模块9第1单元语法突破-高考链接-你问我答

模块9第1单元语法突破

句子的主语

山东刘永科

本单元的主要语法项目是：什么成分可以作句子的主语？一般说来，名词、各种代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式、名词性从句，都可以作句子的主语。下面结合本单元课文例句，对此作一总结和归纳。

一、名词作主语：

【课文原句】Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very imaginative events and in very interesting places. (P2)

【语法解析】Ashtita是专有名词(人名)作主语。专有名词和普通名词都可以作句子的主语，例如：

China is a developing country.

Boys love to play computer games.

二、代词作主语：

代词，包括“人称代词，名词性物主代词，指示代词，疑问代词，不定代词，关系代词”，都可以作句子的主语。现分别列举如下：

【课文原句】Over the last years, he has broken approximately 93 Guinness records. (P 2)

【语法解析】人称代词I, we, you, he, she, it, they都可以作句子主语。注意：人称代词作主语时一定用主格，不能是宾格或所有格。

【例句】This is my English-Chinese dictionay. Yours is on the table over there.

【语法解析】名词性物主代词如mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs也可以作句子主语，它们的意思相当于“物主代词+(所指)名词”。如果所指代的名词是单数，谓语动词也用单数；如果所指代的名词是复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：

Your school is very big. Ours is even bigger.

My friends like sports, but hers love music.

【课文原句】Those who don’t learn from history are doomed to repeat it. (P 6)

【语法解析】四个指示代词this, that, these, those都可以作句子主语。例如：This is my shirt. That is his.

【课文原句】Who is going to support the students in their attempt to break the record? (P 6)

【语法解析】疑问代词who, what, which等，也可以用来作主语。又如：

What is wrong with you?

Which is better?

【课文原句】Everything that we do is a step in one direction. (P 5)

【语法解析】不定代词all, both, each, either, neither, little, few, much, many, another, others, some, any, one 以及由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one, none, everything, everybody, everyone等，都可以用来作主语。例如：

All that I can do is to persuade him not to disturb you.

Neither of my sisters is a nurse.

【课文原句】Ashtita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records. (P 2)

【语法解析】关系代词who, that, which可以作定语从句的主语，这时不可以省略。

三、数词作主语：

【例句】Three of us will come to help you.

【语法解析】英语基数词、序数词和分数都可以作句子主语。又如：

The first to reach the top of the mountain will get a prize of $ 500.

Seventy percent of the earth is covered with water.

四、不定式作主语：

【课文原句】It takes a lot of concentration and a great sense of balance to stay on it. (P 2)

【语法解析】不定式to stay on it作句子的主语（真实主语），it是形式主语。一般来说，动词不定式可以直接放在句首作主语。但为了句子匀称，一般情况下用it作形式主语替代它。又如：

To hear of her success made us very happy.

It made us very happy to hear of her success.

五、动词-ing形式作主语：

【课文原句】Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet another event in which Ashrita is outstanding. (P 2)

【语法解析】动词-ing (短语)也经常用来作主语。有时也可以由it代替。例如：Being happy is better than being king. (P 5)

Getting up early is a good habit.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

六、名词性从句作主语：

【课文原句】How Ashrita came to be a sportsman is an interesting story. (P 2)

【语法解析】从句作主语就成了主语从句。从属连词(that, whether, if)，连接代词(who, whom, whose, which, what)和连接副词(when, where, how, why)都可以引导主语从句。例如：It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you.

Whether we will hold a party in the open air next week is uncertain.

What you said is wrong.

Who will be sent there hasn’t been decided yet.

模块9第1单元语法高考链接

【高考真题】1. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ______ of them came. (04北京)

A. neither

B. either

C. none

D. both

【语法解析】选A. 代词可以作句子主语。除此之外，本题主要考查代词的词义差别。根据

上文，我邀请了两个人，但因有but表示转折，所以应是全部否定才对。neither限于两个人，none表示三个人或三个人以上。

【高考真题】2. of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. (90全国)

A. Each

B. Any

C. No one

D. None

【语法解析】选D. 此题与第1题相似，也是代词作主语，考察词义的辨别。从下文可以判断，应该是“没有人知道”，但No one 不能跟of 连用，但None可以。

【高考真题】3. ---What do you think made Mary so upset? (97上海)

---______ her new bicycle.

A. As she lost

B. Lost

C. Losing

D. Because of losing

【语法解析】选C. 此题考查动词-ing作句子主语。What是问句的主语，do you think 是插入语，意思是：什么使得玛丽那么难过？那么答语也应针对what一词。故4个选项中，只有动词-ing可以充当主语。

【高考真题】4. ______ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. (03上海) A. The president will attend B. The president to attend

C. The president attended

D. The president’s attending

【语法解析】选D. 此题也是考查动名词作主语，不过动名词前有了逻辑主语。

【模拟试题】5. To talk with your parents ______ a great pleasure. What they say ______ very interesting.

A. are, are

B. is, is

C. are, is

D. is, are

【语法解析】选B. 此题考查动词不定式和名词从句作主语，此外，这时谓语动词要用单数形式。

【模拟试题】6. ______ depends on your service.

A. How many I will pay for it

B. How much will I pay for it

C. How many will I pay for it

D. How much I will pay for it

【语法解析】选D. 这是一个由特殊疑问词引导的名词从句作主语，语序不要倒装。How much 用来提问“多少钱”，How many 提问可数的东西。

【模拟试题】7. ______ you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.

A. What

B. That

C. Who

D. How

【语法解析】选B. 此题考查名词性从句作主语。主句是一个陈述的事实，引导词应为that, that引导名词从句时本身不作成分，只起引导作用。

【模拟试题】8. ______ is a good form of exercise for both the old and young.

A. Walk

B. To walk

C. Walking

D. The walk

【语法解析】选C. 动名词和不定式，虽然都可以作主语，但意思有别：动名词表示的是一个习惯性和经常性的动作，而动词不定式则表示暂时的动作、一时的行为。从句意看，应该是前者。

【模拟试题】9. Five ______ seven makes twelve.

A. adds

B. adding

C. added to

D. is added to

【语法解析】选 C. 数词也可以作主语。不过该题是考查动词add的用法。因为后面有了

makes作谓语动词，所以add只能是非谓语形式才对。本句意思是：被加到7中的5等于12。过去分词作定语。

【模拟试题】10. ______ surprise me most was that he was able to lift a stone as heavy as himself.

A. What

B. How

C. That

D. Who

【语法解析】选 A. 此题考查名词从句作主语。但名词从句本身也缺少一个主语，只能由what来充当。what 除了充当疑问代词外，还有一个非常重要的用法，就是有些语法家称作的“复合关系代词”,相当于things that。

模块9第1单元你问我答

(1)

【问】While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in reality they require an enormous amount of strrength and fitness as well as determination. 我们经常碰到rather than 这个词组，请讲一下它的用法好吗？

【答】rather than 是一个十分常见和有用的固定短语，带有否定含义。它的意思有两个：（1）“而不是”，（2）“宁可不”。在本句中rather than是前者的意思。那么，rather than 之后可以跟什么成分呢？

当rather than表示“而不是”的含义时，它的后面可以跟名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词，甚至从句。总之，它后面的成分必须和前面的成分并列才可以。例如：

I like football rather than basketball. （名词）

You should go there rather than I.（代词）

These shoes are comfortable rather than good-looking.（形容词）

He writes fast rather than carefully.（副词）

She did it by herself rather than with the help of others.（介词短语）

She was smiling rather than laughing.（现在分词）

He was rewarded rather than punished.（过去分词）

I would go to see my uncle right now rather than when I have time some day.（从句）

上述例句中，rather than之后实际上是省略了与前面相对应的成分。

当rather than表示“宁可不”的意思时，其后的动词一律用原形，不管前面的谓语是什么时态。例如：

We insisted on starting the work at once rather than leave it for the next day.

He sold the vegetables at half price rather than allow them to go bad.

The hero would die rather than give in.

特别提示：rather than经常和would, had 连用，构成would rather … than 和had rather …than句型。例如:

The hero would rather die than give in.

I had rather wait here than go away.

【高考链接】To enjoy the scenery, Irene would rather spend long hours on the train ______ travel

by air. (2004 全国)

A. as

B. to

C. than

D. while

(选C. rather than经常和would连用，构成would rather … than句型，表示“宁愿…而不…”，than之后接动词原形。)

模块9第1单元你问我答

(2)

【问】Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very imaginative events and in very interesting places. 在主句话中，imaginative和imaginary, imaginable这三个形容词，我们经常混淆不清，请为我们辨析一下好吗？

【答】本句的意思是：相反，阿西里塔试图在有创意的项目上以及非常有趣的地方打破纪录。句中imaginative是个形容词，意思是“富有想象力的，有创意的”，又如：He is an imaginative writer. (他是个富有想象力的作家。) This is an imaginative idea. (这是一个有创意的想法。) 你问的imaginary, imaginative, imaginable这三个词，意思都含“想象的”。但是，它们是有较大差别的。

imaginary重在指“假想的”、“虚构的”。如：

Although the main characters in the novel are so true to life, they are imaginary. 虽然小说里的人物写得栩栩如生, 但都是虚构的。

imaginative指“富于想象力的”。如：

Li Bai was an imaginative poet. 李白是位富于想象力的诗人。

imaginable 指“可想象的”，常放在名词后面，前加all, only, every 或最高级形容词。如：

We had the greatest difficulty imaginable. 我们遇到了可以想象到的最大困难。

模块9第1单元你问我答

(3)

【问】Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very imaginative events and in very interesting places. 请问：attempt 后跟不定式，与try to do和manage to do有何区别？

【答】attempt to do sth. 意思是“企图/尝试做某事”。例如：An astronaut will attempt to leave the stationary spaceship and then return to it. (一名宇航员将试着离开停着的宇宙飞船，然后再回到里面去。) attempt作名词用，也表示“尝试，企图”，例如：They made an attempt to escape, but failed.(他们试图逃跑，但失败了。)

那么attempt与try, manage有何区别呢？

attempt 的含义是去做自己希望会成功的事，常常包含冒险的意义。例如：

The boys attempted to leave for camping but were stopped by their parents.男孩子们想去野营，但被他们的父母们拦住了。

try比attempt 普通得多。在口语中使用try比attempt显得更加通俗。但这两个词有着明显的差异。try表示试一试，意欲证明或检验某件事，这是attemp所不能表达的。在表示

致力于某事时，try并不包含冒险的意思。例如：

He is trying to understand his teacher’s meaning. 他正在尽力弄明白老师的意思。

manage to do sth. 强调“设法做成”，表示“结果”。相当于succeed in doing sth.例如：At first, no ready technical data were available, but we managed to go without.起初,我们没有现成的技术资料，但也设法照样干下去了。

I finally managed to find the book I was looking for.我终于找到了一直在找的书。

（山东省潍坊第七中学刘永科）

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