 2-B 1．The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun．地球是环绕太阳作轨道运转的九大行星之一。如果one of+名词复数之后跟定语从句，定语从句修饰该复数名词，其谓语动词应用复数形式以保持一致。但如果在one of之前加上the，the only，或every等词，则定语从句修饰代名词“one”，其谓语动词必须用单数。例如：The earth is the only one of the nine planets which has life on it．地球是九大行星中惟一有生命的星球。 2．The total water area is about three times as large as the land area．整个水域的面积大约是陆地面积的三倍。在现代英语里，“A is n times as large as B”结构的意思是“A的大小是8的n倍”或“A比B大n一1倍”，再如：This airplane flies two times as fast as that one．这架飞机的飞行速度是那架飞机的两倍。(这架飞机的飞行速度比那架快一倍) 3．?the more we learn about other people，the better we understand their ideas，and，as a rule，the better we like those people themselves．??我们越是了解异域的人民，就越能理解他们的思想，而且通常就越发喜欢他们。在“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构中，第一个“the+比较级”为从句，谓语动词不能用倒装(但系动词常常省略)，第二个“the+比较级”为主句，谓语动词既可以用正常语序，又可以用倒装语序。此处the more?部分为从句，两个the better?部分为主句。例如：The younger the child(is)，the mole is the child’s need of sleep．The older we are，the wiser we become．The more I think about it．the less I like it． Unit 3-A 1．The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia，although it is not technically legal there．荷兰是欧洲惟一允许实行安乐死的国家，尽管准确地说安乐死仍不为法律所接受。本句中“technically”意为“准确地说，严格地讲”。另外，注意一些国名的表示方法，如：the 9

Netherlands(荷兰)，the Philippines(菲律宾)，the Congo(刚果)。 2．It’s very easy in society now for the elderly．the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens?在当今的社会，老人、残疾人以及生活不能自理的人很容易觉得自己是累赘??英语中可以用“the+形容词”表示某类人，如：the rich(富人)，the poor(穷人)，the blind(盲人)，the deaf(聋子)，the mute(哑巴)，the handicapped(残疾人)，the wounded(伤员)，the sick(病人)，the dead(死人)，the old(老人)，the young(年轻人)，the black(黑人)，the white(白人)，the unemployed(失业者)等，这种表达方法作主语时表示群体，所以谓语动词用复数形式。英语中定冠词加形容词还可以表示抽象概念，如：the beautiful(美的)，the ugly(丑的)等。这种表达方法作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Unit 3-B 1．Oxbridge graduates牛津、剑桥大学的毕业生。注意构词方法(Oxford+Cambridge)，类似的词还如：smog(smoke+fog)，motel(motor+hotel)，skinjury(skin+injury)，comsat(communications satellite)，Reagonomics(Reagon+economics)，brunch(breakfast+lunch)这种构词法称为混成法(blending)。 2．the Ivy League长春藤联合会，原指美国东北部的八所名牌大学组成的美式足球联合会，现指这八所老牌高校，即哈佛大学(1636)、耶鲁大学(1701)、宾夕法尼亚大学(1740)、普林斯顿大学(1746)、哥伦比亚大学(1754)、布朗大学(1764)、达特茅斯大学(1769)、康奈尔大学(1865)等。该组织虽然正式成立于l956年，但校际之间的足球比赛可追溯到19世80年代。 3．And it may be worth remembering that?值得记住的是??；值得一提的是??注意be worth的用法有四种：后跟名词、代词、主动形式的动名词、what从句，但不能跟不定式，也不能跟被动形式的动名词，如：The city is worth frequent visits．这个城市值得经常参观。Tom got the scholarship．but he was not worth it．汤姆得到了奖学金，但他不配拿它。The book is worth reading a second time．这本书值得再看一遍。The bicycle is not worth what you paid.这辆自行车不值你付的那些钱。 Unit 4-A 1．There are estimated to be more than 20000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain?据估计在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人??there引出的存在句中，谓语动词除be外，还可有exist，occur，keep，remain，rest，rise，run，lie，stay，stand，live，sit，prevail，take place，flash，blossom，ring(回响)，burst out，burn，continue，follow，rush等动词，还可有happen to be，seem to be，be likely to be，be sure to be，be bound to be，used to be，appear to be，look to be等之类的复合结构。有时还可用被动语态形式。例如：There remains another proposal to be adopted．还有一个建议要采纳。There rose some terrible feels from his face．从他的脸上显现出一些可怕的表情。There prevailed atmosphere of warm friendship at the banquet．宴会上洋溢着一片热烈而友好的气氛。There rushed into the room a crowd of d6monstrators．一群示威者冲进屋里来了。There doesn’t seem to be much hope of passing the examination．这次考试过关的希望似乎不大。There was meant to be another dam set up at the upper course of the river．打算在这条河的上游再建立一个水坝。 2．And they can have their passports removed，making leaving or“escaping“virtually impossible．他们可能被没收护照，这样，想走想“逃”几乎毫无可能。句中，making?是分词短语，表示结果。removed是过去分词作宾补，表示已完成的行为给宾语带来的结果，有完成和被动的含意。例如：You must have your shoes mended．你必须把鞋拿去修好。The mayor had the Ninth Five--Year Plan drafted．市长让人起草了第九个五年计划。 3．The main breadwinner in her family，she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka．她家主要靠她挣钱维持生计，她曾在斯里兰卡一家茶厂挣一份微薄的工资。句中的the main breadwinner in her family相当于as引导的介词短语，在句中作状语。又如：A newspaper reporter，he is naturally very much interested in the her．作为一个新闻记者，他自然对这位英雄很感兴趣。 4．?and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job(of which the employees should see a copy)．??把工作的主要事项和条件诸文字(受雇人应看到文本)。句中的put意为“表达或表述(某事物)”，例如：That’s very well put．那话十分得体。in writing意为“以书面形式(尤指文件或合同)”，例如：You must get his agreement in writing．你必须得到他书面的同意。of which引导定语从句，修饰the main terms and conditions． 5．It is，they say，the fight to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery．据他们说，正是更换雇主的权利才使雇佣与奴役界限分明。句中的they say是插入语，对全句作附加的解释，说明整个句子内容的来源。原句是一强调句型，which应换成that，使句子更正式些。 Unit 4-B 1．They?were shackled together in leg irons joined by an eightfoot chain．他们??由一条八英尺长的铁脚镣串在一起。句中的介词in作“穿、戴”讲。例如：He is in a military uniform．他身穿军装。A woman in high．heeled shoes rushed out of the room．一个穿高跟鞋的女人冲出了那个房间。 2．They’ll clear ditches of weeds and mend fences along Alabama’s main roads．他们要清扫布满杂草的排水沟，修复阿拉巴马主干道的防护栏。clear sth／sb of sth意为“将某事物清除出某事物或某人”。例如：She was cleared of all charges．对她的一切控告均已撤销。 3．Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black，which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by．带着脚镣的囚犯中有六成是黑人，正因为如此，链串囚队让人想起逝去的几百年前奴隶制的影子。句中，which引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个句子。gone by是分词短语，修饰centuries。“数字+out of every+数字”作“每??个中就有??个”讲，例如：The test indicated that one transistor

out of every thousand was out of order．实验表明，每l000只晶体管中有一只是坏的。 4．What they will do is make prisoners more angry，more hostile?他们这样做的结果将是使犯人更生气，更有敌意??当句子的主语部分是以what，all，the thing等引导的从句，且从句中出现了实义动词do，表语不定式可以带to，也可以省去to。例如：What she is going to do is(to)marry that man．她要做的事就是嫁给那个人。What the Smiths decided to do was(to)purchase a two．storey house with large uninterrupted floor areas in the near future．史密斯夫妇决定做的事是在不远的将来买一幢带有大片无人打扰的地面面积的两层楼房。The only thing you have to do is(to)make a phone call．你要做的惟一的事就是打个电话。 Unit 5-A 1．What happened，as well as it can be put into words，was this．所发生的情况，如用言语尽可能清楚地表达出来是这样的。句中第一个as是副词，第二个as是连接词，well是副词，修饰put。注意此结构与下面句子中as well as(也，还，而且)的区别：Those stories，as well as this boring one，have been told almost hundreds of times那些故事，连同这一个乏味的故事，讲了几乎成百上千次。 2．What developed was a music readily taking on various forms，and capable of an almost limitless range of expression。发展后的音乐，形式丰富多彩，表现内容几乎无所不包。句中的分词短语taking on?和形容词短语capable of?作music的定语。“take on”在这儿意为“呈现，具有”，例如：The disease took on some special characteristics．那种疾病具有一些特殊的特征。 3．Electronics did，in fact，make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce．的确，电子技术制做出了当时的乐器所无法产生的音响效果。句中，make是谓语动词，sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce是宾语，形容词possible作宾语补足语前置了。英语中，有时为了句子结构的平衡，可对句子结构进行调整。原文的下文紧跟着两个同样结构的句子。又如：Seated on the ground are a group of young men playing horseheaded fiddles．坐在地上的是一些弹马头琴的年轻人。More serious was the question of how the president would present the joint announcement．更为严重的问题是总统如何发表联合声明。 4．With records at home，listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could?家里有了唱盘，听众尽力模仿照明效果??句中as best one can(could)是固定短语，意思是“尽最大努力”、“尽力而为”，例如：The facilities were not ideal but we managed as best we could．设备不理想，但我们已经尽了最大的努力。 Unit 5-B 1．We can see from his notebooks how he worked over his themes____how he would not let them be until they were as perfect as he could make them．从他的笔记中我们可以看到，他是如何在他的音乐主题上下功夫的----他不做到决不罢休。句中的let sb／sth be意思是“不打扰或不干涉某人／物”。例如：I’ve told you to let my things be．我已经告诉过你不要动我的东西。Let the poor dog be，don’t tease it．别

逗那条可怜的狗了。

2．The third type of composer I can 9nly call．for lack of a better name．the traditional type．第三个类型还没有想出更好的称呼，我姑且称之为传统型作曲家。本句为倒装句，目的在于强调the third type of composer。正常语序应为：For lack of a better name，I can only call the third type of composer the traditional type． 3．The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of well．established pattern．帕莱斯特里纳的创作活动与其说是音乐主题上的构思，不如说是对固定的音乐样板作个人风格上的处理。句中的not?so much as?意为“与其说??不如说??”，例如：The city center isn’t crowded today so much as it usually is．今天市中心区没有平常那样拥挤。She is not talkative so much as before．她不像过去那样爱说话了。 4．It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditionalist period nowadays．不言而喻，我们现在不是生活在传统时期。It goes without saying that后跟从句，意思为“不言而喻、理所当然”。例如：It goes without saying that the whole story was invented．毫无疑问整篇故事全是虚构的。 5．It is difficult to summarize the composing methods of so diversified a group．概括这样一个复杂多样的群体的创作方法并不是件容易的事。句中“so／too+形容词+a／an+名词”是固定搭配。例如：He was not so big a fool as he looked．他没有像他表面看上去的那么傻。This is too difficult a task for you to carry out．这个工作太难了，你干不了。 Unit 6-A 1．Robots，becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed word，are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention．在所有的发达国家里，机器人在制造工厂和工业加工厂中的使用越来越普遍。经过编程和工程设计，机器人可以无需人干预完成多种工业作业。Becoming?throughout the developed world是-ing分词短语作原因状语。例如：Not knowing the language and having no friends in the country，he found it impossible to get a job．由于在这个国家他语言不通，又没有朋友，他发现找到一份工作是不可能的。the developed world相当于the developed countries“发达国家”，“发展中国家”可以表达为“the developing countries”． 2．Most of today’s robots ale employed in the automotive industry?如今的机器人大多用于汽车工业中??Today’s robots是名词加’s表示的属格形式，这些名词可以是指人、动物、时间、国家、城镇的名词。例如：today’s newspaper今天的报纸a month’s salary一个月的工资a week’s time一周的时间 3．The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials．preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation．用于核电站的机器人能够搬运放射性材料，从而避免了工作人员直接接触射线。10

used in nuclear power plants，过去分词短语作定语，修饰the robots．nuclear power plants“核电站”。power，“动力，电力”，例如：electric power电力，water power水力preventing?from?，是-ing分词短语作结果状语。to prevent?from doing?“阻止??干??”；妨碍。例如：The storm prevented the plane from taking off on time．暴雨阻止了飞机准时起飞。类似的词组还有：keep?from doing?stop?from doing?personnel是集合名词，没有复数形式。 4．It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision．将来某一天机器人是否具有和人一样的视觉尚不可知。It是本句的形式主语，whether引导的从句为真正主语。通常情况下，主语从句常常后置，而在句首使用形式主语“it”，尤其当主语从句很长时更是如此，以使句子平稳。例如：It is right that smoking is harmful to health．吸烟有害健康没错儿。注：原句中whether不可以由if代替，因为if不能引导主语从语，只能引导宾语从句和条件状语从句。 Unit 6-B 1．It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates an earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3．需要着重指出的是；里氏震级读数为4级的地震表明其强度是里氏3级地震的l0倍。It是本句的形式主语，真正的主语为to note that??，that引导的从句作note的宾语。“数词+times+as+adj+as”是一种表示倍数的表达法。例如：This room is 2 times as large as that one．这个房间是那个房间的2倍。 2．The nations that are actively involved in earthquake prediction programs include Japan，?积极参与地震预报研究的国家包括日本，??to be involved in与??有关联，忙于??，从事于??，例如：be involved in criminal activities与犯罪活动有关连He is involved in earthquake research．他忙于地震研究。 3．They watch for changes in the water level and temperature that are associated with movement along faults．他们观察与断层移动相关的水位与温度的变化情况。to watch for something留意，当心，等待，例如：The doctor told her to watch for changes in her temperature．医生告诉她当心体温的变化。to be associated with与??联系，例如：Egypt is always associated with the Nile．人们想起埃及就想起尼罗河。 Unit 7-A 1．Thus．people who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure．因此，工作中需要耗费大量精力的人们会发现放松是最理想的休闲活动。exert“发挥，运用”，exert oneself to do something“努力做某事”。find+宾语+补语(adj，-ing分词，-ed分词，带to的不定式，介词短语)，例如：We found the boy dishonest．我们发现那男孩不老实。I find the book interesting．我发现这本书有趣。He found child still in bed when he got back．他回来时发现孩子还在床上。 2．Hence，it can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are?因此可以争论说，我们在这些不同场合下接触的人??It can be argued that?是以it作形式主语的被动语态结构。类似的结构还有：It is said that?It is believed that?It is reported that?It is thought that?With whom we come into contact in these various contexts是“介词+关系代词”的限定性定语从旬，修饰people．come into contact“会面，接头，接触”“come into+名词”表示达到该名词所表明的情况。例如：come into blossom开始开花，come into power取得政权。 3．The more seriously this is sought．the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged．这一目标越是认真地得到坚持，就越有可能鼓励学生形成积极的休闲和学习态度。the more?the more?“越??，越??”，具体地说，它是“the+比较级。the+比较级”的结构，例如：The harder you study．the more knowledge you’ll get．学习越努力，得到的知识越多。The more he thought about it，the less he liked it．他越想越不喜欢它。as well as相当于and。例如：We shall travel by night as well as by day．我们将日夜兼程。另外，它还用于相等比较，意为“一样好”。例如：He speaks English as well as Chinese．他说英语像说汉语一样好。比较：as well as well=too，副词短语，一般放在句末。例如：He is a peasant and a poet as well．他是农民，也是诗人。 Unit 7-B 1．It is not how much time you allocate for study that counts but how much you learn when you do study．重要的不是你分配了多少时间去学习，而是你在真正学习时学到了多少东西。此句是it is(was)?that?表示的强调结构，被强调的成分可以是主语、宾语、状语以及状语从句等。主语或宾语指人时，可用that，who或whom，指物时可用that，which，但强调状语及状语从句时，只能用that。例如：It was I that(who)saw Tom in the street this morning．今天早上是我在街上看见汤姆的。It was in the street that I saw Tom this morning．今天早上我是在街上看见汤姆的。It is because English is very useful that I study it hard．我努力学英语是因为它很有用。do用来加强动词的语气，动词用原形。例：He does speak well．他的确说得好。 2．Otherwise your entire routine may get thrown off balance while you devote night and day to crash efforts．不然的话，在你不分昼夜突击应急时．你的整个休息规律就会被打乱。get+过去分词、形容词，意思为：“变成、变得”，例如：He went out and got drunk．他在外面喝醉了。His coat got wet．他的外衣湿了。to devote something to something致力于，专心于。例如：He devotes his spare time to stamp collecting．他用空闲时间从事集邮。 3．This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects．这不仅能保持你的学习习惯，还能使你跟上课堂学习任务与活动。not only?but also?不仅??而且??例如：The first trip to the moon was not only exciting but also very important．到月球的首次旅行不仅激动人心，而且相当重要。keep+宾语(名词、代词)+adj．使??保持某种状态。例如：keep the children quiet

使孩子们安静alive adj．有效力的，实施中的；keep something alive在实施中，例如：The argument is still kept alive by the students．学生们还在争论不休。 Unit 8-A 1．Confused?So was John Foster Dulles，the American Secretary of State．迷惑了吧?美国前国务卿约翰·杜勒斯也同样感到迷惑不解。“confused”是Are you confused的省略句。The American Secretary of State是John Foster Dulles的同位语，例如：He likes his job，teaching English．他喜欢自己教英语的工作。So was John Foster Dulles是倒装语序。当以So开头表示与前边情况类似的句子时，要用倒装语序。例如：Production is going up steadily，so is the people’s standard of living．生产正稳定提高，人民生活水平也在提高。My brother can speak French，so can my sister．我哥哥会说法语，我姐姐也会。注意：如果so只是重复前句的意思，句子不能倒装。例如：____A：“Steel is widely used in industry．”____B：“So it is．”“钢在工业中得到广泛应用。”“是这样。” 2．It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone．等待四天直到身体适应新时区，这并不可取。It是本句的形式主语，真正主语则是不定式短语to wait four days until?until连词，到??为止．例如：Wait here until I come．在这里等我来。until还可以与否定句连用。直到??才。例如：Don’t open the door until the train stops．火车未停，不要开门。 Unit 8-B 1．It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once．你的注意力可能会迅速转移，以至于你似乎可以同时注意到几个概念。It为句子的形式主语，真正的主语为不定式短语to shift?at once．so+形容词或副词+that是引导结果状语从句的常用结构，太??以至于??例如：The coffee is so hot that is can’t be drunk．咖啡太热了，不能喝。at once除了作为立即、马上讲以外，还可表示同时。例如：I can’t do two things at once．我不能同时做两件事情。The book is at once interesting and instructive．这本书既有趣又有意义。 2．Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks．物质干扰对脑力劳动的影响尤为如此。particularly作状语放在句首，句子使用倒装句型。be true of符合于??；对??适用。例如：Clean air is true of human beings and animals．人类和动物都需要干净的空气。This rule is true of all cases．这条规则无论哪种情况都适用。 3．There is evidence，of course，that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in?当然有证据表明，人的动机在克服干扰影响方面起着重要作用，而且??也有很大差别。句中有两个that引导的从句，都是同位语从句，进一步说明evidence．play a role in?在??中起作用，例如：play the leading role起带头作用play an important role起重要作用considerate adj．考虑周到的，体贴的。例如：She is a considerate girl．她是个考虑周到的女孩。

Unit 9-A

1．There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio____the degree to which these who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can--is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world?有这样一条经济原则：抚养率不能挣钱生活的人对能挣钱养家的人的依靠程度----在我们这样的更为老龄化的社会里比在发展中世界的较年轻社会里要有利一些??that引导的为同位语从句，进一步说明principle。在同位语从句里，破折号中间的部分是“名词+介词+关系代词”的非限制性定语从句。在非限定性定语从句中，又有两个定语从句：who cannot earn和who can分别修饰其前面的those。to depend on依靠、依赖、信任，例如：Children depend on their parents．儿童依靠父母。We cannot depend on his word．我们不能信任他的话。for a living谋生。例如：He depends on his pen for a living．他靠写作为生。 2.?because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged．??因为大量的尚需抚养的孩子与一定数量的不能工作的老年人相比，更是个负担。be+of+名词，表示具有与该名词同源的形容词的性质。如：The vase is of high quality．这个花瓶质量很好。The girl is of beauty．这个女孩真漂亮。numbers of很多，相当于quite a few，rather many等。cf．a number of若干，一些(动词用复数)；the number of??的数目，动词用单数，例如：A number of students were late for class this morning．今天早上一些学生上课迟到了。The member of students who were late for class this morning is 5．今天早上迟到学生人数为5。 3．There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere，rather than because of any change in the death rate，that we have grown so old．有这样一个观点认为，我们的国家之所以变得如此衰老，是因为西欧和西北欧的人口出生率比别的地方下降得早，而不是由于人口死亡率的变化。the idea后的that引导同位语从句，同位语从句部分是一个it is?that?结构的强调句型，强调成分是句中的原因状语从句。rather than不愿，不要，不是。例如：I think I’ll have a cup of tea rather than coffee．我想喝茶，不想喝咖啡。 Unit 9-B 1．They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy，wav and life may be viewed as just one crisis after another．他们个人无法以健康的方式处理日常问题，生活在他们看来只不过是接踵而至的危机。resource这里意思是解决困难或获得成功的办法或手段；handle对付，处理，相当于cope with．例如：To handle the contradictions among them．处理他们之间的矛盾。everyday adj．每天的，日常的，普通的比较：every day副词短语，每天，天天。例如：We learn everyday English．我们学习日常英语。We go to school every day．我们每天上学．one?after another一个接一个，例如：They practice casting balls one after another．他们一个接一个地练习投球． 2．These individuals grow up to live isolated，lonely lives，lacking the ability to 11

give the love that they have

never received．这些孩子长大以后会过一种孤独寂寞的生活，他们缺乏给予他人爱心的能力，因为他们从来就没得到过爱。to live?life过??的生活，例如：to live a happy life过幸福生活不定式to give the love修饰the ability。定语从句that they have never received修饰the love． 3．Some parents raise their children to depend on?有些家长依靠??来培养孩子??raise抚养，培养，相当于bring up，例如：She has raised 4 children．她养育了四个孩子。If children are badly raised．they behave badly．如果孩子们的教养不好，他们的行为就不好。 4.?But often it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized．但常常等到自尊的能量恢复正常之后，问题才会被真正地认识到。It is not until?that为强调句型。如：It wasn’t until dark that they reached Tom’s．直到天黑他们才到汤姆家。 5．Children need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self．esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other．儿童需要帮助才能明白他们的自尊心和与他们交往的人的自尊心会相互产生直接的影响。在that引导的宾语从句中，包含一定语从句，即they interact with，修饰those have an effect on／upon?对??有影响，例如：The behaviour of a teacher has a great effect on his students．老师的举止对学生有很大影响。 Unit 10-A 1．Although presidential elections occur every 4 years?尽管总统选举每四年举行一次，??occur发生，例如：When did the accident occur?事故是什么时候发生的?occur to浮现，被想起。例如：An idea has occurred to me．我想起了一个主意。It never occurred to me to ask anyone．我从未想到问问别人。Has it ever occurred to you that the twins are quite different from each other in many ways?你有没有想到这对双胞胎在很多方面是不同的?every 4 years每四年。类似的例子还有：every 3 days每三天every 5 hours每五小时 2.?and won a full victory simply because most of the voters of his time were Republicans．??但却因为当时大多数的投票人都是共和党人而大获全胜。of one’s time在某人所处的时候，当时，例如：He was regarded as the greatest player of his time．他被认为当时最伟大的剧作家。 3．In deciding whether to pursue a course of action．they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters．在决定是否遵循一项行动方针时，他们要尽量估计一下该方针对投票人可能具有的影响。in这里为介词，指时间。如：in my absence在我不在的时间pursue追求，其名词形式为pursuit。course名词，前进方向，所经之路，行动方针。take its course听其自然发展as a matter of course当然之事，自然之事 Unit 10-B 1．No one now loving in the United States can remember when the contest began between the Democratic and the Republican parties．现在生活在美国的人当中没有一个能记得起民主党与共和党是什么时候开始竞争的。no one没有什么人，相当于nobody．如：No one can do that．没有人能做那事。No one could answer the question．大家都回答不出这问题。比较：none是否定代词，没有什么人，没有什么东西，可指人、指物。通常用none of?的结构。none of后面可以接可数名词和不可数名词。接可数名词时，一般接复数动词，也可接单数动词。例如：None of US are(is)afraid of difficulties．我们没有一个人害怕困难。There is none of it left．那点东西一点儿也没剩下。 2．?Americans have learned much about the way in which the system can be managed so as to make possible the peaceful transfer of power from one party to the other．??美国人谙熟两制度的运作方式，这使得政权从一个政党手中和平地转移到另一个政党手中成为可能。in which the system Call be managed是介词+关系代词引导的限制性定语从句，修饰the way。此从句中的介词in与动词没有依赖关系，所以介词in不能放在句后，只能放在关系代词前。如：The language teachers’association provides a medium through which ideas can be shared and discussed．语言教师协会提供了一种交流和讨论意见的媒介。so as to后接动词原形，表示结果，意思为结果为，以致。如：He struck the snake so as to break its back．他对蛇猛击了一下，结果打断了他的脊背。so as to还可表示目的，意为为了，以便。如：Work hard so as to finish before noon．加油下，争取午前完成。possible是宾语补语，而make的宾语过长，为平衡句子，放在了宾语the peaceful transfer?the other的前面。 3．The advantage of the second party over the third is so great that it is the only party that is likely to be able to overturn the party in power.第二大党对于第三大党的这种优势十分巨大，以致它是惟一可能推翻执政党的党派。advantage优势，胜过，优于，常与over连用。have an advantage over?对??有优势，优于so?that?如此??以至于??引导结果状语从句，在that引导的状语从句中．包含一个that引导的定语从句。 Unit 11-A 1．The famous example of thalidomide is a case for more animal testing，not less．萨立多胺医案就是一个显例，它要求人们进行更多的动物试验，而不是相反。本句中的介词for意思是in favour of；supporting。例如：Three cheers for the winner!为获胜者三呼喝彩。I’m all for pubs being open all day．我完全赞成酒馆整日营业。 2．Animals spend 95％of their time in their cages and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests．试验动物有百分之九十五的时间被圈在笼子里，所以改进措施同时也意味着不进行试验的时候对动物们的生活进行改善。when not undergoing tests是一个不完整分句，省略了they are。即完整的分句应为when they(the animals)are not undergoing tests． 3．In Professor Morton’s laboratory．rabbits live together in large IMRS．filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in．在莫顿教授的实验室里，兔子的生活场地很大。里面铺着厚厚的干草，还设有它们可以藏身的箱子。本句中的runs指的是饲养

场地。run后面的过去分词短语做了它的定语。 4．When it conies to research into heart disease and its effects on the body．or disease of the brain for example，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals．当研究心脏疾病及其对身体的影响的时候，或者碰到大脑疾病这样的例子的时候，我们就没有合适的物体可以取代动物的应用。when it comes to是一个固定的句型，意思是when we are speaking of(当我们谈到??的时候)。例如：When it comes to this key issue．he has nothing to say．当谈到关键问题的时候，他无话可说了。When it comes to computer，he is really an expert at it．就电脑来说，他的确很在行。substitute for：person or thing that replaces，acts for or serves as sb or sth else代替、替换或代理的人或事物；代替者，代用品This type of vinyl is a poor substitute for leather．这种乙烯基材料代替皮革十分勉强。 Unit 11-B 1．So there is plenty to be said in favor of keeping pets．这样就会有足够的证据支持豢养宠物。there is plenty to be said in favor of可以做为一个固定句型看待。意思就是there is enough to prove that?。 2．Very few could bring themselves to do that．很少有人会狠心这样做。bring oneself to do sth的意思是某人由于受到某种条件的限制很难做到某事。例如：He could not bring himself to say no to his boss．他鼓不起勇气对老板说不。 3．But we do not，as a rule，feel a heavy personal responsibility for the afflicted and deprived for we are pretty thoroughly formed by the individualistic．competitive society we live in．但是在通常情况下，对那些痛苦无助的人我们感受不到某种沉重的个人义务。因为我们完全成长在一个追求个人安逸、充满竞争的社会。as a rule是一个固定词组，意思是in most cases，usually.As a rule I’m home by six．我通常六点钟到家。the afflicted and deprived是属于定冠词加形容词表达一个类属的情况。we are pretty thoroughly formed by指we are greatly influenced by。 4．The point needs no laboring．这一点不需再饶舌了。laboring指的是further explanation。 Unit 12-A 1．Not only are they less able to deal with the pressure of day-to-day existence，but also their self-control and self-direction become endangered．他们不但不能面对日复一日的生存压力，他们的自我控制和自我调节能力也会出现危机。本句以not only起首，后面的谓语动词采取倒装形式。 2．In another experiment at Yale University．Dr．Jerome Slager found that daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability．在耶鲁大学的另一次实验里，杰罗姆·辛格博发现，做白日梦可以提高自我控制能力，加强创造思维能力。1)本句中的improved和enhanced都是过去分词做定语，修饰后面的名词词组。2)result in：have a specified effect or consequence产生某种作用或结果Our efforts resulted in Success．我们的

努力终于成功了。The talks resulted in reducing the number of missiles．谈判结果削减了导弹数量。 3．It has been found that it improves a person’s ability to be better adapted to practical．immediate concerns，to solve everyday problems，and to come up more readily with new ideas．人们发现它可以提高一个人的能力，使他能更好地适应实际的突发性的事务，解决日常问题，更易于产生新思想。1)concern：thing that is important or interesting to sb对某人来说是重要的或感兴趣的事物What are your main concerns as a writer?你身为作家，对什么最感兴趣?It’s no concern of mine．这事与我无关。2)come up with：find or produce(an answer，a solution，etc．)找到或提出(答案、办法等)She came up with a new idea for increasing sales．她想出了增加销售量的新主意。 4．?all such characters escaped the mere push of circumstance by imagining a future so vividly that they headed for it．所有这些人都因为想像了一个如此生动的未来，并且为之前行，才逃脱了环境的简单推动。head for：move towards向某处行进The boat was heading for some rocks．那船正驶向礁石。He headed straight for the bar．他径直朝酒吧间走去。 5．Some individuals seem to have the ability to tune into their private selves in the midst of the noisiest crowds or company．有些人似乎能够在嘈杂的人群或者朋友中进行自我调节。tune into本义是调整频率以接收某个电台节目，这里指调整状态进入冥想的行为。 Unit 12-B 1．If that sounds like far--fetched fantasy。consider these interesting findings that have emerged from eight years of sleep and dream research at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Cincinnati，Ohio．这也许听来如同离奇的天方夜谭?在俄亥俄州辛辛那提退伍军人医院，曾经进行了一项历时八年的关于睡眠和梦的研究，你可以看一看它的有趣结果。emerge(from sth)：come out显现，露出，这里是become known的意思。 2．Yet the true function of sleep and dreaming continues to elude precise explanation．不过睡眠和梦的真正作用依然不能被人详细解释清楚。elude：escape the memory and understanding of sb不记得，不理解I recognize her face，but her name eludes me．我记得她的脸，但想不起她的名字了。 3．Indeed，sex is the biggest factor in accounting for differences in the people，activities，locations and feelings that occur in dreams．实际上，性别是解释梦中人、活动、地点和感情差别的最大因素。account for：be the explanation of sth；explain the cause of sth作某事物的解释；解释某事物的原因His illness accounts for his absence．他因病缺席。Please account for your disgraceful conduct．对你的可耻行为请作解释。 Unit 13-A 1．Between labor and play stands work．工作处于劳作和娱乐之间。本句是一个完全倒装句，正确的语序应为Work stands between labor and play． 12

2．Technology and the division of labor have done two things：by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill，they have made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor，and by increasing productivity，they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours．技术和社会分工有两个结果：由于在许多领域减少了对于特殊气力、技巧的需求，因此使许多原来作为快乐工作的计酬职业成为令人厌倦的劳作。而生产力的提高则减少了必要劳作时间。本句比较长，理解时要理清句子结构。该句子的主要枝干成分是：they have made?into?，they have reduced?o两个the；,都做主语，指的是前面的technology and the division of labor。两个由by引导的介词词组做了方式状语，出于句子首尾平衡的考虑被放置在了前面。 3．It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population，that is to say，its laborers，will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy．现在已经可以想像这样一个社会，它的大多数人口，也就是说它的劳作者，差不多将和以前的贵族一样享有充裕的休闲时间。在这个句子中as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy是一个由as引导的定语从句，修饰前面的leisure。 4．?because they can put their aggression into their work．be it physical like the work of a smith．or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist．因为他们可以把自己的进取心投入到工作中，无论是像铁匠一样所从事的体力工作，还是像科学家或艺术家一样所从事的脑力工作。be it?or?与whether it is?or?同义，无论??还是??，不管??还是??Be it black or white，the cat is good if it catches mice．无论黑猫还是白猫，捉着老鼠就是好猫。Be it his fault or others.it makes no difference．不管是他的过错，还是别人的，都没有关系。 Unit 13-B 1．That most working people do not，in fact，go mad is due in large measure to a phenomenon so common that it is found wherever people labor in industry：taking it easy．而大多数人事实上没有变成疯魔，原因很大程度上在于有这样一种非常普遍的现象，它在有人上班的工厂里几乎随处可见。这种现象就是：消停一些干活。That引导的是一个主语从句。 2．One group goes into the far reaches of the ship’s hold and sits around．一组到船舱的远处闲坐。注意本句中的reach和hold的含义。 3．They also like it for another reason．even if they will not admit it：it makes it very difficult for the worker to do anything other than work．他们喜欢这种生产方式还有一个原因，虽然他们不愿意承认：它使工人很难做工作以外的事情。other than：different from不同于Other women than Sally would have said nothing．除了萨莉，别的女子就都什么也不说了。 Unit 14-A 1．That’s where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane．who police say，wanted just such a car to celebrate his l7th birthday．她在这里与凶手麦克尔·拉森狭路相逢。据警方称，凶手正希望得到这样一辆汽车庆祝自己的生日。在where her path crossed that of Michael LaSane分句中，that指代path。cross one’s path：meet Sb by chance与某人相遇I hope I never cross her path again．但愿我永远不再遇见她。 2．It goes beyond materialism．这不仅仅是金钱至上的问题。materialism在英语中有两个含义。第一是唯物主义，第二是物质享乐主义，即崇尚财富、肉体享受，轻视精神价值的一种价值观点。 Unit 14-B 1．At sports events，if white and black are present，they support opposing sides and the result is friction----so much so that in many grounds only whites aye allowed．在运动会上，如果白人和黑人都在场，他们会各自支持一方，结果导致冲突----冲突屡见不鲜，因此很多地方只有白人才准入场。so much so that：to such an extent that到这种程度以至于We are very busy 80 much so that we can’t manage to take holiday this year.我们忙，忙得今年都没办法度假了。 2．And it is this that inflicts the true terrible wound on South African society．也正是它使南非社会承受着这样一个真切的痛楚。这个句子是一个强调句式。inflict sth on sb：cause a blow．penalty etc to be suffered by sb使某人遭受打击、惩罚等inflict a severe wound on sb使某人受重创inflict a crushing defeat on the enemy把敌军打得一败涂地 3．The tensions are real，the threat of a violent eruption constant．紧张关系是真切的，暴力突发的危险是持续不断的。这个句子中，the threat of a violent eruption后面省略了谓语。 Unit 15-A 1．But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are，to identify their real problems，to respond more fully to beauty，to place adequate value on life，and to make their world safer than it now is．但是对于以下问题，人们的疑问还存在着，而且有增无减。这些问题就是：对于人类真正认识自己、辨清自己的问题、增强美的鉴赏力、赋予生命完全的价值以及使世界更加安全等，电脑起了什么样的作用?使它们更难了，还是使它们更容易了?在这个句子中，the question persists and indeed grows是主句。whether以后的部分就是question的内容。其中的it指的是后面的五个动词不定式短语。 2．Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined．如果对事实材料不加整理研究，它们就会引起麻烦。if后面省略了they are。 3．A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose the wonders of the creative imagination on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology．为达到真正目的，可以解开创造性的想像力的羁绊，使其神奇作用应用于电子技术的各种难题。本句的结构可做如下分析：主句为A genuine purpose may be served，后面是by引导的介词短语做方式状语。在这个状语中，turn loose后面是一个宾语加宾语补足语。宾语就是the wonders of the creative imagination，补足语就是on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology。而在这个补足语中，being put

to electronic technology做problem的定语。 Unit 15-B 1．The challenge is not one of expansion．这种挑战并不是人口膨胀。expansion的意思是扩张，根据上下文的理解，这里翻译成“人口膨胀”。 2．Instead．the battle cry for the 90’s will be the demand for performance and accountability．相反，九十年代人们最高的呼声将是对于学校的表现和承担责任的要求。the battle cry是一个固定词组，意思是“战斗口号，呐喊”。 3．In the meantime，any number of private enterprise are organizing courses，producing training films and tapes and otherwise taking advantage of growth opportunities that universities shy away from．与此同时，每个私人企业都在组织开设课程，制作训练录音录像带，不然就利用大学所避而不用的各种增长机会。otherwise在这里作副词，意思是“否则”，“不然的话”。 重点短语 Unit 1-A 1．course of action行动步骤，办事程序，做事方案what is the best course of action we can take?我们采取什么办法最好?Your best course of action is to forget about the whole unfortunate matter．你最好的方法是忘掉这一切不幸。 2．in the way挡路，阻碍，妨碍I’m afraid your car is in the way．看来你的汽车挡着道了。I left them alone．as I felt I was in the way．我觉得自己碍他们的事，就走了。 3．to make a guess at对??进行猜测Make a guess at an answer，please!请猜一下答案!If I might make a guess(at her age)，I’d say she was about 30．要让我猜(她年龄)的话，我看她大概三十岁。 4．to blind sb to sth使某人看不到某物，使某人对某物丧失判断力His desire to do it blinded him to all the difficulties．他急于做事的愿望让他对困难一无所知。Her lore for him blinded her to his faults．她非常爱他，这让她对他的缺点丧失了判断力。 5．to contribute to sth 1)促成，导致Does smoking contribute to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗?Carelessness contributed to his errors．粗心大意造成了他的错误。2)有助于，增添Her work has contributed enormously to our understanding of this difficult subject．她的著作非常有助于我们对这个难题的了解。We hope your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem．我们希望你的建议将有助于解决这个问题。，3)捐助，捐赠，贡献to contribute aid to refugees／contribute to the Red Cross向难民提供援助／捐助红十字会Everyone should contribute what he can afford to it．人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。4)撰稿，投稿She has contributed to literary magazines．她给几家文学刊物投了稿。 6．a state of affairs情况，局势What a shocking state of affairs!局势真惊人哪!That was the state of affairs before the election．选举前的情况就是那样。 7．to seek to do sth设法做某事They are seeking to mislead．他们竭力进行误导。They sought to bring their conflict to an end．他们试图结束冲突。 8．the scheme of things事物

的规律，安排In the scheme of things，it is hard for small businesses to succeed．一般来说(按事物的规律)，小本生意难做。 9．in part部分地；在某种程度上His success was due in part to luck．在某种程度上，他成功靠的是运气。We’re losing money--in part because，with our ancient computers，we can’t stay competitive．我们在赔钱--在某种程度上是因为我们仍用旧的计算机，缺乏竞争力。 10．vary from?to?从??变为??；在??与??之间变化Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression．她的情绪一下子由乐观变为极度消沉。These fish vary in weight from 31b to 5lb．这些鱼的重量从三磅到五磅不等。 Unit 1-B 1．to apply for申请，请求to apply for a job／post／passport／visa／scholarship申请工作／职位／护照／签证／奖学金to apply to the publishers for the permission to reprint an extract向出版者请求准予转印节录 2．day-to-day 1)日常的，每日常规工作的She has been looking after the day--to．day administration．她一直做日常的管理工作。2)逐日的I have organized the cleaning on a day-to--day basis，until the usual cleaner returns．我已经安排了清洁工回来前的逐日清洁工作。 3．to have no idea不知道；无能力He has no idea how to manage people．他根本不知道如何做人事工作。You have no idea how worried I was!你根本不知道我有多么担心！ 4．to take the trouble to do sth费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事Decent journalists should take the trouble to check the facts．责任心强的新闻工作者应该不厌其烦地核实报导内容。Nobody took the trouble to comfort the angry woman．没有人费力去劝劝那位愤怒的女人， 5．to put oneself in sb’s place设身处地替某人着想If you put yourself in my place．you would understand it．设身处地替我想一下，你就会理解的。cf．in sb’s place处于某人的境地What would you do in my place?你要是我会怎样做?In her place I’d sell the lot．我要是她的话就全部卖掉。 6．to one’s advantage对某人有利，对某人有帮助You will find it to your advantage to learn some German before you visit Switzerland．你会发现去瑞士前学一点德语将对你有好处。It would be to our mutual advantage to continue the training centre．把培训中心继续办下去对我们双方都有好处。cf．to one’s disadvantage对某人不利，有损某人的声誉It would be to your disadvantage to invest in the project．在这个工程上投资对你会十分不利。Have you heard of the turnouts to his disadvantage?你听说那些对他不利的谣言了吗? 7．at a disadvantage处于不利地位His inability to speak English put him at a disadvantage．他不会说英语，这使他很吃亏。They are working at a great disadvantage．他们正在非常不利的情况下工作。 8．to ask for要求，请求Did you ask(your boss)for a pay increase?你请求(老板)加薪了吗?Driving after drinking alcohol is asking for trouble．酒后开车是自讨苦吃。 9．in hand 1)在手中(持有)；13

在手头(随时可用)I still have some money in hand．我手头还有些钱。2)在控制下We have the situation well in hand．我们完全控制住了局面。3)正在办理、处理之中The work is in hand and will soon be completed．这项工作正在进行之中，不久即可完成。 10．to make sure(of／that)1)弄清楚，核实，查明I think the door’s locked．but I’d better go and make sure(of it／that it is)．我想门已经锁了，但我最好还是去查实一下。2)设法确保We have made arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well为确保参观顺利进行我们已经做了安排。 11．to turn down 1)to turn sb／sth down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health．他想参军，但因身体欠佳而被断然拒绝。He asked Jane to marry him but she turned him down．他请求简嫁给他，可她拒绝了。2)to turn sth down调节(炉具、收音机等)使热量、音量、温度等降低Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so．别忘了过一小时左右把煤气关小点儿。Turn the taperecorder down--I’m trying to get some sleep．把录音机关小点儿--我想睡一会儿。 12．as soon as一??就??，不迟于He left as soon as he heard the news．他一听到这消息就走了。I’ll tell him as soon as possible．我会尽快告诉他的。 Unit 2-A 1．in theory理论上，理论上讲Your plan is good in theory，but does it work in practice?你的计划理论上是不错的，但做起来能行吗?In theory，three things could happen．理论上讲，有三种可能性。 2．to apply to sth 1)把??应用于??Students are to learn to apply to practice．学生们应学会把理论应用于实践。The results of this research can be applied to new developments in technology．这项研究成果能够应用于新的技术开发方面。2)致力于??，集中精力(做某事)You will only pass your exams if you really apply yourself to your work．你只有真正专心用功，考试才能及格。We must apply our minds to a solution．我们要动动脑筋，找出解决的办法来。 3．research into对??的研究、探讨、调查My researches into adventure holidays were very fruitful．我在琢磨让假期过得有刺激性，在这一点上已大有收获。The famous scientist is carrying out a research into the causes of AIDS．这位著名的科学家正在进行艾滋病病因的研究 4．to swallow up 1)吞没，淹没，掩盖The fog swallowed up the whole city．大雾笼罩了整个城市。The aircraft was swallowed up in the clouds．飞机已没入云中。2)用尽，耗尽The cost of the trial swallowed up all their savings．打官司耗光了他们的全部积蓄。To swallow up one’s earnings is not wise．把所挣的钱全部花光是不明智的。 5．to make use of利用You should make full use of every chance you have to speak English．你应该充分利用一切机会说英语。We will make good use of her talents．我们要很好地发挥她的才能。 6．speculation about对??的猜测，推测The police made much speculation about the cause of the air crash．警方对飞机坠毁的原因进行了多方推测My speculations about the election proved totally wrong．我关于那场选举的猜测完全错了。 Unit 2-B 1．together with和，连同He sent her some roses，together with a love letter．他送给她一些玫瑰花，还有一封情书。These new facts，together with the other evidence，prove the prisoner’s innocence．这些新的事实连同其他证据证明在押者清白无辜。 2．in every respect在各个方面The room is fine in every respect．从各个方面来说，这个房间都不错。cf．in this one respect／in some(all，many，several，few)respect．在这一点上／在某些(各个，许多，几个，极少)方面 3．in other words换句话说，也就是说The moon is called a satellite，in other words，it goes round the sun with the earth．月球是颗卫星，换句话说，它同地球一道绕太阳运转。 4．to consist of由??组成，由??构成The committee consists of ten members．委员会由十人组成。Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen．水由氢和氧组成。 5．a great many许多，很多A great many young people attended the lecture．很多年轻人参加了讲座。A great many students failed the exams．很多学生考试不及格。 6．under the circumstances在??情况下，既然这样I wanted to leave quickly，but under the circumstances(my uncle had just died)，I decided to stay another night．我本想快点走，但既然我叔叔刚刚去世，我决定再住一夜。cf．under no circumstances(位于句首时用倒装句)在任何情况下(都不)，无论如何(也不)Under no circumstances will there be inflation while I am head of the government．只要我是政府首脑，无论如何也不会有通货膨胀。 7．to make a difference to对??有影响The sea air has made a difference to her health．海上的空气改善了她的健康。It makes no difference to me what you say：I’m not going．不管你怎么说都无所谓，反正我不去。Does it make any difference?那要紧吗? 8．above all最重要的，尤其He longs above all(else)to see his wife and family again．他尤其渴望再见到妻子和家人。In choosing the curtains for a room．you should consider the material from the point of view of texture，its weight，its pattern--but its colour above all．挑选房间窗帘面料时，你应该考虑质地、重量、图案等，但最重要的是颜色。 9．as a rule在多数情况下，通常As a rule I’m home by six．我通常六点前在家。We don’t as a rule give credit to customers，but are willing to make an exception in your case．通常，我们不让顾客赊购物品，但对你来说我们心甘情愿破破例。 Unit 3-A 1．to be affected with感染(疾病)，患有??病His lungs are affected with cancer．他染上了肺癌(癌变已侵及他的肺部)。He is affected with flu．他染上了流感。 2．a debate on就??的辩论、讨论、争论The congress decided to conduct a debate Off nuclear disarmament国会决定就核裁军进行辩论。We had

a long debate on what to do next．下一步怎么做，我们进行了长时间的讨论。 3．to carry out 1)实施，执行，完成，贯彻，落实Once the work is started．it must be resolutely carried out．工作一旦开始，就必须坚决完成。to carry out a promise(a threat，a plan，an order)实现诺言(进行威胁，实施计划，执行命令)2)进行(实验等)to carry out an enquiry(an investigation，a survey)进行查询(调查、勘查)Extensive tests have been carried out on the patient．对患者进行了多次实验。 4．in addition to加之，除??之外In addition(to the names on the list)there are six other applicants．除此(名单上的名字)之外，还有六个申请人。He is now running his own company，in addition to his job at the university．除了在大学里的工作之外，他现在还经营着自己的公司。 5．in this(that)case这(那)样的话，既然这(那)样You don’t like your job?In that case，why don’t you leave?你不喜欢这份工作?那你为什么不辞掉呢?“I’m afraid I can’t come after all．”“In that case，I’m not going．either．”“恐怕我根本去不成。”“要是那样，我也不去了。” 6．to be opposed to强烈反对She seems very much opposed to your going abroad．她好像强烈反对你出国。Most of US are opposed to death penalty(capital punishment)．我们大都强烈反对死刑。cf．as opposed to与??对照，与??对比I’m here on business as opposed to a holiday．我在这里是出差而不是度假。I’d rather buy a small computer as opposed to a big one．我想买台小计算机，而不想买大的。 7．to open up 1)畅谈Once she knew she could trust me，she started to open up．当她知道我可以信任后，便开始畅所欲言。After a few drinks he began to open up a bit．几杯酒下肚，他的话就多了起来。2)开业，开张He never opens up shop on Sundays．星期天他的商店从不营业。They decided to open up a new restaurant．他们决定开一家新餐馆。 8．to care for 1)照顾，照看Who will care for him if his wife dies?假若他妻子死了，谁照顾他?The children are being well cared for．孩子们正得到很好的照顾。2)喜欢，喜爱，愿意(用于否定或疑问句)Would you care for a drink?你想喝点什么吗?I don’t care much for opera．我不大喜欢歌剧。 9．to take into account(consideration)考虑，体谅；包括When judging his performance，don’t take his age into account．评判他的表现时，别考虑他的年龄。These figures didn’t take into account the cost of this project．这些数字没有把工程的花费考虑进去(不包括工程花费)。 10．to be sensitive to 1)易受??影响的，对??敏感的Rose is very sensitive to cold．罗斯对寒冷十分敏感。Photographic paper is highly sensitive to light．感光纸对光十分敏感。2)对??易冲动的，神经质的He is very sensitive to being short，so don’t mention it．他对自己个矮神经过敏，可别提这事儿。A writer mustn’t be sensitive to criticism．作家不可对批评意见反应过激。 11．to opt out(of)决定不参加，退出I think I’ll opt out of

the game．我不想参加比赛。Britain wants to opt out of the European Social Chapter．英国想退出欧洲社会会议。 12．to have?at heart很关心某事物，亟欲支持或维护He has your welfare at heart．他非常关心你的幸福。More and more people have pollution of the air at heart．越来越多的人关心空气污染问题。 Unit 3-B 1．for short简称，简写Her name is“Frances”．or“Fran”for short．她的名字是“弗朗西斯”，或简称“弗朗”。cf．in short简言之，简短地说，总之Things couldn’t be worse，financially：in short，we’re bankrupt．财务方面已经糟得不能再糟了，总之，一句话，我们破产了。 2．to amount to 1)总计，共达，总共有The cost amounts to US$250．费用共计二百五十美元。Our information doesn’t amount to much．我们的资料有限。2)等于，相当于What you say amounts to a direct accusation．你所说的话等于直接的指责。Her words amount to a refusal．她的话无异于拒绝。 3．Oil(the)average平均来讲，按平均数计算On average，we receive five letters each day．我们平均每天收到五封信。We fail one student per year on average．我们平均每年有一个学生不及格。Japanese people on the average live much longer than Europeans．日本人的平均寿命大大高于欧洲人。 4．to compete with与??竞争，对抗Several companies are competing with each other for the contract．几家公司正为一项合同而互相竞争。They compete with foreign companies for a share of the market．他们与外国公司竞争市场。 5．to blame sb for为??责备某人，责怪某人Public opinion blames Mrs Smith for leading the girl astray．舆论责怪史密斯夫人把那位姑娘引入歧途。They blamed an electric short circuit for the fire yesterday．他们把昨天的火灾归咎于电流短路。Which driver was to blame for the accident?这个事故是哪个司机的责任? 6．by nature从天性上讲，本性上He was．by nature，a man of few words．他天生沉默寡言。She is proud by nature．她天生骄傲。 7．when it comes to谈及、涉及某问题I can use a computer．but when it comes to repairing it，I know nothing．我会用计算机，但若说修理，我一窍不通。I’m as good a cook as she is except when it comes to pastry．我做饭跟她一样好，就是我不会做酥皮糕点。 8．to be related to与??有关I’m not related to him in any way．我和他没有任何亲属关系。The heart attack could be related to his car crash last year．这次心脏病发作可能与他去年那场车祸有关。 9．to be worth(doing)sth值得It may be worth putting an advertisement in the local paper．或许在当地报纸上刊登广告是值得一做的。It isn’t worth waiting for him．他不值得一等。Don’t lock the door：it isn’t worth the trouble．别锁门，犯不上费这事儿。 Unit 4-A 1．OH one’s doorstep很近In our holiday villas you’ll have both the beach and the mountains on your doorstep．在我们的假日别墅，海滩、山峦都近在咫尺。 14

2．to deal with 1)与??做生意，与??有商业交往I hate dealing with large impersonal companies．我讨厌与那些没有人情味儿的大公司打交道。2)对付，对待，处理，解决How would you deal with an armed burglar?你怎样对付持枪的强盗?Deal with a man as he deals with you．以其人之道，还治其人之身。 3．to bring over 1)bring sb over(to a place)把某人带到(某地)Next summer he hopes to bring his family over，to Beijing from the United States．他希望明年夏天把家人从美国接到北京。You might bring him over tomorrow．你明天可以把他带来。2)bring sb over(to sth)使某人改变思想方法、信念等，说服。Do you think you can ever bring him over?你认为你能说服他吗?What he said brought me over to his opinion．他的话使我转而同意他的意见。 4．according to 1)根据，据某人所说According to John，you were in London last week．据约翰说，你上星期在伦敦。You have been in prison six times according to our records．根据我们记录，你已经入狱六次了。2)按照，依照Everything went according to plan．一切都是按计划进行的。The work was done according to her instructions．那工作是依照她的指示做的。3)依??而定salary according to qualifications and experience视资历和经验而定的薪水Arrange the exhibits according to size．将展品按大小排列。 5．to convict sb of宣判某人有??罪She has twice been convicted of fraud．她已有两次被判为诈骗罪。He was convicted of murder．他被判为杀人罪。 6．to be deserving of值得??的，该受??的，配得上??的The disabled are deserving of sympathy．残疾人值得同情。He is deserving of all praise for his great efforts．他巨大的付出配得上任何称赞。 7．to send to送进，使??进入They sent their daughter to one of the best schools in the country．他们把女儿送进了国内一所最好的学校。He was sent back to hospital．他被送回了医院。 8．to feel like(doing)sth想要(做)某事物I feel like(having)a drink．我想喝点酒。We’ll go for a walk if you feel like it．你要是想的话，咱们就去散散步。cf．feel(to sb)(1ike sth)某人觉得像某物This wallet feels to me like leather．我觉得这个钱包像是皮的。It feels like rain．天好像要下雨。 9．to threaten to do sth威胁要做某事，扬言要做某事The hijackers threatened to kill all the passengers if their demands were not met．劫机犯扬言，若不满足他们的要求，就把乘客全部杀死。The boy threatened to commit suicide if she turned him down．如果她不答应，那男孩扬言要自寻绝路。 10．to protect from(against)保护，保卫You need warm clothes to protect you against(from)the cold．你需要穿暖一些以免着凉。The vaccine was used to protect the whole population against(from)infection．这种疫苗是供全体居民预防传染病用的。 11．to agree to(do)sth同意，愿意，答应He agreed to let me go home early．他同意让我早

些回家。Is he going to agree to our suggestion?他会同意我们的建议吗? 12．to distinguish from 1)区别，辨别The twins are so alike that no one can distinguish one from the other．这对双胞胎长得很像，没人能分辨出谁是谁。2)使??有所不同，使??有别于，是??的特征Speech distinguishes human beings from the animals．使用言语是人类有别于动物的特征。 13．to risk(doing)sth冒着??的危险She risked his parents’anger by marrying me．她冒着触怒父母的危险嫁给了我。He risked(losing)his life to save the child．他冒着生命危险抢救那个孩子。 Unit 4-B 1．to watch over 1)看护，照料She is watching over her sick child．她在照料自己生病的孩子。We’ll have to watch over the children in case they get too tired．我们得照看着孩子们，不让他们太累了。He felt that God was watching over him．他感觉到上帝在保佑着他。2)看守，看管，守卫Could you watch over my clothes while I have a swim?我游泳时你看住我的衣服行吗?They use specially trained dogs to watch over their sheep at night．夜间他们用受过特殊训练的狗看守羊群。 2．in unison 1)齐(唱)，齐(奏)The last verse will be sung in unison．歌词的最后部分要齐唱。2)一致地，协调地The banks have acted in unison with the building societies in lowering interest rates．银行降低了利率来配合房屋建筑协会的行动。 3．to make one’s way to走，行走，前进，去I’ll make my way home now．我现在要回家了。The guards raised the legs in unison and made their way to the square．卫兵们迈着整齐的步伐向广场走去。I’ll make my way to the railway station now．我现在要去火车站了。 4．up to 1)作为最大数量，多达I can take up to four people in my car．我的汽车最多能坐四个人。Up to ten men can sleep in this tent．这顶帐蓬可供十个人在此睡觉。2)直到；不多于Read up to page l00．读到第100页。Up to HOW he’s been quiet．他直到此刻仍保持沉默。3)能胜任，有某种能力的I don’t feel up to going to work today．我今天不舒服，不能上班。My German is not up to translating that letter．我的德语水平不高，翻译不了那封信。cf．be up to忙于；是某人的职责；由某人决定What’s he up to?他在忙什么呢?It’s up to us to help those in need．我们有责任帮助那些有困难的人。It’s up to you(to decide)．由你决定。 5．to pay back 1)偿还，还给Have you paid back the money you owe me yet?你借我的钱还了吗?I’ll pay you back next week．我下星期还你。2)惩罚，报复I’ll pay him back for the trick played on me．他捉弄了我，我得治治他。to pay sb back blow for blow对某人以牙还牙 6．out of从(若干)中Three out of four people believe in Christianity there．在那里四个人中有三个信仰基督教。Choose one out of six．从六个中挑一个。 7．to react to sb(sth)对??做出反应，回应Some people can react badly to certain food additives．有些人对某些食物添加剂有强烈的不适反应。She reacted to the insult by turning her back on him．她

受到侮辱之后就不再理睬他了。 8．to call up 1)给某人打电话I kept calling you up。but the line was busy．我一直给你打电话，却一直占线。2)想起，回想，回忆The sound of happy laughter called up memories of his childhood．这欢笑声使他想起了自己童年时的情景。 9．to clean up 1)洗干净，打扫干净，清理My hands are filthy：I’d better go and clean up．我的手脏了，最好去洗洗。The workmen cleaned up the mess before they left．工人们把杂物清扫之后就走了。2)清除坏的影响The mayor is determined to clean up the city．市长决心清除市内的不良现象。They are launching a campaign to clean up television．他们正在发起一场清除电视中不良现象的运动(减少播放色情、暴力等节目) 10．a good／great deal of很多，大量(修饰不可数名词)to spend a good deal of money on books each month每月都花许多钱买书It will take a great deal of trouble to finish the difficult task．完成这项艰巨任务要费很大的事。to see sb a great deal／to feel a great deal better常见到某人／感觉好多了 11．to be a shame 1)是可耻的It is a shame to take money from those who can’t afford it．拿无从自立的人的钱非常可耻。2)很遗憾，很可惜Isn’t it a shame that the rain spoiled our picnic?这场雨把我们的野餐给搅了，难道不可惜?What a shame!真可惜!(或：真丢脸!) Unit 5-A 1．to build out of用??建造Birds build their nests out of twigs．鸟儿用树枝筑巢。He built me a model ship out of wood．他用木料给我做了个模型轮船。 2．in existence现在的，存在的This is the oldest Hebrew manuscript in existence．这是现存最早的希伯来语手稿。The Old Testament is still in existence and kept well．《旧约全书》仍然存于世上而且保存完好。 3．to make out of从??中出去lie made out of the cabin at once on hearing the siren．他听到汽笛声就立即走出了船舱。 4．to take place发生，举行When does the ceremony take place?仪式什么时候举行?We’ve never discovered what took place between them that night．我们从未发觉那天晚上他们之间发生了什么事情。 5．to originate with始自，起因于，源于This custom originated with the ancient Chinese．这个风俗源于古代中国。The style of architecture originated with the ancient Greeks．这种建筑风格起源于古希腊人。 6．to be established as确立??的地位；成为，担任She’s now firmly established in business as an art dealer．她已稳固地奠定了自己艺术品商的地位。He is established as governor of the province．他当上了省长。 7．to experiment with试验，实验The children were warned not to experiment with the dangerous drugs．孩子们得到警告，不要试验这些危险的药物。to experiment with new methods(forms of government)实验新方法(不同的政体) 8．to take over接管，接手，接任，接替Peter will take over as managing director when Bill retires．比尔退休时将由彼得接任总经理一职。The firm has been taken over by an American

conglomerate．该公司已被美国

一企业集团接管。The new department head took over yesterday．新的系主任昨天接任。When she fell ill．her daughter took over the business from her．她患病期间生意曾由她女儿代管。 9．as(time)goes oil随着(时间)推移，随着(时间)的流逝She became more and more talkative as the evening Went on．夜渐深，她的话也渐渐多起来。Things will improve as time goes on．随着时间的推移，情况会改善的。As the years went on the young plant in our court grew into a tall shady tree．一年年过去，院子里的树苗已长成一棵绿荫如盖的大树。 10．to take on披上，戴上；呈现，具有With the summer flowers in bloom．the valley took on every shade of colour．一到夏日花开时节，山谷里彩色缤纷。The square took on a festive air．广场上呈现出一派节日气象。When the word appears in this context，it takes on an entirely different meaning．这个词在这上下文中运用时，它就具有了完全不同的含义。 11．in volume体积上；容量上；音量上The liquid was five litres in volume．该液体的体积为五升。The music doubled in volume．音乐的声音加大了一倍。 Unit 5-B 1．in fashion流行，入时Miniskirts and faded jeans are still in fashion．超短裙以及褪色的牛仔裤仍很时髦Long hair is very much in fashion．长发很入时。cf.out of fashion不流行，过时Sometimes what is out of fashion may be in fashion again．有时过时的东西会再流行起来。 2．the same同一事物Their ages are the same．他们年龄相同。I would do the same again．那我就再来一遍。I think the same(as you do)about the matter．我对此事的看法也是(和你)一样。 3．in a sense从某种意义说What you say is true in a sense．你的话在某种意义上属实。This is not your fault in a sense．在某种意义上，这并不是你的错。 4．to begin with 1)以??开始，以??为起点The English alphabet begins with A．英语字母表从A开始。The first word of a sentence should begin with a capital letter．句子的第一个词应以大写字母开头。The conference begins with the Chairman’s report．会议一开始是主席做报告。2)起初；首先To begin with my spoken English was very poor，but now there is much progress．起初，我的英语口语很差劲，但现在大为改观了。To begin with．we ought to know what we study for．首先，我们应该知道我们为什么而学习。 5．at a stretch不停地，连续地How long have you been working at a stretch?你不停地工作了多长时间?The rain lasted three hours at a stretch．雨不停地下了三个小时。They had to remain standing for hours at a stretch．他们不得不连续站上几个小时。 6．to serve as起??的作用，被用作；充当；担任This fact will serve as an illustration to show the importance of technical innovation．这一事例可以用来说明技术革新的重要性。This room can serve as a study．这个房问可作书房用。He served as a naval officer during the war．他战时在海军当军官。 15

7．to work over 1)充分研究，彻底检查For that article he has worked over some 30 volumes of Chinese history．为了写那篇论文，他仔细查阅了大约三十卷中国历史。2)重做She has worked over the first act of the play．她重写了剧本的第一幕。They worked over the old furniture．他们翻修了旧家具。 8．to belong in在??中有适当的地位，处于正确的地位The chair belongs in the corner．这把椅子该放在角落里。He thinks he belongs in teaching．他认为自己适宜于从事教学工作。This dictionary belongs in the library of every school where English is taught．任何有英语课程的学校的图书馆都应该有这本词典。 9．to let be不打扰，不干涉Let me be，I want a rest．别打扰我，我要休息。Let the poor dog be，don’t tease it．别逗那条可怜的狗。 10．to be born 1)出生，出世He was born in l950．他生于1950年。2)开始，创立The Trades Union movement was born in the early years of the century．工会运动创始于本世纪初期。 11．it goes without saying that?不言而喻??，毋庸置疑??，不用说??It goes without saying that our plans depend on the weather．不言而喻，我们的计划取决于天气情况。It goes without saying that he’ll fail in the exam．不用说，他肯定考试不及格。 12．for the sake of 1)为了??起见，看在??的份儿上I’ll help you for your sister’s sake(for the sake of your sister)．看在你姐姐的面上，我帮你一下。She took on another part-time job for the．sake of her family．为了家庭，她又找了一份兼职工作。2)为了获得，为了保持We made concessions for the sake of peace．为了和平，我们做出了让步。She argues for the sake of arguing．她因为好辩而与人争论。Let’s not spoil the job for the sake of a few pounds．咱们不要为了几英镑钱而把工作弄糟。 13．an approach to 1)通路，进路，道路This is an approach to the palace．这是一条通往宫殿的道路。The usher provided US an approach to the hall．招待员指引我们来到大厅。2)方法，手段We are exploring new approaches to qualities education．我们正在探索素质教育的新方法。The government is to take a judicious approach to this sensitive problem．政府将用明智的方法处理这一敏感问题。 Unit 6-A 1．to expose sth／sb／oneseif(to sth)暴露，使面临，遭受People often expose their skin to the sun in summer．夏季，人们常使皮肤暴露于阳光之下。I won’t expose my soldiers to such unnecessary risks．我不会使我的士兵冒此不必要的危险。The young poet exposed himself to harsh criticism of the critics．这位年轻的诗人遭到了评论家们严厉的批评。 2．in that在于，因为Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition．私营化的优点在于它能促进相互竞争。He is a good listener in that he never interrupts you with thoughts of his own．他是个好听众，在于他从不因自己的思绪而打断你。I like metropolises in that they can provide me with more challenges.我喜欢大都市，因为那里能提供更多的挑战。 3．in between在中间，每间隔；在??期间(等于between作副词的用法)You’d have a good view of the sea from here except for the blocks of flats in between．要不是隔着这座公寓大楼，大海的景色就可以从这里一览无遗。One town ends where the next begins and there is a road in between．一个城镇连接着另一个城镇，两者之间有一条路。We have two lessons this evening，but there’s some free time in between．今天晚上我们有两节课，课间有些休息时间。 4．in question正被谈论的，正被考虑的The job in question is available for three months only．所谈到的这一工作为时仅三个月。We know nothing about the plan in question．我们对正被考虑的计划一无所知。 5．plenty of大量的；丰富的He earned plenty of money in America．他在美国挣了很多钱。I received plenty of presents on my eighteenth、birthday．我l8岁生日那天收到大量的礼物。There are plenty of natural resources in China．中国有丰富的自然资源。 6．to convert?into／to 1)改变，变成；兑换成The sofa can convert(in)to a bed．这个沙发可变成一张床。Britain converted to a decimal currency system in l971．英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。Please convert these pounds into francs．请把这些英镑兑换成法郎。2)convert?to皈依；使??改变信仰He’s converted to Catholicism．他已皈依天主教。He was converted from atheism to Christianity．他放弃无神论，改信基督教。 Unit 6-B 1．to work on(1)从事??，致力于??The scientist has been working on environmental protection for many years.这位科学家多年来一直从事环保方面的研究。Peter is still working hard on his term paper．彼得还在努力写他的学期论文。2)对??有影响This medicine doesn’t work on the patient．这种药对病人无效。Her charm doesn’t work on me．她的魅力对我不起作用。 2．to set妯up 1)设立，建立A statue was set up in the center of the city．市中心竖起了一蹲雕像。Police set up road--blocks on mutes leading out of the city．警方在通往城外的道路上设置了路障。A new traffic light was set up around the corner．拐角处设置了一个新的交通灯。2)建立，提出The government has set up a working party to look into the matter．政府已成立工作组调查此事。Einstein set up many important theories．爱因斯坦提出了许多重要理论。 3．to be on the alert against／for sth警惕，提防Passengers on buses should be on the alert against pick--pockets．公共汽车上的乘客应提防扒手。The soldiers were on the alert for another attack．士兵们做好了下次攻击的准备。 4．to associate sb(sth)with sth／sb 1)把??与??联系起来，联想Whisky is usually associated with Scotland．人们常把威士忌与苏格兰联系起来。I always associate him with his father．我总是由他想起他的父亲。2)与某人交往或打交道I don’t like you associating with such people．我不喜欢你和那些人混在一起。I’ve never associated

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