英语四级翻译常考语法详解

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

虚拟语气用法详解

一、 条件句中的虚拟语气

1. 条件句中虚拟语气的形式

从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件，主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虚拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。 时间

将来 从句谓语形式 动词过去式(be用were) should + 动词原形

were to + 动词原形

现在 动词过去式(be 用 were) would / should / might / could + 动词原形

would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词 would / should / might / could + 动词原形 主句谓语形式 过去+动词过去分词

2. 中的虚拟语气的举例

(1) 将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time. 如果他要上清华大学的话，他就会充分利用他的时间了。

If he were to come here, he would tell us about it. 如果他要来的话，他会通知我们一声。

(2) 现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

If he were free, he would help us. 要是他有空的话，它会帮助我们的。

If he studied at this school, he would know you well. 如果他在这所学校学习的话，它会对你很熟悉。

(3) 过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如：

If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it. 我如果看过这场电影，我会把电影内容告诉你了。

If I had got there earlier, I would have met Mr. Li. 如果我早点到那儿，我就会会到了李先生。

3. 运用条件句中的虚拟语气时，须注意的几个问题

(1) 当从句的主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词若是系动词be时，可用was代替were。但在倒装虚拟结构及if I were you, as it were中，只能用were。如：

Were I ten years younger, I would study abroad. 要是我还年轻十岁的话，我会去国外学习。

If I were you, I would try my best to grasp the chance. 要是我是你的话，我要尽力抓住这次机会。

(2) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句的动作若不是同时发生时，须区别对待。

①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。如：

If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会使工程师了

If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。

②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。如：

If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了(from )。

If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。

③从句的动作与过去发生的情况相反，而主句的动作与现在正在发生的情况相反。如：

If it had not been raining too much, the crops would be growing much better. 如果天不下太多的雨的话，庄家会长得更好。 If he had been working hard, he would be working in the office now. 要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室了。

(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置于句首。如：

Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。

Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他来这里工作了(from )。

(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如：

I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。

But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。

Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。

(5) 有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。

①省略从句

He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。

You could have passed this exam. 你应该会通过这次考试了。

②省略主句

If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。

If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。

二、其他状语从句的虚拟语气

1. 目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1) 在for fear that, in case, lest引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略

She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。

He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。

(2) 在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。如(from )：

He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。

He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。

2. 让步状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1) 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如：

Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。

Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。

(2) 在whatever， whichever，whenever，whoever, wherever，however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：

① may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。如：

We will finish it on time no matter what / whatever may happen. 不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。

We will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。

I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚，我都会等他。

② may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。如：

You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(from )。

We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he may have made. 不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。

(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。如：

Although / Though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。

Although / Though he should be secretary, he must obey the rules. 尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。

3. 方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

as if, as though引导的方式状语从句常用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构

发生在主句动作之前+ 过去分词

与主句动作同时发生

发生在主句动作之后

例如：

They began to talk warmly as if they had known each other for long. 他们开始热烈的谈论起来就好像他们已相互认识很久了。 He coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。

4. 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气

amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

① should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。如：

He was angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。

I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. 我很惊讶他竟答不出如此简单的问题。

② should + 完成式, 指过去。如：

I’m very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。

I was very surprised that Father should have known what I did yesterday. 我很吃惊，父亲竟指导我昨天所作的事情(from )。

三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

1．英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 原形动词。如：

The teacher advised that we should make good use of every minute here. 老师劝我们要好好地利用在这儿的每一分钟。

The Party asked that we should serve the people with our heart and soul. 党要求我们要全心全意地为人民服务。

但是，当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：

Tom insisted that he hadn’t stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。

His smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。

2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词。如：

Can you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？

Can you imagine that he should take the first place in the long jump contest? 你能想象得到他在跳远比赛中竟获得了第一名？

3. 英语中，wish之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为(from )： 表示所发生的时间

发生在主句动作之前 虚拟语气结构 (1)had + 过去分词；

(2)would / could / might / should + have + 过去

分词

与主句动作同时发生

发生在主句动作之后

例如：

I wish I learnt English well. 我希望我已学好了英语。

I wish I had been there with them last week. 我希望上周跟他们一起在那儿。

He wishes we could go and play games with him. 他希望我们能去跟他做游戏。 过去时(be 用were ) would / could / might / should + 原形动词过去时(be 用were ) would / could / might / should+原形动词

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

4. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： 表示所发生的时间 虚拟语气结构

过去过去分词；

现在

将来

例如：

I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。

I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。

We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我么倒想你明天去那儿。

四、主语从句中的虚拟语气

在表达惊异、惋惜、遗憾、理应如此等意义的主语从句中常使用虚拟语气，其虚拟语其的结构为： should + 动词原形，主句中的谓语动词形式不限。

句型：

(1) It is admirable / dreadful / extraordinary / odd / remarkable / sad / advisable / annoying / disappointing / surprising / upsetting / frightening / better / best / curious / desirable / important / strange / peculiar / proper / necessary / natural …that…

(2) It is a pity / a shame / no wonder…. that…

(3) It is suggested / requested / desired / proposed /…. that …

(4) It worries me that…

如：

It is important that we should do well in our lessons first. 我们先把功课学好很重要。

It is strange that he should not come. 很奇怪，他竟没有来。

It is a pity that we should not meet last night. 真遗憾我们昨天晚上没有见过面。

It worries me that we should be blamed for that. 我们竟要受责备真让人烦恼。

五、表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气

英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，表语从表面上看几屗及同位语从句都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should) + 动词原形。如：

We followed his advice that we should ask our teacher for help. 我们接受了他的建议：我们应该请求老师的帮助(from )。

He told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。

His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。

Their plan is that they should build a new factory in their hometown. 他们的计划就是在家乡建一座新工厂。

六、定语从句中的虚拟语气

英语中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。如：

It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。

It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。

7. 简单句中的虚拟语气

1. 说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should + 原形动词。如：

Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗？

You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。

I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。 过去时(be 用were ) 过去时(be 用were )

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

2. 表示“祝愿”时，常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”。如：

May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。

May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。

3. 表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用动词原形。如：

Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国******万岁。

God bless us. 上帝保佑。

4. 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。

(1) 提出请求或邀请。如：

Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？

Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗？

(2) 陈述自己的观点或看法。如：

I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。

I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。

(3) 提出劝告或建议。如：

You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。

You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。

(4) 提出问题。如：

Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗？

Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？

(5) 表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：“情态动词 + have + 过去分词”。如：

You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。

You should have returned it to him. 你应该把他还给他了。

非谓语动词

在英语中，不是用作句子的谓语而是担任其它语法功能的动词叫非谓语动词。非谓语动词有3种：不定式，动名词和分词。

不 定 式

不定式由 “to do”构成，其否定式 “not to do”。不定式可带宾语或状语构成不定式短语， 没有人称和数的变化，但有语态的变化，不定式可作主，宾，定，状，补，表，不能单独作谓语。

一. 不定式的用法

1 作主语

To see is to believe.

It is right to give up smoking.

2 作表语

My job is to teach English.

3 作宾语

He wanted to go.

I find it hard to work with him.

We could do nothing but wait.

We have no choice but to wait.

can’t choose but do, can’t help but do, can’t but do

常见用不定式作宾语的动词:

want, wish, like, decide, help, ask, agree, afford, arrange, care, determine, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, pretend, promise, seek, prepare, refuse, swear, expect, plan, would like, make up one’s mind, be determined

4 作补语

He asked me to open the door.

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

常见用不定式作宾补的动词:

advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, like, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, consider

practice:

* 在感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, look, notice, watch, observe, overhear（偷听）和使役动词make, let, have等后的补语中，

不定式不带to， 但这些句子变成

被动结构时， 就必须带to

I often hear him sing the song.

He is often heard to sing the song.

5 作定语

He is looking for a room to live in.

There’s nothing to worry about.

但不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。

We had no money and no place to live.

不定式作定语的用法：

(1) 用来修饰被序数词,最高级或all, no, any等限定的词

e.g. He was the best man to do the job.

This is the first factory to produce this kind of machine.

(2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态, 但其含义不同. e.g. Do you have anything to send ?（to send的动作执行者是“你”）

Do you have anything to be sent ?（to send的动作执行者是“我“或”别人“）

(3) 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语,常见的有:

ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time

e.g. His wish to visit China is quite understandable.

(4) 在’形容词+不定式’ 结构作表语,宾语和定语时,常用的to do主动形式表被动.

e.g. The book is difficult to read.

He is a man easy to get on with.

（5）在不定式作表语, 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系, 而与句中的另一名词或代词之间有主谓关系时, 用主动表被动.

e.g. He gave me some books to read.

6 作状语

I came here to see you. (表目的) in order to / so as to

We were excited to hear the news. （表原因）

He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.（表结果

7 疑问词+不定式，在句中起名词作用，可作主，宾，表

He How to solve the problem is very important.

My question is when to start.

8 作插入语

To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you.

to be sure to be frank to sum up to begin /start with

to make matters worse to be brief

二 不定式的时态，语态

1 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动作同时或在它之后发生

He

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

2 进行式：表示动作发生时，不定式动作正在发生

3 完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前

一般式

进行式

完成式 主 动 to do to be doing to have done 被 动 to be done / to have been done

The flowers need to be watered.

A railway is said to be being built now.

No harm seems to have been done.

四 不定式的省略

为避免重复可用to来代替前面的不定式，常出现在下列动词后expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try 或出现在be glad, be happy, would like/love后

eg: I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.

--- Would you come to the party?--- I’d love to, but…

如果在省略不定式中含有be, have, have been 等系动词或助动词，这些词要保留。

eg: --- Are you on holiday?--- No, but I’d like to be.

--- I didn’t tell him the news. --- Oh, you ought to have.

动 名 词

动名词由动词+ing构成，具有动词和名词性质，其否定式在前加not, 在句中起名词的作用，可作主，宾，表，定语。

一 动名词的作用

1 作主语 Seeing is believing.

Choosing what to eat is not as easy as before.

There is no joking about such serious matters.

It is no use / good arguing with him.

not any use / good

of little use / good

useless

动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别

（泛指玩火）

（指一次具体动作）

My father is a millionaire, but having money doesn’t solve all his problem.

To save money now seems impossible.

2 作表语 : My job is teaching.

3 作宾语

I like swimming.

He is fond of playing football.

* 下列动词或动词短语之后只接动名词作宾语（不接不定式作宾语）

考虑错过), practice, permit, risk, resist, suggest, can’t help(情不自禁)，can’t stand(无法忍受

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

* 下列动词后可跟动名词作宾语，也可跟不定式作宾语，但意义不同。

remember

try mean 4 作定语

He has a reading room.

二 动名词的时态和语态

1 一般式： 动名词的动作没有明确表示是与谓语动作同时还是在其前发生时

We’re interested in playing chess.

His coming will be of great help to us.

2 完成式：如果动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，用完成式

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

一般式

完成式 主 动 doing having done 被 动 being done having

done

He likes being helped.

He was afraid of being left alone.

The house showed no sign of having been damaged.

* 动名词的主动形式表被动意义

三 动名词的复合结构

动名词的逻辑主语一般是和句子的主语一致，但也有不一致的情况。如果不一致，则要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，构成动名词的复合结构。

* 若动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语用物主代词或名词的所有格。

His coming made me very happy.

Peter’s coming made me very happy.

* 若动名词作宾语时，既可用物主代词或名词的所有格，也可用人称代词宾格或名词普通格。

She didn’t mind his (him) crying.

Peter’s / Peter crying.

* 若逻辑主语无生命时，用名词普通格。

Is there any hope of our team winning the game?

Practice:

1. 我们认为她是对的.

2. 他被认为发明了第一台计算机.

been

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

3. 医生警告他不要吃太多的肉.

4. 你不准在这吸烟.

5. 她建议立刻采取行动. ________________________________________________

6. 我打算明天去上海.___________________________________________________

7. 当老师进来的时候,同学们假装正在看书.

___________________________________________________________________

8. 没有人喜欢被看不起.

___________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

9. 他承认偷了汽车

_____________________________________________________

10. –Will the Johnsons leave for Australia this spring ?

--No, they finally decided ____.

A. not to leave B. not leaving C. not to D. not to be leaving

分 词

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的构成v +ing, 过去分词为v +ed。其否定式在其前加not, 分词句中可作定，状，补，表。

一 分词的时态和语态

过去分词无时态和语态变化

现在分词有时态和语态变化

一般式

完成式

一般式表示和谓语动作同时发生 Being a student, he was interested in books.

The question being discussed is important.

完成式表示在谓语动作之前发生

Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the way very well.

Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.

二 分词的作用

1 作定语

the water polluted by the waste

who is standing (进行)

which stands (状态)

who teaches (经常性的动作) 主 动 doing having done 被 动 being done having been done

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

e.g

boiling water falling leaves

boiled water fallen leaves

a drowning puzzling expression

a drowned puzzled expression

区别 to be done 被动,将来

being done 被动,正在进行

done 被动,完成

e.g. Have you read the novel written by Dickens ?

Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students.

The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.

2 作表语

The news is inspiring. The glass is broken.

3 作补语

① 常用的动词为感官动词：feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, look at, observe, notice, find

使役动词：have, make, get, keep, leave, catch

We saw the teacher doing the experiment. (see sb. do 区别)

He tried to make himself understood.

区别：

感官动词+ to do 主动,全过程

doing 主动,正在进行

done 被动,完成

使役动词

make sb.\sth. do let sb. do have sb.\sth. do

done doing

done

to do

doing

done

You must get your hair cut.

My mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.

I’ll have\get my bike repaired tomorrow.

I can’t get the car starting.

② with/ without +宾语+宾补

He fell asleep with the lamp burning.

Without a word spoken, he went away.

4. 作状语

Being a student, I must study hard. (原因)

时间)（相当于状语从句的省略）

“Can’t you read?” He said angrily, pointing to the notice. (伴随)

The accident happened, killing three.(结果)

Taken 3 times a day, the medicine will have a good effect. (条件)

The teacher came into the classroom, followed by some students.

The teacher came into the classroom, following some students.

分词与主句之间不能用连词or, and, but, so等，

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

He had been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.

doing 表主动done 先后顺序,先于主句动作

done 被动

(注:这里的主动被动是看非谓语动词同主句主语之间的关系)

练习:

1) When ____ different cultures, we often only pay attention to the differences between them.

A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared

2) ____ for the mistake she has made, Alice felt very sad.

A. Blame B. Blamed C. Blaming D. To blame

3) Football is played by many countries, _____ it become the most popular game in the world.

A. make B. making C. made D. to make

4) He came into his office, _____ by two guards.

A. followed B. to follow C. follow D. following

5) _____ the lab, the vistors go on to see the playground.

A. see B. seen C. seeing D. having seen

6)__ with the sea of the whole earth, the biggest sea doesn’t seem big at all.

A. compare B. when comparing

C. comparing D. when compared

7) Never __ faith in herself, the scientist determined to go on making experiment.

A. losing B. lose C. lost D. having lost

8). __ in thought, he came into the classroom.

A. Losing B. Lose C.Lost D.Having lost

独立主格结构（作状语）

分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致，若不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。其构成方法如下：

名词\代词(主格do 没有发生或即将发生的动作或态

doing 正在进行,主动

被动完成

形容词（副词）/介词短语/名词

So much work to do, I will have to work this Sunday.

So much work done, I had a nice holiday.

So much work being done, I can't spare any minute.

The test finished, we’ll have our summer vacation.

All the students having sat down, the lecture began.

More time given, we can finish the work.

有时一个分词短语可用来作状语解释整个句子，这时，这个分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的，但还是不用独立结构。也可把这样的分词短语看作是一类插入语。

Generally speaking, to learn a foreign language well is not an easy job.

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

Judging by her dress, she must be a middle school student.

* frankly speaking, judging from/ by, talking of, considering that,

supposing/suppose that, seeing that, providing/ provided that, given that

倒装句的讲解

一．完全倒装，即将谓语移到主语前。英语中构成完全倒装的情形主要有：

1. 以 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, off, away 等方向性副词开头的句子，且句子主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。如：

Here comes the bus.

Now comes your turn.

Then came a new difficulty.

The door opened and in came Mr Li.

注：若主语为代词，则不用倒装。如：

The door opened and in she came.

2. 将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语)置于句首加以强调时，其后通常用倒装语序。如：

Among them was my friend Jim.

Around the lake are some tall tree.

注：在表语置于句首的倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。 完全倒装的四种主要类型

1. here 和there位于句首时的倒装

表示地点的here和 there位于句首时，其后用完全倒装形式。这类倒装句的谓语通常是动词be和come, go等表示移动或动态的不及物动词：

Here’s Tom.

There’s Jim.

Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.

There goes the last train.

【注意】

(1) 以上倒装句中的谓语动词come和go不能用进行时态，即不能说 Here is coming the bus。

(2) 若主语为代词，则不倒装：

Here I am. 我在这儿。/ 我来了。

Here it comes.

(3) 其中的动词有时也可能是stand, lie, live等表示状态的动词(表示存在)：

There stood a desk against the wall. 靠墙放着一张书桌。

Once upon a time there lived a man known by the name of Beef. 从前有个人名叫比夫。

2. away和down等位于句首时的倒装

地点副词away, down, in, off, out, over, round, up 等位于句首时，其后用完全倒装语序。这类倒装句的谓语通常表示动态的不及物动词：

Away went the runners. 赛跑选手们跑远了。

Round and round flew the plane. 飞机盘旋着。

The door opened and in came Mr Smith. 门开了，史密斯先生进了来。

Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 下雨了，伞都撑起来了。

【注意】

若主语为人称代词，则不能用倒装：

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

Away he went. 他跑远了。

Down it came. 它掉了下来。

3. 状语或表语位于句首时的倒装

为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接紧密，有时可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装：

Among these people was his friend Jim. 他的朋友吉姆就在这些人当中。

By the window sat a young man with a magazine in his hand. 窗户边坐着一个年轻人，手里拿着一本杂志。

【注意】

在表语置于句首的这类倒装结构中，要注意其中的谓语应与其后的主语保持一致，而不是与位于句首的表语保持一致。比较：

In the box was a cat. 箱子里是一只猫。

In the box were some cats. 箱子里是一些猫。

4. 分词和不定式置于句首的倒装

有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装：

Buried in the sands was an ancient village. 一个古老的村庄被埋在这沙土之中。

Standing beside the table was his wife. 站在桌旁的是他的妻子。

To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。

二．部分倒装，即将主语与助动词倒置，其结构与一般疑问句大致相同。英语中构成部分倒装的主要情形有：

1. 含否定意义的词(如 never, hardly, seldom, little, few, not until, not, not only, no sooner, no longer, nowhere, by no means 等)置于句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：

Never have I seen read such a book. 我从未读过那样的书。

Little do we know his life. 我们对他的生活了解得很少。

By no means should you tell him about it. 你绝不要告诉他这事。

2. only 加状语(副词 / 介词短语 / 从句)放在句首时，其后用部分倒装。如：

Only in this way can you do it well. 只有这样你才能做好。

Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.

3. so / neither / nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者时，用“so / neither / nor+助动词+主语”这样的倒装句式。如： He can sing English songs and so can I. 他会唱英语歌，我也会。

He didn’t see the film, and neither did I. 他没有看这部电影，我也没有看。

She is every beautiful and so was her mother when she was young.

4. 当虚拟条件句含有 were, should, had 时，可省略 if，将 were, should, had 置于句首。

Were I Tom(=If I were Tom), I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆，我就会拒绝。

Had I realized that(=If I had realized that), I would have done something.

5. so...that 结构中，将 so+adj. / adv. 置于句首时，其后要用倒装语序。

So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天气太冷，我们只好呆在家里。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.

倒装句的相关练习题

1. _____can you expect to get a pay rise.

A.With hard work B. Although work hard

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard

2. ____, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

A.However late is he B. However he is late

C. However is he late D. However late he is

3. Not until all the fish died in the river, _____ how seriousthe pollution was.

A.did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized

C. the villagers did realize D. didn’t the villagers realize

4. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.

A.didn’t realize B. did I realize

C. I didn’t realize D. I realized

5.—Do you know Jim quarrel with his brother?

—I don’t know, _______.

A.nor don’t I care B. nor do I care

C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also

6. Only by practicing a few hours every day _____ be able to waste much time.

A.you can B. can you C. you will D. will you

7. Not until the early years of the19th century _____ what heat is.

A.man did know B. man knew C. didn’t man know D. did man know

8. _____got into the room, _____ the telephone rang.

A.He hardly; then B. Hardly had he; when

C. He had not; than D. Not had he; when

9. ______ snacks and drinks，but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.

A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring

C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring

10.—I don’t think I can walk any further.

—_____, Let’s stop here for a rest.

A.Neither can I B. Neither do I C. I didn’t think so D. I think so

11. Only in this way ______ do it well.

A.must we B. we could C. can we D. we can

12. Hardly ____ when it began to rain.

A.had he arrived B. arrived he C. he had arrived D. did he arrive

13. Jack is a student and studies at the No. 2 Middle School. _____.

A. It was the same with Mike B.So it is with Mike

C. So is Mike D. So does Mike

14. ______, I would have given you his address.

A. If you asked me B. You had asked me

C. Should you have asked me D.Had you asked me

15. _____ that they had made an important discovery in science.

A.Little they realized B. They had realized little

C.Little did they realize D. Little had they realized

16. ______ that I couldn’t be absorbed in the work.

A. They made such talked

B. So loudly they talked

C. It was noise outside

英语四级翻译常考语法详解

D. Such a loud noise did they make

17. Many a time _____ me good advice.

A. he gave B. does he give C. he has given D. has he given

18. ____ have I seen a better performance.

A. Everywhere B. Nowhere else C. Everywhere else D. Nowhere

19. Not a single word ____ at the beginning.

A. did he say B. has he said C. he said D. he has said

20. Only in an hour ago ____ out why he was absent.

A. did the teacher found B. the teacher found

C. did the teacher find D. had the teacher found

21. _____the plane.

A. Flew down B. Down flew C. Down was flying D. Down fly

22. Hardly _____ when the bus suddenly pulled away.

A.they had got to the bus stop

B. they got to the bus stop

C. did they get to the bus stop

D. had they got to the bus stop

23. ______ I had time, I would have run round that lake again.

A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When

24. Not only ______ a promise ,but he also kept it.

A. had he made B. he had made C. did he make D. he makes

25. ______ I would see you here.

A.Little I dreamed B. Little do I dream

C. I dreamed little D. Little did I dream

26. There ____ .

e they B. they come C. they are come D. they will come

27. ______ that he could not speak for a long time.

A.So frightened was he B. So frightened he was

C. Was he so frightened D. Frightened was he

28. Only when class began ______ that he had left his book at home.

A.will he realize B. he did realize

C. did he realize D. should he realize

29. Only when you have finished your homework _____ go home.

A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can

30. Seldom ____ any mistakes during my past few years of working here.

A. would I make B. did I make C. I did make D. shall I make

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