阅读猜题技巧（整合版）

阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征（10条秘诀） 秘诀一：被动结构是备选项高频答案特征！ 【2010辽宁卷B篇】I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '―I‘m having a dinner party' means: \sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat.\Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don‘t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: \somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go.

But in London, dinner parties are in people's homes.(转折对比,说明前面New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.) Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, the guests were from France, India. Denmark and Nigeria; it was like a gathering at the United Nations in New York. The mix is less striking. It's like a gathering at Bloomingdale's, a well-known department store.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York? A There is a strange mix of people. B. The restaurants are expensive. C. The bill is not fairly shared. D. People have to pay cash 63. What is the author's opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience？ A. Easy-going. B. Self-centred. C. Generous. D. Conservative.

【2012四川卷E篇】So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century — a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature? A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979. B. Its change will lead to weather extremes. C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990.

D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century. 【2012四川卷A篇】The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars‘（杨树）putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?

A. The change of seasons is easily felt. B. The seasons make the scenes change. C. The weather often changes in the forest.

D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.

【2012陕西卷C篇】The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55. What can we learn from the text?

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A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart. B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality. C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking, D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made. 【2012江西卷D篇】For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages．Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.

Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.

Then there is the time spent being ―processed‖ at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed‖ at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines. Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people‘s lives; time saved, in work or play, is the important thing—or so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master.

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73.According to Paragraph3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_____． A.they pay less for the tickets B.they feel safer during the travel

C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.they don‘t have to waste time being “processed” 75.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Air travel benefits people and industries．

B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel． C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel. D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost. 2013阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词（17项不到90个单词） 秘诀9：lead to (result in, bring about, cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词! 【2012浙江卷C篇】

First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ . A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime 具体!

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B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily

D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体!

【2011湖北卷D篇】our own generation has access to more nutritious food .more convenient transport .bigger houses, better ears .and of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us .This will continue as long as we there things to make other things, This more we specialize and exchange, the better off we‘ll be.

2) Brilliant advances

One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ener before is that the four most basie human needs -food, clothing, fuel and shelter- have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour‘s light cost six hours‘ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes‘ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it‘s half second.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that . A. oil lamps give off more light than candles

B. shortening working time brings about a happier life. C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles. D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods.

秘诀10： Control (handle, deal with )是选项中答案高频暗示词!

【2012天津卷D篇】

Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don‘t let this get in the way. They know they have their weaknesses, yet they don‘t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52. According to Paragraph 2, creators __________.

A. seem willing to experience failures in life B. possess the ability to predict future life C. handle ups and downs of life wisely D. have potential to create something new 【2012山东卷D篇】

Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it‘s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad.

The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus.

Samsung says it‘s not just something new — the app connection actually has some practical uses.

―If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,‖ said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.

The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money.

Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do —enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate

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D. They are sold at a low price

秘诀12：miss (missing) ; lose (lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词! 【2011全国新课标卷A篇】

There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practiced to have a delivery service.

Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. 1 took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box? A. He missed the good old days. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories. C. He needed it for his milk bottles. D. He planted flowers in it. 【2010江西卷A篇】

Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him. He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.

With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier? A. He was riding to school.

B. He was listening to a strange sound. C. He was going fishing with his father.

D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip. 擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 方法一：找中心句 第一段首、末句(一段末出现转折)

二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定) 尾段首末句, 90%在末句有汉语标注的地方! 【2012全国新课标卷B篇】

Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.

The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees‘ nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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63. What can be the best title for the text?

A. Wild Bees B. Wax and Honey C. Beekeeping in Africa D. Honey-Lover's Helper 表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, instead,today,now,Although,so, therefore, thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was……, The results are…… It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all , their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries.

Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived . They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog‘s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places.

This seemed like money for nothing . There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them . Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time ,the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn‘t last long.

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From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers .

A.worked very hard for centuries B.dreamed of having a better life

C.were poor but somewhat content D.lived a different life from their forefathers 【2012全国新课标D篇】

Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins \twinkle, little star\。remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?

A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D. Stories for children are easy to remember. 【2012重庆卷E篇】

In his 1930 essay ―Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren ―, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute. Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands

Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought of feeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75.The author of the passage argues that ______.

A. absolute needs have no limits B. demands for quality are not insatiable C. human desires influence ideas of quality D. relative needs decide most of our spending

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【2012陕西卷C篇】

Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe. Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of ―moderate‖ (良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between .

A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercising C. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food 写作目的题秘诀13：广告文体写作目的题一般用advertise! 【2012重庆卷B篇】Top lists are lecturing people on everything from\being told what to do with your time?

Now you have a list to end all lists! Take a look at the following two examples from the list of \……

Go to See the Mona Lisa?

There must be something about the mysterious(神秘的)smile. The 6 million people who the lady in the Louvre every year can‘t all be wrong after all. But they can be quite and standing in front of you, holding up their cameras to prevent you from seeing anything. In fact hard for you to see the painting clearly because you have to stay away from it for security read. After queuing for hours, many tourists can remain in front of the painting only for 15 seconds most.

So, still long to see the Mona Lisa? If you want to find out more about the list, read 101 Tings NOT to Do Before You Die. Visit www.not2dobeforeidie.co.uk and buy the book at a 20％ discount. 63. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To advertise a book B. To introduce a website

C. To comment on popular lists D. To recommend tourist activities.

写作目的题秘诀17：一般说明文写作目的题常用inform! 【2012浙江卷C篇】

There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, \percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom; 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation; and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves\friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54. The writer‘s purpose for writing this article is to_______. A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence But后面violence是重心！ 写作目的题秘诀18：新闻报道写作目的题常用report! 【2012全国II卷D篇】ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) - the 3.2

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million-year-old Lucy skeleton ( 骨骼 ) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 - will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice.

The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital. Addis Ababa is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Service in to U.S. tour. Texas spent four years disscusing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour. Which will start in Houston next September.

\director of the Houston museum.

The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York. Denver and Chicago. Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not yet been worked out.

Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils.

Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3?-foot-ball ape-man (猿人).

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53. The author writes this text mainly to _ _.

A. introduce a few U.S. museums B. describe some research work C. discuss the value of an ape-man D. report a coming event 阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 秘诀9：找到信息点后核对选项，发现照抄原文的不是答案，同义替换的通常是答案，有时结合答案特征，发现的更快！ Tanni‘s enduring success had been part motivation(动机), part preparation, ―The training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter(短跑运动员) enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to race…. I am still competing at a very high lever, but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart.‖

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58. The underlined word ―that‖ in the 5th paragraph refers to _______. （此题容易错选 A ，但正确答案是 C ，怎样避开陷阱？） A. fifty weeks‘ training B. being a good sprinter

C. training almost every day D. part motivation and part preparation 阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 推论题秘诀3： 没有中心句（中心词四选项都有），尾段也没有核对点，则找出题点核对！ 【2012福建卷B篇】

At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life，and he obviously knew it.

\‘‘ said Laura calmly, ―if I am going to ask to be released (免除）from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much.― 汉语标注处是出题核对点！ His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet.

\退出）from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine. ―Mine?‖ he said in great surprise. ―What reason could I have for withdrawing?‘ \is very hard to tell you,\ His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side. \

― When the promise was made two years ago, ‖ she said, my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person?‖

―I wish you to understand, ― Laura continued, ―that I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow mc to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive mc and keep my secret.\

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?I will do both those things, ― he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more. \reason to withdraw from our marriage, ― she added quietly. ― No. You have said enough to make it the dearest wish of my life to marry you, ― he said. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61. We can learn from the passage that .

A. Laura had once promised to marry Percival B. Laura's father wished to end her marriage

C. Percival had been married to Laura for two years D. Percival asked to be released from the marriage

文章取材题秘诀5：若首段有小括号,里面有新华,搜狐,网易,新浪,路透,BBC等提示,如(XINHUA NET),或每段首句有具体时间信息点,则选项一定与news有关! 【2012辽宁卷C篇】

If Confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles.He‘d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out.

While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It‘s nothing personal. Most Americans don‘t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes.

But this doesn‘t mean that Americans don‘t care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China.

In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy（哲学）.Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.

So the old thinker‘s ideas are still alive and well.

Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West.

As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 67. The passage is likely to appear in ___________. A. a biography B. a history paper C.a newspaper D. a philosophy textbook 文章取材题秘诀6：文章首尾句看是否有关键信息点,比如book,可能是书的前言或简介,若有价格,与钱有关或访问某网站,则可能是广告(advertisement)! 【2010湖北卷C篇】This brief book is aimed at high school students , but speaks to anyone learning at any stage of life.

Its formal ,serious style closely matches its content ,a school-masterly book on schooling .The author , W .H . Armstrong ,starts with the basics : reading and writing . In his opinion , reading doesn‘t just mean recognizing each word on the page ; it means taking in the information,digesting it and incorporating it into oneself just as one digests a sandwich and makes it a part of himself .The goal is to bring the information back to life , not just to treat it as dead facts on paper from dead trees . Reading and writing cannot be completely separated from each other ; in fact ,the aim of reading is to express the information you have got from the text .I‘ve seen it again and again ：some-one who can‘t express an idea after reading a text is just as ineffective as someone who hasn‘t read it at all.

Only a third of the book remains after that discussion ,which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying

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languages ,math , science and history . He generally handles these topics thoroughly(透彻地) and equally ,except for some weakness in the science and math sections and a bit too much passion(激情) regarding history to his students , that was a hundred times more than my history teachers ever got across .To my disappointment , in this part of the book he ignores the arts .As a matter of fact ,they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind .Although it‘s commonly believed that the arts can only be naturally acquired ,actually ,learning the arts is no more natural than learning French or mathematics.

My other comment is that the text aged. The first edition apparently dates to the 1960s—none of the references(参考文献)seem newer than the late 1950s. As a result, the discussion misses the entire computer age.

These are small points, though, and don‘t affect the main discussion. I recommend it to any student and any teacher, including the self-taught student.

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66. This passage can be classified as________. A. an advertisement B. a book review C. a feature story D. A news report

【2012北京卷A篇】The Basics of Math—Made Clear

Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond.

The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically.

Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to ―make sense‖ of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing—and completely understandable—field of study.

By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges.

Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as ―the best math teacher in America,‖ is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master in making math lectures learner-friendlier and less scary.

With a PhD in Mathematics Education from Georgia State University, Dr. Siegel teaches mathematics at Central Arizona College. His courses include various make-up classes and a number of lectures for future primary school teachers.

If the course fails to provide complete satisfaction to you, you can easily exchange it for any other course that we offer. Or you can get your money back. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59. Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from? A. A news report. B. A book review C. A lesson plan. D. An advertisement 文体结构题秘诀4：指定段落有a man, one man, such as等信号词时, 结构为举例(examples). 【2012江西卷D篇】

Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about

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it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72．How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph2? A．By giving instructions． B．By analyzing cause and effect． C．By following the order of time． D．By giving examples． 【2012全国新课标D篇】

One explanation is the law of overlearning , which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试)increase the length of time we will remember it.

In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as \and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.

The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the eeneral rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________. A. presenting research findings B. setting down general rules C. making a comparison D. using examples 阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律 词汇答题秘诀12：模凌两可处如何处理？向该词就近信息点靠拢！向高频答案词特征靠拢！选择范围大的！ 【2011重庆卷A篇】There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care. To water his flowers, he used two buckers. One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.

56. What does the underlined word ―dilapidated‖ probably mean? A. Dirty B. Dark

C. Worn-out D. Plain-looking.被动答案特征！

作者态度题秘诀11：高频答案词caring（关心的； 有同情心的）

【2012天津卷B篇】

45. Which of the following can best describe Ms. Yates? A. Reliable and devoted. B. Tough and generous.

C. Proud but patient. D. Strict but caring. 【2012辽宁卷B篇】

61. Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS ? A. The are caring and thoughtful

B. The are impatient and annoyed

C. The are impatient and annoyed.

D. The are excited and curious. 【2010全国Ⅱ卷A篇】

45.Which of the following best describes Brownie? A. Shy B. Polite C. Brave D. Caring 三、吴军英语阅读迅捷技巧+矩阵法则，挑战满分！

找不到主旨句或四个选项都带中心词时，看出题点，即每段首尾句和有汉语标注的地方等，然后通过复现和同现就解决了！

Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break

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times are often used to finish the day‘s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation（ISS）. ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email, isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can still enjoy. Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for

The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some ―web surfing （冲浪）‖in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more commom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.

Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth‘s vast land mass and oceans.

63. The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . （2012辽宁卷阅读B篇） A. work for longer missions in space B. connect with people on the Earth C. observe the Earth from space D. spend their free time in space 词汇13大解题思路使您茅塞顿开！本题仅用代入法就解决了问题！ Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day‘s work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation（ISS）. ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework.

60. What does the word ―minic‖in Paragraph 1 probably mean?（2012辽宁卷阅读B篇） A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose

找到minic这个动词的宾语way，way they do things做事的方式，Find 发现？；Copy 模仿？Change 改变？Lose 失去？way they do things做事的方式，当然是模仿做事的方式喽！

A大于B，则选A。

In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80 countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy（哲学）. Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers.

65. We can learn from Paragraph 4 that American students______。（2012辽宁卷阅读C篇）

A. have a great interest in studying Chinese B. take an active part in Chinese competitions C. try to get high scores in Chinese exams D. fight for a chance to learn Chinese 65题根据题干关键字American students文章定位，就近原则参考点为racing to learn Chinese. 有些同学在A和D之间纠结。如果确实区分有困难的话，可以根据―A大于D，则选A。‖原则，则选A。

矩阵法则解题:出题点;与中心词沾边;答案特征;答题步骤;核对规则.

69. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? （2012辽宁卷阅读D篇）

A.The customers who cannot pay can word as volunteers instead. B.More volunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup.

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C.Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town. D.The lunch menu has remained the same since the café was started.

69题出题点在尾句,更有出题信号词instead ;选项中A是前后矛盾的句子,符合答案特征; 选项A中含有的volunteers是文章反复出现的中心词,所以答案就可以选A了.

问题一 ： 所谓就近原则，同义替换是不是也是要求学生最好把定位句就近句看懂再做选择，如果实在看不懂才另找办法？

问题二：有些题目如果只按照划的关键词的模样去找的话有时候很难找到，有候甚至是不能定位的，要提高准确率最好的程序是不是 学生看每段首尾句，获取文章中心以后，再边读文章边做题，可以不用每句都细看，但是如果读到和所画关键词有关联的时候就可以放慢速度，这样的方法准确率才高呢？

答:定位准是第一步,可用出题题干多词定位法,一个词不行,得2-3个词以上才能定位的准,因为每个词代表不同的方向;然后找最近的名词或同义替换的短句,都没有则可能在最近的出题点上; 或马上与文章中心沾边或与段落中心沾边(段首尾句或反复出现的名词)沾边; 也可从选项的高频答案特征入手或从共同含有相同名词的选项入手,在选项中划名词回到文章中去核对!当然找到信息核对点时一定要放慢速度,核对选项时也一定要仔细,找到选项的相同点和不同点到文章中去核对,尤其是要核对名词,其次是动词,再次才是形副,注意是不是同义替换,看不出来的,可以用排除法,看哪项与信息点冲突或不同,排除,则答案才能水落石出!

People diet to look more attractive.Fish diet to avoid being beaten up，thrown out of their social group，and getting eaten as a result.That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists.

The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors.―In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals，a male and female，had breeding(繁殖) rights within the group，‖explains Marian Wong.―All other group members are nonbreeding females，each being 510% smaller than its next largest competitor.We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation.‖ The reason for the size difference was easy to see.Once a subordinate fish grows to within 510% of the size of its larger competitor，it causes a fight 负的which usually

ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group.More often than not，the_evicted_fish is then eaten up. It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish.Whether they did so voluntarily，by restraining how much they ate，was not clear.The research team decided to do an experiment.They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened.To their surprise结论，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights，over having a feast. The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group.Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves，so keeping their competitors small.

While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious，Dr.Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical(等级的) societies remain stable.

The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans.―As yet，we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature，‖the researchers comment.―Data on human dieting suggests that，while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness，rarely does it improve longterm health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females' own ideal.‖

65．When a goby grows to within 510% of the size of its larger competitor，it ______.

此题按照思路容易定位到第一个510%，那段，然后发现有中文标识，就容易选 B ，而没有注意到下

一段也有出题点的话，容易错选怎么办?

定位词要划全了,最起码要划不同的名词和动词,定位就准了. A．faces danger负的 B．has breeding rights C．eats its competitor D．leaves the group itself 67．The experiment showed that the smaller fish ______. A．fought over a feast B．went on diet willingly = refused the extra food C．preferred some extra food D．challenged the boss fish A B Andrew Ritchie，inventor of the Brompton folding bicycle，once said that the perfect portable bike would be ―like

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a magic carpet...You could fold it up and put it into your pocket or handbag‖．Then he paused：―But you'll always be limited by the size of the wheels.And so far no one has invented a folding wheel.‖

It was a rare—indeed unique—occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right.A 19thcentury inventor，William Henry James Grout，did in fact design a folding wheel.His bike，predictably named the Grout Portable，had a frame that split into two and a larger wheel that could be separated into four pieces.All the bits fitted into Grout's Wonderful Bag，a leather case. Grout's aim：to solve the problems of carrying a bike on a train.Now doesn't that sound familiar？Grout intended to find a way of making a bike small enough for train travel：his bike was a huge beast.And importantly，the design of early bicycles gave him an advantage：in Grout's day，tyres were solid，which made the business of splitting a wheel into four separate parts relatively simple.You couldn't do the same with a wheel fitted with a onepiece inflated(充气的) tyre.

So，in a 21stcentury context，is the idea of the folding wheel dead？It is not.A British design engineer，Duncan Fitzsimons，has developed a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse(椭圆)．Throughout，the tyre remains inflated.

Will the young Fitzsimons's folding wheel make it into production？I haven't the foggiest idea.But his inventiveness shows two things.First，people have been saying for more than a century that bike design has reached its limit，except for gradual advances.It's as silly a concept now as it was 100 years ago：there's plenty still to go for.Second，it it in the field of folding bikes that we are seeing the most interesting inventions.You can buy a folding bike for less than ￡1000 that can be knocked down so small that it can be carried on a plane—minus wheels，of course—as hand baggage.

Folding wheels would make all manner of things possible.Have we yet got the magic carpet of Andrew Ritchie's imagination？No.But it's progress.

69．We can infer from Paragraph 1 that the Brompton folding bike ______. A．was portable B．had a folding wheel

C．could be put in a pocket D．looked like a magic carpet 对比But句可排除B和B,就近原则,可选A,D多了动词looked 70．We can learn from the text that the wheels of the Grout Portable ______. 难定位

A．were difficult to separate B．could be split into 6 pieces C．were fitted with solid tyres D．were hard to carry on a train 一般爱考首尾句,转折句和有结论的句子,从ABD中划关键字separate, pieces, train, 核对原文后都可排

除,选C.

71．We can learn from the text that Fitzsimons's invention ______. 难定位

A．kept the tyre as a whole piece B．was made into production soon C．left little room for improvement D．changed our views on bag design 跟文章中心folding wheel沾边! A C A When women sit together to watch a movie on TV，they usually talk simultaneously(同时地)about a variety of subjects，including children，men，careers and what's happening in their lives.When groups of men and women watch a movie together，the men usually end up telling the women to shut up.Men can either talk or watch the screen—they can' t do both—and they don' t understand that women can.Besides，women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships—not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen. During the ad breaks，a man often asks a woman to explain the plot and tell him where the relationship between the characters is going.He is unable，unlike women，to read the subtle body language signals that reveal how the characters are feeling emotionally.Since women originally spent their days with the other women and children in the group，they developed the ability to communicate successfully in order to maintain relationships.For a woman，speech continues to have such a clear purpose：to build relationships and make friends.For men，to talk is to relate the facts.

Men see the telephone as a communication tool for sending facts and information to other people，but a woman sees it as a means of bonding.A woman can spend two weeks on vacation with her girlfriend and，when she returns home，telephone the same girlfriend and talk for another two hours. There is no convincing evidence that social conditioning，the fact that girls' mothers talked to them more，is the reason why girls talk more than boys.Psychiatrist Dr Michael Lewis，author of Social Behaviour and Language Acquisition，conducted experiments that found mothers talked to，and looked at，baby girls more often than baby boys.Scientific evidence shows parents respond to the brain bias of their children.Since a girl's brain is better organized to send and receive speech，we therefore talk to them more.Consequently，mothers who try to talk to their sons are

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usually disappointed to receive only short grunts in reply. 56．While watching TV with others，women usually talk a lot because they______

A．are afraid of awkward silence with their families and friends B．can both talk and watch the screen at the same time C．think they can have a good time and develop relationships D．have to explain the plot and body language to their husbands 57．After a vacation with her girlfriend，a woman would talk to her again on the phone for hours in order to A．experience the happy time again B．keep a close tie with her

C．recommend her a new scenic spot D．remind her of something forgotten 58．What does the author want to tell us most? D 怎么排除

A．Women's brains are better organized for language and communication. B．Women love to talk because they are more sociable than men. C．Men do not like talking because they rely more on facts. 绝对的不是

D．Social conditioning is not the reason why women love talking. 绝对的不是 被动的是解,含有中心词Women和communication的是解,选A C B A

Many people write to newspapers and magazines to express their opinions.Letters to the editor must carry the writer's full name，address and telephone number，although the information is not necessary for publication.This requirement to provide personal particulars is a clear indication that writers are held responsible for what they say.When a writer wants his voice heard，he needs to claim ownership of his voice.Responsibility is the name of the game. ―People today prefer living together to putting their signatures on a marriage certificate because they refuse to accept responsibility for the relationship，‖ said social worker Ken Yip，―and this is what is causing a lot of family problems.‖ When we sign a paper，for example，a business contract or a bank document，the signature is a seal of consent，an agreement to take the matter seriously.Most governments and many organisations will not process written complaints if they do not bear the writer's signature.The absence of a signature，they explain，tells us that the writer cannot be too serious and therefore does not deserve a reply. 就近原则中因果是考点 There are people who wish to remain anonymous(匿名的)for various reasons.Multibillionaire Mr King donates generously to charity several times a year.He gives simply because he wants to help but not for the publicity his donations may bring，and he does not want his good deeds to make news.In other cases，people insist on anonymity because they are afraid of the consequences of revealing their identity.Crime witnesses may be willing to assist the police，but most are unwilling to give their names when reporting a crime. Name or no name？The answer is very personal and lies in how much we want to get involved.We all have a name.It is a matter of responsibility to use it when we make a statement，a claim or an accusation.We all want to honour our own name，and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our own name that we honour what we say.

68．What does the writer mean by saying ―Responsibility is the name of the game‖？

A．Writers need to provide their personal information in the game. B．Publications must bear the writer's full name，address and phone number. C．Writers should be responsible for their names. 绝对的不是解! D．Names are required to indicate writers' responsibility for what they say.被动的是解!voice 69．The second paragraph suggests that a paper without a signature may_____. 这题是不是按照细节题的做法，我当时错选了 D A．help to end a relationship B．not get a reply

C．be accepted all the same D．become a family problem 就近原则中因果therefore是考点,发现B与其后句子是同义替换! 70．Some people don't want their names known because they are______. 怎么定位，怎么在 A 与 C之间 排除

A．hesitant to make a donation B．unwilling to draw public attention C．afraid of an accusation D．ready for involvement

定位点 anonymous(匿名的), but附近发现都是负的,A和D是正的,排除;B和C对比后,发现C在

原

文出题点中没有,故选B.同时B是第一个but后句的同义替换! D B B

Having a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women，according to a new study.For men，getting married saves an hour of housework a week.―It's a wellknown_pattern，‖said lead researcher Frank Stafford at University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research.―Men usually work more outside the home，while

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women take on more of the housework.‖

He points out that differences among households(家庭)exist.But in general，marriage means more housework for women and less for men.―And the situation gets worse for women when they have children，‖Stafford said. Overall，times are changing in the American home.In 1976，women busied themselves with 26 weekly hours of sweepinganddusting work，compared with 17 hours in 2005.Men are taking on more housework，more than doubling their housework hours from six in 1976 to 13 in 2005.

Single women in their 20s and 30s did the least housework，about 12 weekly hours，while married women in their 60s and 70s did the most—about 21 hours a week.

Men showed a somewhat different pattern，with older men picking up the broom more often than younger men.Single men worked the hardest around the house，more than that of all other age groups of married men. Having children increases housework even further.With more than three children，for example，wives took on more of the extra work，clocking about 28 hours a week compared with husbands' 10 hours.

45．According to the ―wellknown pattern‖in Paragraph 1，a married man______.

A．takes on heavier work B．does more housework C．is the main breadwinner D．is the master of the house 47．What kind of man is doing most housework according to the text? A．An unmarried man.= Single B．An older married man. C．A younger married man. D．A married man with children. 48．What can we conclude from Stafford's research?

这题按照推论题，容易在最后一段找答案，就很容易会选 D ，有时候一时间也肯不出 D 有什么问题，怎么排除干扰。

A．Marriage gives men more freedom. B．Marriage has effects on job choices. C．Housework sharing changes over time. D．Having children means doubled housework. 首先要定位,找到出题点,D与But句信息点无关. C A C

GUATEMALA CITY(Reuters)—A fish that lives in mangrove swamps(红树沼泽)across the Americas can live out of water for months at a time，similar to how animals adapted(适应)to land millions of years ago，a new study shows.

The Mangrove Rivulus，a type of small killifish，lives in small pools of water in a certain type of empty nut or even old beer cans in the mangrove swamps of Belize，the United States and Brazil.When their living place dries up，they live on the land in logs(圆木)，said Scott Taylor，a researcher at the Brevard Endangered Lands Program in Florida.

The fish，whose scientific name is Rivulus marmoratus，can grow as large as three inches.They group together in loges and breathe air through their skin until they can find water again. The new scientific discovery came after a trip to Belize. ―We kicked over a log and the fish just came crowding out，‖Taylor told Reuters in neighboring Guatemala by telephone.He said he will make his study on the fish known to the public in an American magazine early next year. In lab tests，Taylor said he found the fish can live up to 66 days out of water without eating. Some other fish can live out of water for a short period of time.The walking catfish found in Southeast Asia can stay on land for hours at a time，while lungfish found in Australia，Africa and South America can live out of water，but only in an inactive state.But no other known fish can be out of water as long as the Mangrove Rivulus and remain active，according to Patricia Wright，a biologist at Canada's University of Guelph.

Further studies of the fish may tell how animals changed over time.

―These animals live in conditions similar to those that existed millions of years ago，when animals began making the transition(过渡) from water onto land，‖Wright said.

49．The Mangrove Rivulus is a type of fish that______.

A．likes eating nuts B．prefers living in dry places

C．is the longest living fish on earth D．can stay alive for two months out of water 50．Who will write up a report on Mangrove Rivulus? 很难定位吗，怎么做

A．Patricia Wright. B．Researchers in Guatemala. C．Scientists from Belize. D．Scott Taylor. 51．According to the text，lungfish can______.

A．breathe through its skin B．move freely on dry land

C．remain alive out of water D．be as active on land as in water 52．What can we say about the discovery of Mangrove Rivulus?

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文章如果不全看的话这题貌似很难作对。 A．It was made quite by accident. B．It was based on a lab test of sea life. C．It was supported by an American magazine. D．It was helped by Patricia Wright. 细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型： 1．描写类细节题

描写类细节题，常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。

例题：（全国高考—上海卷A篇）

You either have it, or you don‘t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?

Scientists say we‘re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don‘t use is, we lose it.

―Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,‖ says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. ―However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills.‖

Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:

●If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you are facing.

●If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.

●Simplify the way of finding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are. Now you need never get lost again! 65. Scientists believe that_______.

A. some babies are born with a sense of direction. B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older C. people never lose their sense of direction

D. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage? A. They never have a sense of direction without maps

B. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around

D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car. 68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to ________. A. ask policemen for directions.

B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs D. count the number of landmarks that you see

答案与解析：65.选D。根据第二段首句可知：科学家认为我们生来就有方向感。 66.选C。根据第三段首句可知，七岁大的小孩就具备了辨别方向的能力。 68.选B。根据Jim Martland所给的第三条建议中的―… by using lines such as streets in a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you.‖即可得出答案。

2．数据计算题

此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用―列表法‖，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用―推算法‖，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。

例题：（全国高考—安徽卷D篇） Tuition Fees (学费)

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Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui @ waikato．ac．nz. Accommodation (住宿)

You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz

…

69. You have to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000

答案与解析：选B。本篇是介绍新西兰Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees (学费)：Tuition fees are different from department to department．generally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui @waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a

4- bedroom fiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person. For further information：acc @ waikato．ac．nz．可知答案为B。$5000(学费)+$100(住宿费)x12(months)+$150(生活费)x12=$8000．

3．排序题

这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用―首尾法定位法‖，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。

例题： （全国高考—浙江卷D篇） …

People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system (系统) that will organize the trip around the store. If you're looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it from a list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.

…

54. Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping carts?

a. Start the system. b. Make a shopping list.

c. Find the things you want. D. Go to a self-checkout stand. A. abdc B. bacd C. acbd D. bcad 答案与解析：选B。细节理解题。由本段的描述可以确定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列购物清单，明确买什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款台（自动）付钱），排除A、 C，然后再看ab的先后顺序，排除选项D。本题也可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。

4．信息寻找题、广告阅读题

信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时，宜采用―题干定全法‖。即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。

广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段（如：补全、联想、推测等）正确解读广告的内容。通常运用―补全成分法‖和―联想推测法‖两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用―题干定向法‖。

（1）补全成分法

省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机)。

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（2）联想推测法

在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。

为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有： Tel. =telephone number

Ph. =phone Add (r). =address co. =company Ltd=Limited Max=maximum Min=minimum hr=hour t=time

fig=figure ft=foot ml=mile doz=dozen Mt=Mountain P=page prof. =professor Dr. =doctor s=south n=north

w=west Sta=Station pop=popular vs=versus

Xmas=Christmas info=information VIP=very important persons hrs=hours

aft=after ad=advertisement p/t=part time exp=experienced PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位) 例题： （全国卷I、II C篇）

Welcome to Adventureland!

Everyone loves Adventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you to explore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visit will be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched, longing to come back. What are you going to do this time? The Travel Pavilion

Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.

Visit the Amazon jungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, the Berber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who will tell you about their lives, and things they make. You can try making a carpet, making nets, fishing … The Future Tower

This exhibition shows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we‘ll be living then. Spend some time in our space station climb into our simulator (模拟装置) for the Journey to Mars! The Nature Park

This is not really one park but several.

In the Safari Park you can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers; see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the Ocean Park to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still the Aviary to see… The Pyramid

This is the center of Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps? For all these things and many more, visit our underground shopping centre. Come here for information and ideas too. 63. The Travel Pavilion is built to help visitors ________. A. realize the importance of traveling

B. become familiar with mountain countries

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C. learn how to make things such as fishing nets

D. learn something about different places in the world

64. If you are interested in knowing about what people‘s life will be, you may visit _____________. A. the Travel Pavilion B. the Future Tower C. the Safari Park D. the Pyramid

65. If you want to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likely go? A. The Pyramid B. The Nature Park. C. The Future Tower D. The Travel Pavilion 答案与解析：63. 选D。运用―题干定向法‖捕捉相关信息。根据The Travel Pavilion部分第一句―Explore places you have never been to before, and experience different ways of life.‖，便可知该活动有助于游客了解世界各地风情。

64. 选B。根据The Future Tower 这一标题和内容梗概，其中特别有一句―It allows us to look into the future and explore the cities of the next century and the way we‘ll be living then.‖，不难发现只有该项能够让人们了解未来社会的发展。

65. 选A。本题考察了考生信息寻找能力和细节处理能力。根据最后一段第二句告诉我们The Pyramid提供一些游客必须品。第三句则暗示The Pyramid是购买旅游纪念品的理想场所。

5. 图文转换题

此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用―文字锁定法‖，即找出描述图形的句段，按―文‖锁―图‖，迅速锁定相关图形，或用―图形标示法‖，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。例题：（全国高考—北京卷A篇）The Home of My People

When Lewis and Clark stepped onto the Weippe Prairie in present-day Idaho in September 1808, they met the Nez Perce Indians. In the following years, the white explorers（探险者）began to fight with the Indians for their land. Some Nez Perce chiefs signed agreements with the U.S. government, selling part of their lands. But the government always broke those agreements and demanded more land.

Other chiefs refused to go along with the government‘s plans. The most famous was Chief Joseph, whose people lived in the Wallowa Valley（present-day Oregon）.

―In order to have all people understand how much land we owned, ‖he once explained, ―my father planted poles around it and said: ?Inside is the home of my people…It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. ‘‖

But in 1874, the U.S. government declared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perce onto a reservation（保留地）. Seeing that resistance was useless, Chief Joseph agreed to move.

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Later, fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S. soldiers. Chief Joseph tried to lead his people to Canada, winning several battles against the soldiers during their flight. But finally, he was forced to give in. 56. Which historic site （on the map）lies in the south of today‘s Nez Perce Reservation? A. Buffalo Eddy. B. Dug Bar.

C. Joseph Canyon Viewpoint. D. Chief Looking Glass Camp. 57. What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map? A. They were in the state of Oregon. B. They have become a historic site. C. They have become much smaller.

D. They were limited to the Wallowa Valley.

答案与解析：56. 选D。此题考察学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点（有■标志）。可以看到Chief Looking Glass Camp位于Nez Perce Reservation（范围以内）的南部。

57. 选C。从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地（粗线范围内）比现在的Nez Perce保留区（阴影部分）大多了。

6．表格理解题

表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容，看懂行和列分别代表的意义，在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较，找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点，而有些信息与题干无关，如通篇阅读，既缺少针对性又浪费时间，一般采用―首读题干法‖为上策，即先读题目要求，带着问题在表格里查找相关信息，去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系，这就需要对各数据进行分析，找出隐含规律，此时常用―文表分析法‖来提示其规律。 Country or Area A B C D E

The above chart shows Japanese direct investment in Asian countries or areas (A、B、C、D, and E) from 1951 till 2003. The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion. In resources development, Japan didn‘t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore. In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia. 1.We learn from the passage that the ―A‖ in the chart stands for _____.

A. China B. Singapore C. Indonesia D. Hong Kong 2.In total, Japan invested about 70 billion dollars more in Hong Kong than in ____. A. Singapore B. Indonesia C. Taiwan D. China

3.Japanese investment in resources development in Singapore was _____times that in Taiwan. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4.In manufacturing, Indonesia ranked ________.

A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

5.According to the chart, we know _______ attracted Japan most. A. manufacturing B. resources development C. commerce and services D. others

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Manufacturing 7220 20490 29370 36570 7160 Resources Development 380 40 120 68130 840 Commerce and Services 89520 5170 36300 12090 19520 Others 1370 1070 1010 120 710 Total 98490 27310 66800 116910 28320

答案与解析：考查学生理解图表和结合文字叙述摄取有关信息的做题能力。此题首先要清楚A、B、C、D、E所代表的国家或地区。从―The value of Japanese investment in manufacturing was roughly the same in Hong Kong and in the mainland of China, ‖可以知道A、E代表香港和中国大陆，从后一句―but in commerce and services Hong Kong was over China by seventy billion.‖可以进一步确定A代表香港，E代表中国大陆。从―In resources development, Japan didn‘t show interest in Singapore and even smaller attention was paid to Taiwan, which received exactly one third as much money as Singapore.‖可以知道C是新加坡，B是台湾，D无疑就是印度尼西亚了，从最后一句―In total, the biggest investment by Japan was made in Indonesia‖也可得到印证。确定了这五个国家和地区，问题就迎刃而解了。答案：1-5 DDAAC

7．代词指代题解题技能

代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。

例题1：（全国卷C篇） …

The theory is supported by the facts that, so far, none of the stolen cars have been returned. Also, the amount of money demanded-under 3,000 Taiwanese dollars –seems too little for a car worth many times more.

Demands for pigeon-delivered money stopped as soon as the press reported the story. And even if they start again, Chen holds little hope of catching the criminal. ―We have more important things to do, ‖ he said. 52. The underlined word ―they‖ in the last paragraph refers to .

A. criminals B. pigeons C. the stolen cars D. demands for money

答案与解析：选D。从文中最后一段可知，they 应当对应该段前面的―Demands for pigeon-delivered money‖。该部分大意为―媒体一报道这些事件之后，发案率有所下降。即使demands for money的势头有所上升，陈表明，捉住罪犯也没什么希望，因为他们（警察）有更重要的事要做。‖。

例题2：（全国高考—天津卷E篇） …

Many creative thinkers state that they have completely devoted themselves to the subject matter of the problem, often over fairly long periods of time. Indeed, it would be strange if they had not done this. Nothing in such statements supports the idea that there is anything very different about the problem solving that leads to discoveries of the great contributions to the society. The act of discovery, even in the relatively predictable (可以预见的) sense that it occurs in everyday learning, involves (涉及) a ―sudden insight‖ which changes the problem situation into a solution situation. As we have seen, everyday discovery also requires that the learner have the knowledge of the rules gained in the past, which is involved in the solution.

54. What does the underlined word ―this‖ refer to? A. Great contributions to the society B. Long-time study of the subject matter. C. Various statements about problem solving. D. Complete devotion to artistic creation.

答案与解析：选B。这里的this指代前面的内容，从本段的第一句可以看出，其指代的是Long-time study of the subject matter。

II. 技能揭秘之二: 推理判断题解题技能

这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。

提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章

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的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有：

(1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . (2) We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that…

(3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that . (4) The author implies that by the year 2080, .

(5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .

(6) The author mentions the fact that…to show . (7) This passage would most likely be found in _________? (8) The author‘s attitude toward …is _________?

(9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点：

c) 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。

a) 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。

b) 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取义，以偏概全。

d) 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。

e) 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。

以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型： 1．细节推断题

要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。

例题：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇)

MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washington‘s strict new security(安全) rules.

The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church.

…

59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _______. A. an American living in Township 15 B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D. an American working in a Canadian church

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答案与解析：选A。根据第一段中的cost a US citizen $ 10,000可以推断出Richard Albert是美国人，working in a Canadian church与第二段后两句事实不符。

2．因果推断题

要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。

例题1：(2008年全国卷I、II B篇) 60. Albert was fined because he ________ A. failed to obey traffic rules.

B. broke the American security rules.

C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office. 答案与解析：选B。从第一段得知Albert被海关罚了$10,000是因为breaking Washington‘s strict new security(安全) rules。

例题2：（全国高考—福建卷A篇）

Paul Zindel‘s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer.

Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel‘s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel‘s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend.

57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize? A. His books were widely read by children.

B. His books were interesting and helpful to adults.

C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature. D. He wrote a number of horror books for young adults.

答案与解析：选C。从第二段第一句中的后半句…but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults（成人）及倒数第二句前半句Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements,可知Paul Zindel是当代文学领域中最早期的作家之一,2002年美国文学协会授予他Margaret A. Edwards Prize以表彰他毕生的成就。综合两部分考虑，可知选项C正确。从倒数第二句后半句and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature.排除选项D。

3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题

高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意：

（1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。

（2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。

（3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。

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例题1：（全国高考—安徽卷E篇）

Parents should stop blaming themselves because there‘s not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager (十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.

I‘ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懒散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. ―I don‘t know what to do with him these days,‖ she said. ―He‘s forgotten all the manners we taught him.‖

He hasn‘t forgotten them. He‘ s just decided that he‘ s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.

Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, ―I don‘t like your dress; it‘s ugly.‖ One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.

―Where did we go wrong?‖ her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.

73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as ______. A. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude

74. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters ______. A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after them

C. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them 75. What is the author‘s opinion about the sudden change in teenage children? A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.

B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change. C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers. D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children. 答案与解析：73. 选D。 此题属于―人物性格推断题‖。从文中第二段―One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman.‖以及其后的细节描述和该段最后一句话―He‘s forgotten all the manners we taught him.‖可以看出：一位严厉的母亲想把她的孩子培养成绅士，但是她的孩子后来对客人的表现却是很不礼貌。

74. 选D。此题属于―人物心情处境推断题‖。最后一段，―?Where did we go wrong?‘ her parents are now very sad.‖一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此正确答案为D。

75. 选A。此题属于―态度及观点推断题‖，文中第一句话―Parents should stop blaming themselves because there‘s not a lot they can do about it.‖就表明了作者的观点，父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了―Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.‖做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。

例题2：（全国高考—北京卷C篇）

How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful?

…

The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain. 24

…

64. How would the author describe the animals‘ life in zoos? A. Dangerous. B. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy.

答案与解析：64. 选B。此题属于―态度及观点推断题‖，由本段中的第一句话keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文当中的The animals are kept together in small spaces, 和 a sign of unhappiness and pain. 可以推断出作者认为动物园中的动物的生活不幸福。

4．篇章结构推断题

根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。

例题1：（全国高考—湖北卷A篇）

Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy.

Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. …

59. How does the writer explain birds‘ singing? A. By comparing birds with human beings. B. By reporting experiment results. C. By describing birds‘ daily life. D. By telling a bird‘s story.

答案与解析：由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。 例题2：（2008年全国高考—浙江卷C篇）

In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.

First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength… …

I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 52. How is the text organized?

A. Topic—Argument—Explanation B. Opinion—Discussion--Description

C. Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples D. Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion

答案与解析：选D。本题考查对语篇的结构理解。本文为记叙文的一般结构，本文叙述了作者上学时在一个苹果加工厂打工的经历。作者在第一段提出在苹果加工厂工作的辛苦，工资低和工作条件差（The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible.），中间三段举例描述，最后一段得出―再也不愿意做‖的结论（By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again.）。

5．文章结论推断题

由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。 例题：（全国高考—广东卷D篇）

In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word \排队). He spoke of the French and their \

place to wait in line. However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many

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Second World War jokes:

Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregnant (怀孕)? Customer: Well, I wasn‘t when I joined the queue.

Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing - as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost. But things may be changing.

…

But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o‘ clock the next morning without going into the shop. 71. We can infer from the passage that ________. A. queue management doesn‘t work well B. there is still queuing in England C. we don‘t see much queuing in Paris

D. the French like queuing more than the British

答案与解析：.选B。文章结论推断题。文章最后说了―But some people just like queuing.‖，该句表明在英国还是有人喜欢排队，因此排队仍然存在。

6．预测题

有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。

常见的与预测相关的问题主要有：

What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph? What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write? What would… do in the end? 对于这类问题的判断，

做这类题时应常常要纵览全文，把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），作者往往在前文提出几个要解决或说明的问题，提出几种观点看法，然后在下文一一解释说明，考生可通过文章，找出作者已经阐明了哪些问题或观点，然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。

例题1：（全国卷I B篇）

Giving Back Fair Way

The Westborough High School golf team had taken the official photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough instructor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. ― No one would have known, ― said Woburn‘s instructor, Bob Doran. For Rota, it wasn‘t a difficult decision: ―The prize wasn‘t ours to take.‖

60. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end? A. Took photos of Doran. B. Had a meeting with Doran.

C. Returned the prize to the organizer. D. Apologized to Woburn High School.

61. Greg Rota‘s decision shows that he was . A. honest B. polite C. careful D. friendly

答案与解析：60.选C。文章思路结局题。这篇阅读的主题是Give Back （归还，回报），全文有三篇小短文，都是围绕这一主题展开的，这是其中的一篇。此题属于―结局推断题‖。其结果文章并没有明显地表白，完全由人物的说话来推断。由fair way (公平，公正)，尤其是最后一句 it wasn‘t a difficult decision: ― The prize wasn‘t ours to take.‖ 可知，Rota 发现了记分错误，并决定把本不属于自己的奖还回组委会。

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61.选A 。此题属于―人物性格推断题‖。Greg Rota 知道奖品本不该属于自己时就马上决定退回奖品，说明他很诚实。

例题2：（全国高考—上海卷C篇） I THIRST

Each day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of world’s children.

Across the world, 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation.(卫生设备)

The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women, and poverty.

…

Here are three ways you can help: 1) Write Congress

…

2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization

…

3) Support nonprofit water organizations

Numerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to

drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: some organizations are large, other small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. Support them generously.

75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph? A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation.

B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with. C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress.

D. A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations.

答案与解析：选B。这是一篇广告，要求为全世界缺水或饮用水不安全的人捐献一份爱心。本题是一道预测题。根据最后一段Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows:… 一句可预测下一段将为读者提供的是―非赢利性组织名单‖，以便捐献爱心的人和他们取得联系。因此正确答案选B。其他三个选项都与本广告的目的不符，故都排除。

III. 技能揭秘之三: 主旨大意题解题技能

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确

获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：

(1). What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text? (2). The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.

(3). The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is… (4). The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________. (5). What is mainly discussed in the text? (6). What is the main idea of the passage?

(7) What‘s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? (8) The purpose of this passage is .

(9). Which of the following statements is best supported by the text? (10) Which of the following best summarized the passage? (11) The passage mainly focuses on . 从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。

●怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意

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——主题句定位法

文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。―主题句定位法‖是一种行之有效的方法。

但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况： 1. 正三解形写作法

即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为―新闻导语‖，―导语‖实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。

例题：(国高考—重庆卷E篇)（备注：所有高考题均保留原题号。）

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.

…

71. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.

B. Opinions about competition are different among people. C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development. D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.

答案与解析：选B。文中第一句便提出了中心论点。 2. 倒三角形写作法

即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。

例题1：(全国卷IV A篇)

The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she

pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.

Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.

Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.

Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. ―This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),‖ said the words below it. ―It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.‖ The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, ―This is a species of mammal,‖ but then went on: ―It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.‖

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56.The text mainly talks about _____.

A. Diane Fossey B. the gorillas in Rwanda

C. the protection of the gorillas D. the film Gorillas in the Mist

答案与解析：选C。文章第一段谈到Diane Fossey大猩猩的研究；第二段谈到根据她的事迹所拍摄的影片；第三段谈到了大猩猩数量减少的原因；最后一段谈到保护大猩猩的宣传措施。前面三段都是为最后一段作铺垫的, 从最后一段―It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.‖可知，最主要的目的还是要人们保护大猩猩。

例题2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. What‘s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. 1. What‘s the main idea of the passage? A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net.

C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.

答案与解析：选C。最后一句―The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.‖（因特网在我们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用）是全文的主题句。A项（远离网络）与主题不符。B项（上网）过于笼统。D项（网上娱乐）只不过是短文中的一个细节，不全面。

3. 圆形写作法

即首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

例题：Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.

People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called ― cross‖. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.

There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.

At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians. 1.The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse

D. Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada

答案与解析：选D。作者先后两次提到―长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎‖，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。 4. 菱形写作法

即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

例题： (全国高考—江苏卷C篇)

The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.

During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the

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festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.

…

67. This passage mainly tells readers_______.

A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival B. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival

C. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival D. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival

答案与解析：从文中第二段第一句话―During the opening ceremonies,‖可以看出，本 文主要是介绍―撒哈拉节‖开幕式上的活动。答案选A。 5. 正方形写作法

即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

例题1：(全国高考—安徽卷C篇)

Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (无武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other‘s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. ―Let‘s shake (hands) on it‖ sometimes means agreement reached.

Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (误解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.

65. The first paragraph mainly tells us ______. A. where handshaking was first practised B. how handshaking came about

C. about the relationship between handshaking and trade

D. about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China

答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论 握手是怎样产生的。

67. The main purpose of the text is ______.

A. to tell us some differences between the East and the West B. to offer us some important facts about handshaking C. to introduce us to some different customs in the West D. to give us some advice before we travel abroad

答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。本文没有明确的主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。明显的主题句。通读全文后可知，文章主要是给我们介绍了握手的一些具体事实。由此可知答案B正确。

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例题2：(全国高考— 山东卷A篇）

Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenager‘s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe.

―The safety issue is a big one,‖ says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn‘t alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer ——―That‘s not a problem here,‖ ——Mahoney began to feel uneasy.

―No crime whatsoever?‖ comments Mahoney today. ― I just don‘t buy it.‖ Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. ―Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,‖ says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. ―Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.‖

But getting accurate information isn‘t easy. Colleges must report crime statistics(统计数字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. ―The truth may not always be serious,‖ warms S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation‘s leading campus safety watchdog group.

To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions. 60. What is the text mainly about?

A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campuses C. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids‘ campus safety

答案与解析：选D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕 ―关注大学校园安全问题（Concerns about kids‘ campus safety）‖。

●怎样选择或拟定文章的标题

对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？

首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体

现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。

其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，

仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。

再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。

最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing.

话题：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names 标题：China issued 1st set of stamps on family names

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例题1：(全国高考—江西卷A篇)

He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …

The questions from children these days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, ―Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?‖

Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控)… 59．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive? C．A Christmas Story

D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children? 答案与解析：选A。通览全文，由第一段首句―He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches‖，第二段首句―The questions from children these days are harder than ever.‖以及第三段首句 ―Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued (指控).‖，不难看出本文主要讲述圣诞老人的辛苦。A选项最恰当。文中没有谈及B选项内容，C选项标题范围太大,没有针对性，D选项没有概括文中内容。

例题2：（2008年全国卷III A篇）

Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house. No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender‘s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.

But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. She‘d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I‘d delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.

One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn‘t care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘)

My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming. 41. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. A childhood Dream. B. A Mother‘s Love. C. A Graduation Party. D. A Special Birthday.

答案与解析：选B。本题考察了篇章理解和主旨概括能力。结合整篇，尤其是最后一段不难看出母亲对女儿的一片良苦用心。―母爱‖这一标题简洁、形象又能突出本文主题。

IV. 技能揭秘之四: 词义猜测题解题技能 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生―读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。‖在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的―绊脚石‖，这些―绊脚石‖的出现大致分五类：1．旧词新义，考查词汇表中未出现的词义；如：Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation‘s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过 course的意思是―过程，课程‖等，在此显然不符句意。根据上下文 course是汽车赛举行的地方，可推断 course在该句是―车道‖或―跑道‖的意思。2．合成词、转化词与派生词，如shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等；3．―灵活‖的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解；4．―新鲜‖的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5．超纲生词。如： NMET2002《大纲》之外的和熟词新意的生词达57个，NMET2003年除52个专有名词和15个注汉字的生词外，还有52个生词 (含熟词生义)。

有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着―生词恐惧心理‖，一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇

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到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法，当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是，频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度，又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且，一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点，词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典，可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义，对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。

该类题常见的考查形式有：

A. The phrase ―…‖in the sentence could be replaced by ____. B. The word ―…‖ in the paragraph refers to ____.

C. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean? D. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase ―…‖? E. The word ―…‖ most nearly means ____.

对此类试题，考生应该进行大胆猜测，但这种猜测不是胡乱的，盲目的，而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍十种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。

1．构词法猜词

阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如：unforeseeable.这个词，可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able；其中 see 是词根，fore是―先，前，预‖的含义，un是否定，able是―能……的，可……的‖，因此unforeseeable是―未能预见到的‖意思。

例题1：（2008年全国高考—重庆卷D篇） …

The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. …

68. The underlined phrase ―out-of-the-way‖ in Paragraph 4 means ____________. A. far-away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret

分析：选A。由合成词out-of-the-way的原意以及下句中的isolation一词，可知灯塔在一个―孤零零‖的地方。 例题2：（2004年全国高考—重庆卷D篇） …

Baker concludes that people do not have the ability to sense when they‘re being stared at. If people doubt the outcome of his two experiments, said Baker, ―I suggest they repeat the experiments and see for themselves.‖ 70. The underlined word ―outcome‖ in the last paragraph most probably means .

A. value B. result C. performance D. connection

分析：选B。运用―构词法‖进行猜测。动词词组come out 的意义为―露出、出现、显露出‖。再根据句子的语境，可猜测出其意义是：(实验的)结果。

2．利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词语或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推出它的大致词义。

例题1：Animals have different living habits. Some like to look for food at daytime and sleep at night, but some like to sleep at daytime and prowl at night. 分析：通过这些并列句可以看出prowl与look for food 是同义近义词，词义也应该是―寻找食物‖。 例题2：(2003全国卷C篇) …Fermat‘s Last Theorem（定理）, first put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. …

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65. Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word ―baffle‖ as it is used in the text? A. To encourage people to raise questions. B. To cause difficulty in understanding. C. To provide a person with an explanation. D. To limit people‘s imagination. 答案与解析： 由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁（beat），并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等的并列关系，根据这一信息可以推出baffle表示―使困惑、难倒、难以理解‖的意思。

3．利用反义词猜词

对比是描述，说明事物的常用方式。在对比中，对比的事物是互为相反的，因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义，如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect，甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。

例题1：Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.

分析：此句是把Jane与她姐妹对比。Jane生性腼腆，不爱交际，而她姐姐却与之相反，那就是―爱交际的‖了，这也就猜出gregarious的词义了。

例题2：In many nations there are two financial extremes (极端), from penury to great wealth. 分析：penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (贫穷; 贫困) 例题3：(2002全国高考卷E篇)

A child‘s birthday party doesn‘t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.

…

74.What does the underlined word ―hassle‖ probably mean? A. A party designed by specialists. B. A plan requiring careful thought.

C. A situation causing difficulty or trouble. D. A demand made by guests.

答案与解析：根据前句的否定doesn‘t与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以判断出，为了庆祝孩子的生日，又不至于麻烦，可以买一个生日开心包。Hassle的意思应该与fun相反，而与difficulty, trouble相近。答案为C。

4．利用上下文语境猜词

任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。

例题1：（2008年全国高考—湖南卷B篇）

…Charlotte‘s tale was inspired by the girls‘ coin collection. \ since our families went on holiday to Tenerife.\ … 60. The underlined word \A. story B. collection C. inspiration D. foreign coin

答案与解析：选D。由原文中的Euro (欧元，欧洲统一货币)可推知该词是一种在欧元发行前使用的钱币。 例题2：（2008年全国高考—江西卷D篇）

…The plants are about one meter apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got.

…

68．In the first paragraph ,the word ―pruning‖ means . A．regular cutting of the plants

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B．frequent watering

C．regular use of chemicals

D．growing the plants high in the mountain

答案与解析：选A。由此段中的 ① The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimeters high.②Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves. 便可猜出Pruning的词义为―剪枝．修剪‖。

例题3：（2008年全国高考—上海卷B篇） …

―But,‖ said Kim, ―I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.‖ …

70. The word ―presumptuous‖ in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to ―_____‖. A. full of respect B. too confident and rude C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet

答案与解析：选B。有时可以通过因果关系的语境来判断，因果关系的语境，通常由

because, so, therefore, so/such…that…等连词来体现。本文中，在Kim看来．因为对方（Williams）是自己的上司，告诉上司去做什么，会显得不礼貌(rude)、自负（too confident）。

例题4：（2008年全国高考—山东卷A篇） …

―No crime whatsoever?‖ comments Mahoney today. ― I just don‘t buy it.‖ Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses. … 58. The underlined word ―buy‖ in the third paragraph means _______ A. mind B. admit C. believe D. expect

答案与解析：选C。buy原意为―买，购买‖，在此处根据语境可知意为―相信‖。从本段第一句话可知，Mahoney持怀疑态度。后面列举的。400,000这个数字也表示出他的不相信。

特别提醒：在做英语阅读理解题时，一定要注意熟词生义！这类猜词题也常见于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三：其一，高考对生词的数量有数量的规定，不得超过3％；其二，熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解；其三，熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多，那就更难理解了。

5．利用定义和解释猜词

有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语（从句）、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。

例题1：Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.

分析：通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling 是―两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛‖，可以猜出wrestling是―摔跤；摔角‖。

例题2：Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs. 分析：antibiotic: a medical substance, such as penicillin produced by living things and able to stop the growth of, or destroy, harmful bacteria that have entered the body (抗生素; 抗生菌)

例题3：(2002年全国高考卷B篇)

―Organic produce is always better, ‖ Gold said. ―The food is free of pesticides (农药), and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally (本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.‖ Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.

62. What is the meaning of ―the organic trend‖ as the words are used in the text? A. Growing interest in organic food. B. Better quality of organic food. C. Rising market for organic food. D. Higher prices of organic food.

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答案与解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。

6．利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。

例题1：I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.

分析：通过例句―每次遇到乞丐，她都会给一些硬币‖可以猜测出―Generous‖的词义应该是―慷慨的‖。

例题2：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning.

分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为―期刊杂志‖。 7．根据复述或同等关系猜测词义

为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。

同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。

例题1：（2008年全国高考—江苏卷E篇）

William Shakespeare said, ―The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. ‘‘

74.The underlined word \A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy

答案与解析：选B。由―a mingled yarn‖后文的―good and ill together‖重复说明可以 知道mingled含义和mixed（混合的）最接近。

例题2：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.

分析：由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。

需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副词或短语出现。

例题3：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 分析：此例逗号中短语意为―对词意义进行研究的学科‖。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指―语义学‖。

在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。 8．利用词义搭配关联猜词

任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。 例题：I wish this medicine may really cure my backache.

分析：通过cure前面的―这种药‖和后面的―我的背疼‖，很容易地判断出 cure的词义为―治好‖。 9．根据语义转折猜词

有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。 例题（2008年全国高考—广东卷B篇）

…Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can‘t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.

Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? … 60. The underlined word \A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed

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答案与解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying something可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。答案为A。

6．利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如：such as, like, for example, for instance等。

例题1：I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.

分析：通过例句―每次遇到乞丐，她都会给一些硬币‖可以猜测出―Generous‖的词义应该是―慷慨的‖。

例题2：You can take any of the periodicals：The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning.

分析：通过后面的举例：《英语世界》，《中小学外语教学》，《英语学习》，说明periodicals为―期刊杂志‖。 7．根据复述或同等关系猜测词义

为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白，作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念，这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。

同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性，作用和大概的意思。

例题1：（2008年全国高考—江苏卷E篇）

William Shakespeare said, ―The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. ‘‘

74.The underlined word \A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy

答案与解析：选B。由―a mingled yarn‖后文的―good and ill together‖重复说明可以 知道mingled含义和mixed（混合的）最接近。

例题2：Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.

分析：由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。

需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely等副词或短语出现。

例题3：Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 分析：此例逗号中短语意为―对词意义进行研究的学科‖。该短语与前面生词semantics是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出semantics指―语义学‖。

在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分 号，引号，和括号等。 8．利用词义搭配关联猜词

任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。 例题：I wish this medicine may really cure my backache.

分析：通过cure前面的―这种药‖和后面的―我的背疼‖，很容易地判断出 cure的词义为―治好‖。 9．根据语义转折猜词

有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。如：though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。 例题（2008年全国高考—广东卷B篇）

…Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills can‘t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.

Different from popular belief, most good leaders are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow? … 60. The underlined word \A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed

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