段落翻译练习100篇

英汉汉英翻译段落练习100篇

1Lexicography

1) Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language2) One is immersed

in the details of language as in no other field. 3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole 5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being 6)People must plan them collect information and write them.7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical.9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind.10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of enduring value. 2. Pollution

1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives.2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 3) Now ―growth‖ industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life.4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better standard of living, in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of.6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment.7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.

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词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。不像其他领域，编词典的人整天都钻在语言材料中。有时碰到的语言材料浩如烟海，令人耗神。往往一天辛苦工作下来，发觉所完成的薄薄几页草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮丧。正如我希望这部著作的读者会逐渐明白的那样，词典并非是一蹴而就的。必须先制定计划，收集材料，然后方能编写。编写词典不仅耗费时间，而且常让人受挫，甚至恼怒。没有其他的写作像编纂词典那样，既要有空想又要脚踏实地。词典编纂并不需要横渡的才华或独创的思维，但却要求很高的智力，对词典编纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。一个人编写出一部词典，就会因它的长久价值而得到一份快慰。 2参考译文

污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。

3. Intelligent Test

1) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term ―intelligence‖ than there is on how to interpret or classify them. 2) But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily make distinctions reason logically and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. 3) An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. 4) It does not measure character social adjustment physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities. 5) It is not supposed to-- it was not designed for such purposes. 6) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. 7) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a ―valid‖ or ―fair‖ comparison. 3参考译文

人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对像进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。 4. Bureaucracy

1) Most ironic was the image of government that was born of these experiences. 2) As any scholarly treatise on the subject will tell you the great advantage bureaucracy is supposed to offer a complex modern society like ours is efficient rational uniform and courteous treatment for the citizens it deals with. 3) Yet not only did these qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic. 4) People of all classes—the rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department—felt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards. 4参考译文

这些经给人们的政府形象是最有讽刺意味的。任何一篇论述这个问题的学术论文都会说，对一个像我们这样复杂的现代化社会，官僚机构应当提供的一大优点是在和公民打交道时表现出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明礼貌的办事方法。但是，和我谈过话的人并没有感觉到这些品质，倒是恰恰相反的情况似乎更具有代表性。各阶层的人，从与税收部门打交道的富人到与福利部门交涉的可怜的妇人，都觉得他们受到的对待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是带有歧视的，而不是公平的，而且经常是冷漠的，而不是礼貌的。就像是买了一辆新的大轿车，不仅要它走的时候不走，面貌而且不时会自行加速，在院子里到处乱跑。 5. Problem with Educational System

1) There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel.

4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about. 5参考译文

目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。对我说，来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和名大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学校的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学位上。 6. Novelists

1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen.2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around.4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads.5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company.6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny.7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself.8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book. 6参考译文

如果说旷野和历险对笛福的小说是主题，那么对奥斯丁小说就毫无意义。她的小说是客厅和客厅中闲聊的人们。他们的谈话像一面面镜子，反映出他们的性格。当我们熟悉了奥斯丁的客厅和反映出来的事物后再去读哈代的小说，又得转向另一个世界。周围茫茫荒野，头顶一片星空。此时心态的另一面被揭示出来：不是聚会结伴时显示出来的轻松一面，而是自然和命运。这些作家描写的世界是完全不同的，但它们都自成一体。每个世界的创造者都小心翼翼遵循自己观察事物的法则，不管他们的作品读起来是如何的费力，却不像二流作家那样，把两种完全不同的世界塞进同一本书，让人感到不知所云。 7. The Law of Competition

1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential

to the future progress of the race. 7参考译文

在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残酷，但对人类来说是好的，因为它确保每个领域里适者生存。我们接受并欢迎环境上的不平等，接受并欢迎让工商业经营集中在少数人的手里，接受和欢迎他们之间存在竞争的法则，我们把所有这一切看成是我们必须适应的条件，看成对人类未来的进步不仅有益，而且是很有必要的。 8. Key to Success in Business

1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3) A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a company’s strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second –or-third-hand informati0n—to define and sense the market for them. 8参考译文

每一个成功的工商企业都是建立在一些卓越的意识之上的，即懂得审时度势，抓住机遇，承担责任，并不乏幽默感。但这一切都没有比对市场了解的能力更为重要。高级管理人员的一个非常重要的本事是能很自然地设身处地的为客户着想，并从他们那里获得真知灼见。他们利用这种能力来指导技术、产品和售后服务，乃至公司战略计划的各个方面。比尔 盖茨之类的成功者就曾把这种本事带进他们各自创立的企业中。没有这种能力，他们的事业或许只是昙花一现，至少没有像今天这样成功。但是许多高层经理，特别是工业公司的高层经理，把与顾客接触看成是销售和市场营销人员的事。即便他们确实也认为市场是公司的重心，但随着公司的发展，他们中在多数人也只与消费者保持十分有限的接触而已。他们判断和把握市场，依赖于下属送来的报告，即二手、三手的材料。 9. The Policy of Mass Media

1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life

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生活中充满了作为工民或个人必须作出决定的问题。但在媒体中不经常见到有反映作出这些决定的真实难度，也没有反映作出这些给他们带来的令人烦恼的难题。媒体不愿给出明确答案不只简单是一种取乐于顾客的广告手段。各种社会权力机构，尽管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，确保社会的稳定，它们会设法影响新闻工作者，让他们不知不觉制作出的节目或写出的文章不痛不痒，不触及到问题的实质，虽然也装模作样地搞些辩论和调查。他们揭露问题往往只是在民主社会可以接受的老一套观点内进行。既不对这些老一套的表示出一点过激的疑问，在把它们到现代生活的专栏时也尽量不让各方面感到难堪。 10. The American and the English

1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people since the seventeenth century and those of the English.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report.3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent.4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity.5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them. 10参考译文

许多本质上的不同造成了美语从英语中分出来。而主要的不同是两种语言根植于两个完全不同的社会环境和文化传统。自欺欺人17世纪来，美国人和英国人在这两方面的差异十分明显。英国人相对说来生活在一个相对稳定的社会秩序里。这种秩序铭记在他们心灵里的是对习惯上和名誉上的东西有一种特有的尊敬。虽然第一次世界大战改变了他们大多数的风俗习惯，但在这之前，他们的全部生活，或许比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制约。而虽然美国人中一部分的祖先是英国人，但他们没有这种约束。也没有这种一致性习惯的要求。相反，他们走到了另一个极端，因为他们国家的生活状况使他们看重的是好奇和冒险这恰恰相反的品质，这样他们养成的是不安现状，厌烦形式主义，藐视旧势力的影响的个性。这些个性在他们身上普遍反映出来。 11. A political Speech

1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position.2) First of all we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth the modernization of industry and a proper balance between public and private expenditure.4) Thirdly by refusing to take refuge—as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years –in panic –stricken stop-gap measures we stimulated the return of international confidence.5) As a result of those immediate measures and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization 11参考译文

在重新执政后极短的时间里，本届政府就采取了许多措施来稳定局势。首先，我们致力于找出国内种种常弊病的根本原因仔细研究当时的症状，而不是墨守过时的成规教条。第二我们采取了

经过深思熟虑的政策以保证经济的稳步发展，工业的现代化，以及公私支出之间的平衡。第三，我们没有采取上届政府前几年的一贯做法，没有因为惊慌失措而安于一些补漏洞的权宜之计，因此我们促使了我们国际信誉得到恢复。由于采取了这些措施，由于我国人民——他们一如既往，对坚定的掌舵人作出积极的响应——在这些措施激励之下作出了巨大的努力，为我们提供了帮助，我们经受了风暴，进入了比较平静的海面，进入了一个经济发展与社会重组的时期。 12. The Education of Humanists

1) The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an ―endless frontier.‖6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us. 12参考译文

人文主义者的教育如果不在一定深度上了解科学各个领域的情况，尤其是我们一无所知的领域，那就不能视为是完全的，或是足够的。大多数的物理教师如让我们教诗人物理，都很反感。而文科教师会继续以怀疑和恐惧的心情看待科学家。或许，那些帮助学生系统地了解科学方面所不知道的东西的新课程将会建立。科学家的注意力。这些学生会惊奇地发现科学正如一些科学家所描写的。是一个永远了开发不完的处女地。而当人主义者注意到他们的科学家的同事公开承认并不是对任何东西都彻底了解时，也会感到极大的满足。而身上寄托着未来的诗人们或许在深夜反复思索，开始看到了我们大多数人所不能理解的意思。 13参考译文

问题是：如对人的权利是一致的意见，去争论动物的权利是没有结果的。只会一开始就把讨论引向极端。它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么对它们相关方面都不同，持这种极端看法的人会认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何对动物的遭遇的关心都被认为是错误的，是把自己的感情放错了地方，因为这种感情应当放到其他人身上。但是道德观的最基本一条是将心比心。对大多数来说，看到动物受罪足以引起人的同情。这种反应并不是错误，而是人用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应当得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲笑。 13. Animals’ Rights

1) The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people arguing about the rights of animals

is fruitless.2) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all.3) This is a false choice.4) Arguing from the view be directed to other humans.6) But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.7)To see an animal in pain is enough for most to engage sympathy.8) When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind’s instinct for that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.5) Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

14. The Problems of Debt

1) Many economists insisted that only a major restructuring of the world’s could resolve the problem.2) To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic system Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.3) They will have to lower interest requirements with some form of subsidy from the central banks if necessary.4) And they will have to strengthen the IMF as their ultimate safeguard.5) It is not enough for the IMF and the banks to provide a financial fire brigade moving from one debt crisis to another.6) The IMF must be given enough support to make longer—term loans in order to enable developing countries to revive their exports without enduring crippling hardships.7) Unless Western governments face up to this challenge they may face political catastrophes that will require far more costly intervention. 14参考译文

许多经济学家坚持认为，只有对世界各国的债务进行重大的调整，这个问题才能解决。为了防止发生宣布无力偿还债务的重大事件，并使经济体制恢复稳定，西方各国银行和政府必须确保他们强制各发展中国家履行的还债条件公平合理，确保这些条件不至于引起革命。他们必须加强国际货币基金组织，作为他们最后的保障。国际货币基金组织和各大银行仅仅发挥金融消防队的作用，为一次又一次的债务危机而奔忙是不够的。必须给予国际货币基金组织充分的支持，使它能够提供长期的贷款，以便使发展中国家能够振兴出口而不遭受严重的困难。除非西方国家政府勇敢地面对这一挑战，否则他们就可能面临重大的政治灾难，非进行代价高得多的干预不可。 15. Scofflawry

1) The dangers of scofflawry vary wildiy.2 The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location.3) The fare beater on the subway presents less threat of life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes.4) The most immediately and measurable dangerous scofflawry however also happens to be the most visible.5) The culprit is the American driver whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance.6) The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills thousands of people yearly.7) Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong and so it may bi in individual instances.8) When the violation becomes habitual widespread and incessant however a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved.9) The violation of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood 15参考译文

玩忽法律的行为，其危害是多种多样的。在人行道上随地吐痰，当然是令人讨厌的。但比起那些在工厂在非规定的地方随意埋置危险化学废料的违法行为，它对人的危害性要小得多。承地铁逃票当然没有像房东无视防火安全规定那样会危及人的生命安全。然而，正是那些极常见的玩忽法律的行为，造成的危害最直接，最严重了。罪魁祸首要算那些无法无天驾驶汽车的美国人，他们的所作所为构成了巨大的公害。从在马路上并排停两辆汽车，造成义勇阻塞到酒后驾车，致使每年车祸死亡成千上万人。闯红灯常常被列为小错，因而可能只是个别情况。然而一旦人们形成习惯，成为普遍经常性的东西则问题远非是交通管理而已。违反交通规则给社会心理状态打开了一道深深的缺口。 16. American Study

1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3)

Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity. 16参考译文

在科学上对美国历史发生兴趣主要集中在其民族特性，以及一个注定要大起来、强调个性的社会的运转方式上。尽管这种兴趣不同于对欧洲历史的兴趣，但至少对于世界说来是同样重要的。如果有一天历史会成为一门真正的科学的话，它必定要建立起自己的规律。这些规律不是来自对手欧洲列强的复杂历史，而是来自一个伟大的民主国家的经济发展。北美是全球最适宜这样一个社会发展的地方，这个社会是如此地在物博，统一而又与欧洲大陆隔离，可以适合科学研究的各种需要。在那里只要没有干扰发展的条件，一个同质的社会能毫不困难地达到三四亿人口。在欧洲或亚洲，不受干扰的社会进化过去是未听说过的。没有干扰，进化似乎就停止了。而只要有出现干扰的地方，就不可能有永久一成不变的东西。各个民族都相继适应了这条必然的规律。 17.Jack London

1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinherited to be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters. 17参考译文

生活本身使杰克 伦敦不能接受这样的看法。他知道作为一个被剥夺应有权利的人是什么滋味，也知道为得到微薄的工资天天困守在令人麻木的机器旁，干着心力交瘁的活儿是什么滋味。因此，他不仅撇开把我们的社会粉饰成一个光明美好的社会的一些作品，而且也反对主张灌输基督教的博爱精神就能消除阶级矛盾的那些作品。他不反对劳工组织，也不阻拦把罢工作为劳工斗争武器；而是从劳工运动中摄取他作品中的男女主人公，把他的故事情节交织在这些人的斗争中。他把他生活中遭受的痛苦，把这种痛苦在他心里产生的对资产阶级的深恶痛绝，把这种痛苦带给他的一种信念全部倾注在自己的作品里。这种信念便是：如果被压迫的人们站起来，从剥削者手中夺取社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人们能生活较好的地方。 18. Standardized Tests

1) Standardized tests have been the target of recent attacks in the daily press.2) The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill—informed or incompetent users.3) All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance.4) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is isnterpreted.5) In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to

be measured can most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.6) They identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized but there are many things they do not do.7) For example they do not compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been gad he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 18参考译文

标准化测试最近受到报纸的批评。把它作为批评的目标是不对的，因为批评者没有注意到问题是人们测试不甚了解或使用不当。对将来的表现进行有根据的预测是依据对过去相关表现的了解。而这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所用的信息的数量、可靠程度和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。一般说来，当所要测定的东西能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效，而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确界定时，测试效果就差。测试能确定一个学生先前未被人们注意到的潜力，但是也有很多东西它们不能测试。例如测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此不能测定一个物质条件差的年轻人如果让他在较好的环境下成长，可能会有多大的才干。 19参考译文

卡特总统近来不断把他最亲近的顾问召集到一起，以便对他的政府的棘手问题进行一次称之为“不留情面的重新评价”，可是谁会向他说真话？你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种惯例：历届总统都经常请他们的助手提出“直率的批评”，可是他们听不到什么批评，而且即使听到了，通常他们也不照着去做。出现这种情况的原因倒并非不清楚。白宫椭圆型办公室是美国最令人生畏的一个房间。它使多数进入这间房子的人产生一种需要尊敬的感觉，甚至在国会上对总统咆哮如雷的议员们跨进白宫大门后，也往往把声音压低一些，按照事先准备好的稿子讲话。白宫的助手们很少在向总统提出不同意见时不表现出惶恐不安的。就是基辛格这个有点傲气，喜欢乱发言论的人在把他知道要发生的灾难告诉尼克松也有点踌躇不前。 19. President Carter

1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖ from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room in America.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead. 20. AIDS

1) But AIDS deprives us of our roles in the customary death scene intervenes in any comfortable transaction we might have negotiated with Death.2) It is epidemic and so can never be quite individual.3) It comes unjustly before its time sparing or striking arbitrarily and so can never be wholly inevitable.4) Because of its arbitrary choices too one can never quite call it a consequence of one’s own actions never entirely take responsibility for it as the hero of a tragic drama ought to be able to do 5) It simply is there scattering fates this way and that truncating some lives and leaving others mysteriously carefree prolonging some torments hideously and cutting off others with the gentle snap of a leaf falling in autumn.6) Its combination of caprice and control carried out on so large a scale undercuts almost any response we can summon. 7) We react to it with a puzzled inhibited caution fearing simultaneously for our lives—a set of nervous supporting players in a show whose volatile star has

unexpectedly come onstage drunk with a loaded gun 20参考译文

但是艾滋病使我们失去了一个人在传统的死时所能起的作用，改变了我们或许在过去能平静地与死神斗争的方式。艾滋病是流行性的，所以决不是个人的事。它在发作前就不公正地出现人们身上，不让人得这个病或让人得这个病，是任意的，所以决不是完全不可避免的。同样由于这种病是任意性的，我们决不能把它说成是自己行为的结果，决不能像悲剧中的主人公要对此负全部的责任。艾滋病就这样，把厄运带给这人或那人，夺去一些人的生命，而使有一些人就像秋天的落叶被轻轻地摘去。它流行甚广，虽不是无法控制，却来去突然，使我们不能有足够的反应。我们的反应表现得迷惑，拘谨和小心翼翼，同时担心自己的生命，就像一幕戏里战战兢兢的配角，看着反复无常的主角突然跑到台上，醉醺醺的，手握一支上膛的手枪。 21. On Incorruptibility

1) This reputation for incorruptibility is the greatest of our advantages in administering the Empire.2) Its rarity among nearly all the other peoples I have known raises our officials almost to the level of divine superiority and without it we could not hold the Empire together nor would it be worth the pains.3) A business man who has worked long under the system of concessions in Russia tells me that it is mow impossible to bribe the Commissar or other high officials there.4) That is an immense advance for under Tsarism one had only to signify the chance of a good bribe and one got what one wanted But nowadays on the suspicion of bribery both parties are shot off-hand.5) It is a drastic way of teaching what we have somehow learnt so smoothly that we are scarcely conscious of the lesson or of our need of it.6) Yet there was need.7) The change is remarkable and I think it may be traced to an unconscious sense of honor somehow instilled among the boys. 21参考译文

这种廉洁的名声是我们治理帝国的最大优势。这在我所知道的几乎所有别的民族中很少见，公这一点就把我们的官员抬到了神圣般的优越地位。如果没有这种廉洁，我们就不能使帝国保持团结，也不值得为之而尽心竭力。一个在俄国的租界长期工作过的商人对我说，如今在那里要去贿赂一位政治委员或其他高级官员是不可能的。这是一个很大的进步，因为在沙俄时代，只消向官员示意一下他有可能得到一大笔贿赂，就可以想要什么就得到什么。但是今天只要有行贿受贿嫌疑，双方都会立即枪毙。这是用一种过激的办法，来让我们懂得那些学得太顺当以臻我们几乎没有意识到是在学习，或意识到有学习的必要的东西。而在过去，这是必要的。这个变化是相当大的，我想变化的根源在于人们在小时候被灌输一种下意识的荣誉感。 22. On ―Mein Kampf‖

1) Mein Kampf’s theme song recurring again and again is race race purity race supremacy though nowhere did Hitler attempt to define race.2) It was never intended by Nature Hitler claims that all races should be equal any more than individuals are equal.3) Some are created superior to others.4) The Germans as the world’s strongest race should rule over the inferior through having the habitat of the highest race extended and scattered Germanic peoples united under one rule.6) The vast expansion visualized by Hitler would take place principally at the expense of other races.7) To attain the objectives set by his soaring ambition Hitler proposes three methods: propaganda diplomacy and force. 8) Nowhere in Mein Kampf is the author more revealing of himself and his tactics than in his discussion of propaganda techniques—correctly believed by him to be one of the Nazis’ most effective and formidable weapons. 22参考译文

《我的奋斗》一书中一而再，再而三重复强调的主题就是种族、种族的纯正和种族的优越，虽然希特勒根本不想去解释什么叫种族。希特勒宣称，上帝从不认为所有民族应当平等，正如个人不

平等一样。一些民族天生就高于另一些民族。如世界上最强大的民族德国人就应统治地球上的劣等民族。如果能使最优秀的民族地盘扩展到世界各地，并使分散的各日耳曼民族团结在一个统治下，全人类会最终从中受益。希特勒所设想的大规模扩张主要就是以牺牲其他民族利益而进行的。为了达到他野心勃勃的目的，希特勒提出三种手段，这就是宣传、外交和武力。在《我的奋斗》一书中，最能揭示希特勒本人和他的手段的地方莫过于在论述其宣传技巧时，这个被他认为是纳粹最有效最厉害的武器之一。 23. A Jew’s Journey

1) It is a very long time since I attended a Mass.2) In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing with a crowd of real worshippers—those who come include the paralyzed the crippled the blind the deformed the dying a terrible parade a parade of God’s cruel jokes or inept mistakes if you seriously maintain that he heeds the sparrow’s fall.3) Cold as it was in the church the air was warm as May compared to the chill in my heart as the Mass proceeded.4) It would have been only courteous to kneel at the proper time as all did since I had voluntarily come: but for all the disapproving glances I the stiff—necked Jew would not kneel.5) I remember the first break with my own religion as though it were yesterday.6) I can still feel my cheek stinging from the slap of the mashiakh the study hall supervisor as I trudge in the snow on the town square in the purple evening having been ordered out of the hall for impudent heresy.7) Perhaps in a larger city the mashiakh would have had the sense to smile at my effrontery and pass it off.8) Then the whole course of my life might have been different. 23参考译文

我已经很久没有做过弥散。在这个众人朝拜的圣城，我看到了真正的弥散。看到一批一批虔诚的善男善女，其中有瘫痪的，有跛足的，有失明的，有畸形的，有奄奄一息的，他们组成一支令人目不忍赌的行列。如果有谁真相信就连麻雀坠地这样的小事上帝也注意致了，那么这些人一定是他有意残酷作弄的对象，或是他千虑一失的牺牲品。教堂里寒气逼人，但弥撒开始后，教堂里的气氛与我心中的凄凉相比，却温暖如春。既然我来这里是完全出于自愿。仅仅为了礼貌起见，我本应该在需要下跪的时候和他们一起下跪。但是，我这个倔强的犹太人却不顾四周向我向射来的非难目光，就是不肯下跪。我还记得我最初和我的犹太教决裂的情形。就像昨天发生一样。那个学堂的学监，认为我胆敢信奉异端邪说，狠狠打了我一记耳光，把我赶出学堂。我只得在紫色暮霭中，拖着沉重的脚步走在市政广场的雪地里，脸上感到针戳一般痛。现在我还感到那种痛。这种事如发生在一个大一些的城市，那里的学监可能会通情达理，对我的冒犯行为一笑了之。如果真是那样，我的生命旅程也就会完全不同。 24. Extraterrestrial Life

1) Hand in hand with the recent spectacular advances in radio technology there has been a dramatic

increase in the scientific and public respectability of the entire subject of extraterrestrial life.2) A clear sign of the new attitude is the Viking missions to Mars which are to a significant extent dedicated to the search for life on another planet.3) But along with the burgeoning dedication to a serious search a slightly negative note has emerged which is nevertheless very interesting.4) A few scientists have lately asked a curious question: if extraterrestrial intelligence is abundant why have we not already seen its manifestations?5) Think of the advances by our own technological civilization in the past ten thousand years and imagine such advances continued over millions or billions of years more.6) If only a tiny fraction of advanced civilizations are millions or billions or billions of years more advanced then ours why have they not produced artifacts devices or even industrial pollution of such magnitude that we would have detected it ? 24参考译文

与无线电技术获得非凡进展相一致的是，无论是科学界还是在社会上，人们对寻外星人这一

课题的重要性的认识，有了极大的提高。“海盗”号火星探测器的发射就清楚地表明了这种新的态度。因为这些发射在很大程度上是用来搜寻另一行星上的生命的。不过，随着人们倾注越来越多的精力，进行认真搜索的时候，却出现了一种有点反对，但又是十分有趣的论调。一些科学家近来问了一个奇怪的问题：如果宇宙间存在许多外星人，为什么我们迄今尚未见到表明他们存在的证据？想一想近一万年来我们自己的技术文明社会所取得的种种进步吧。再设想一下，这些进步再持数百万年或数十亿年时的情景吧。先进的文明社会中即使仅有极少一部分，其优越的程度超过我们数百万年或数十亿年，为何他们至今还未能制造出物件，器械装置和我们本应检测到的如此大量的工业污染？

25. The Importance of being Interested

1) Now I have recalled these beginnings of the careers of Franklin Darwin and Mozart because

they strikingly illustrate a profound psychological truth the significance of which can scarcely be overestimated.2) It is a truth to e sure that has long been partially recognized.3) But its full meaning has not been—and could not be—appreciated until quite recently.4) Only within the past few years has scientific research effected various discoveries which make its complete recognition possible and of supreme importance—of such importance that practical application of the principles involved would make for an immediate and stupendous increase in human happiness efficiency and welfare.5) Stated briefly the truth in question is that success in life meaning thereby the accomplishment of results of real value to the individual and to society depends chiefly on sustained endeavor springing out of a deep and ardent interest in the tasks of one’s chosen occupation.

25参考译文

现在我已回顾了富兰克林，达尔文和莫扎特开始事业时的情况。因为这些事雄辩地说明了心理方面的一个深刻的真理，其意义再强调也不过分。确实，这是一个长期来并没有充分认识的真理。直到前不久，其全部意义才被，才可能被理解。只是在最近几年里科学研究才作出种种发现，使得完全认识这一真理成为可能，并变得极其重要，迟到于它所涉及到的原则运用到实践中去会立即和极大地提高人的效力，给人类带来幸福和康乐。简单的说，这个真理就是生活的成功，即实现个人和社会的真正价值的结果主要取决于坚持不懈的努力，这种努力是来源于对自己所选择的事业深深的和炽热的兴趣。 26. How to Write Clearly

1) I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.2) You have only to go to great philosophers to see that it is possible to express with lucidity the most subtle reflections.3) One cause of obscurity is that many writers think not before but as they write.4) The pen originates the thought.5) The disadvantages of this and indeed it is a danger against which the author must be always on his guard is that there is a sort of magic in the written word.6) The idea acquires substance by taking on a visible nature and then stands in the way of its own clarification.7) But this sort of obscurity merges very easily into the willful.8) Some writers who do not think clearly are inclined to suppose that their thoughts have a significance greater than at first sight appears.9) It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reis with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 26参考译文

有些作家，读者要费力才能看懂他们的意思，我对这样的作家一向是没有多少耐心的。你只要看一看那些大哲学家的著作就会明白，即使是最细腻的思想也是可以表达得很清楚的。写不清

楚的一个原因是许多作家不是想好了再写，而是边写边想。思想从运笔中产生。这有一种缺点，甚至是作家必须时刻警惕的危险，即文字有一种魔力。一个思想有了看得见的形状后，变成了具体的东西，它会妨碍作者把它进一步说清楚。不过，这种不清楚很容易与作者故意造成的不清楚混在一起。有些作家思路不请，往往认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达那么清楚，让什么人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。

27. The Normandy Landings

1) The landings were very chancy and might have ended disastrously.2) A pyramiding of mistakes and bad luck on German side gave Roosevelt success in his one audacious military move.3) The mounting of the invasion armada was certainly a fine technological achievement; as was the production of the huge air fleets with crews to man them.4) General Marshall’s raising equipping and training of the land armies that poured into Normandy showed him to be an American Scharnhorst.5) The U. S infantryman while requiring far too luxurious logistical support put up a nice fight in France; he was fresh well—fed and unscarred by battle.6) But essentially what happened in Normandy was that Franklin Roosevelt beat Adolf Hitler as surely as Wellington beat Napoleon at Waterloo. 7) In Normandy the two men at last clashed in head—on armed shock.8) Hitler’s mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost. 27参考译文

诺曼底登陆十分危险，结果很可能是一场灾难。德国方面的一错再错，加上运气不好，才使罗斯福在一次大胆的军事行动中得以成功。进攻船队的集结，确实是一个出色的技术成就，而庞大的冠军机群的生产和机上人员的配备，也是如此。马歇尔将军对于涌进诺曼底的地面部队的征募，装备和训练，显示出他是美国的一位沙恩霍斯特。美国步兵虽然需要过于奢侈的后勤支持，但在法国却进行了顽强的战斗。他们精神饱满，营养充足，没有在滑铁卢击败拿破仑那样，罗斯福确实是击败了希特勒。在诺曼底，这两人终于在正面的冲突中交手了。希特勒犯下的错误使罗斯 福取得了胜利。正如在滑铁卢战场上，与其说威灵顿打胜了，不如说拿破仑战败了。 28. A New Hunger

1) There was a huge library near the riverfront but I knew that Negroes were not allowed to patronize its shelves any more than they were the parks of the city.2) But I managed to get some books there.3) I grew silent wondering about the life around.4) It would gave been impossible for me to have told anyone what I derived from these novels for it was nothing less than a sense of life itself.5) All my life had shaped me for the realism the naturalism of the modern novel and I could not read enough of them.6) Steeped in new moods and ideas I began to write; but nothing would come or what did come was flat beyond telling.7) I discovered that more than desire and feeling were necessary to write and I dropped the idea.8) Yet I still wondered how it was possible to know people sufficiently to write about them? 9) I now knew what being a Negro meant.10) I could endure the hunger.11) I had learned to live with hate.12) But to feel that there were feelings denied me that the very breath of life itself was beyond my reach that more than anything else hurt wounded me.13) I had a new hunger. 28参考译文

该市江边有一个很大的图书馆，但是我知道它是不容许黑人去光顾的，就如市里的公园不让黑人进去的那样。但我还是设法从那里搞到一些书。我变得沉默起来，开始考虑周围的生活。如果真让我说出，读了这些小说有何收益，这是不可能的。因为这一切不过是生活本身的感受。我一生的经历造成了我喜欢现代小说中的现实主义和自然主义作品。这类小说我百读不厌。我完全沉浸在新的情绪和思想中，于是便开始写作。但我什么也没写出来。即使写出来的也极其平淡无味。我发现要写作，只有愿望和感情是不够的。于是我放弃了写作的念头。然而，我仍然是想知

道，怎样才能了解人们，进而描写他们？我现在知道了做一个黑人意味什么。我可以忍受饥饿。我学会了容忍仇恨。但我感到我被拒之于某些感情之外，感到生活中最必需的东西我也得不到，这种感觉比其他任何东西都更深深刺伤了我的心。这样有了新的饥饿。 29. Sunset

1) But owing to the constant presence of air currents arranging both the dust and vapor in strata

of varying extent and density and of high or low clouds which both absorb and reflect the light in varying degree we see produced all those wondrous combinations of tints and those gorgeous ever-changing colors which are a constant source of admiration and delight to all who have the advantage of an uninterrupted view to the west and who are accustomed to watch for those not infrequent exhibitions of nature’s kaleidoscopic color painting.2) With every change in the altitude of the sun the display changes its character; and most of all when it has sunk below the horizon and owing to the more favorable angle a larger quantity of the colored light is reflected toward us.3) These as long as the sun was above the horizon intercepts much of the light and color ; but when the great luminary has passed away from our direct vision its light shines more directly on the under sides of all the clouds and air strata of different densities.

29参考译文

但是由于不断出现的气流，把尘埃与水汽形成范围和密度均不等的空气层，加上不断出现的高低空云层不同程度地吸收和反射太阳光，我们这才看到所产生的各种奇异的色调和不断变化的色彩，任何人只要有幸看到一幅完整的西天的景色，习惯于注意大自然的不时展现的那瞬息万变的画面，都会为之赞不绝口，喜不自胜。随着夕阳缓缓西坠，这种景观也不断变幻，尤其是在太阳深入地平线之后，由于角度更加适宜，大量五颜六色的光就都反射到地面上来了。原先只要太阳还在地平线上，云雾就截住上少阳光和色彩，但现在太阳从我们的视野中消失了，阳光便更为直接地照射到密度不同的云层和大气层的底部。 30. Tragedy

1) Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it.2) There are no longer problems of the spirit.3) There is only the question:4) When will I be blown up? 5) Because of this the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about worth the agony and the sweat.6) He must learn them again.7) He must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid; and teaching himself that forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart the universal truths lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed—love and honor and pity and pride and compassion and sacrifice.8) Until he does so he labors under a curse.9) He writes not of love but of lust of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value of victories without hope and worst of all without pity or compassion. 30参考译文

我们今天的悲剧在于存在着一种普遍的内心恐惧，这种恐惧一直伴随着我们，以致我们竟能默默承受着它。不再有精神问题了。唯一存在的问题是：我什么时候会被炸得粉碎？因为想着这个问题，如今的青年男女作家已经忘却了人类内心冲突的问题，而惟有写内心冲突才会产生优秀的作品，因为这是唯一值得去写的，值得作家们为之呕心沥血的。作家必须再度学习这些问题。他们必须使得自己懂得恐惧是最低贱的东西，学会永远忘却恐惧，在自己的作品里除了写反映心灵的永恒那些古老的价值与真理外，不保留任何东西。因为缺少这些永恒的真理，任何小说，或写爱情，荣誉，怜悯，自尊，或写同情，牺牲，都是短命的，注定要失败的。除非他这样做，否则他的辛勤工作只能遭来诅咒。他写的不是爱情而是情欲，写失败，没有人失去有价值的东西，

写胜利，没有希望，更糟的是，没有怜悯，没有同情。 31. Technology vs. Genius

1) According to the new school of scientists science moves forward not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.2) ―In short‖ a leader of the new school contends ―the scientific revolution was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.‖3) Over the years tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.4) The modern school that hails technology argues that Galileo Newton Einstein and Edison attached great importance to and derived great benefit from information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.5) Government policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.6) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 31参考译文

根据新学派的科学家的观点，科学的发展与其说是源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说是由于改进的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。他们中的一个领导人坚持说：“简而言之，科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。偏向技术的现代派认为伽利略、牛顿、爱因斯坦和爱迪生都看重在科学实验中有用的信息和各种技术工具，并从中得益非浅。政府的政策必然要涉及到是偏向技术还是偏向人才的争论。政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。 32. Views on the World Wars

1) The Second World War in some ways gave birth to less novelty and genius than the First.2) It was of course a greater cataclysm fought over a wider area and altered the social and political structure of the world at least as radically as its predecessor perhaps more so.3) But the break in continuity in 1914 was far more violent.4) The year 1914 looks to us now and looked even in the 1920s as the end of a long period of largely peaceful development broken suddenly and catastrophically.5) In Europe at least the years before 1914 were viewed with understandable nostalgia by those who after them knew no real peace.6) The period between the wars marks a decline in the development of human culture if it is compared with that sustained and fruitful period which makes the nineteenth century seem a unique human achievement so powerful that it persisted even during the war which broke it to a degree which seems astonishing to us now. 32参考译文

第二次世界大战在某些方面不像第一次世界大战那样产生了诸多新奇事物和天才伟人。当然，它是一场更大的战争，卷入的地区更广，改变世界社会和政治结构的激烈程度至少不亚于第一次世界大战，或许更为激烈。但是1914年的时势突变更为剧烈。1914年就我们现在看来，甚至二十年代的人看来，标志了一个长期来基本上是和平发展时期的结束，这个时期的结束是如此的突然和灾难性。至少在欧洲有些人抱着怀旧的心情看待1914年前的岁月是可以理解的，因为他们知道此后就没有真正的和平了。如果和十九世纪相比，两次大战之间的那一段时期标志着人类文化发展的一个衰退。十九世纪由于那段持续发展和硕果累累的时期似乎成为人类的一个独特的成就。那段时期的成就是如此之大，就是后来发生大战，还是在大战期间继续发展。我们当代人似乎也为之惊叹。

33. Specialisations in Sciences

1) Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never closed their parents’ eyelids in death and who have experienced the additional distance from death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the tremendous significance—for the future—of the way we live our lives.2) Acceptance of the inevitability of death which when faced can give dignity to life and acceptance of our inescapable role in the modern world might transmute our anxiety about making the right choices taking the right precautions and the right risks into the sterner stuff of responsibility.3) Worry in an empty context means that men die daily little deaths.4) But good anxiety—not about the things that were left undone long ago but active vivid anxiety about what must be done now—binds men to life with an intense concern. 44参考译文

美国人的前辈曾撇下自己的老人去闯荡世界，父母死了也不能为他们闭上眼睛。而由于两次大战都在远离美国本土的地方进行，他们也有了这种亲人死时不在场的经历。有这样历史和经历的他们今天越来越不能正视死亡，不能正视我们的生活方式对未来的重大意义。而当死亡来临时，能接受死亡这一不可避免的事实反能使生命具有尊严。接受我们在现代世界上不可推卸的作用可能会把我们担心是否作出正确的决定，是否采取了恰当的防范措施，和是否冒了该冒的险焦虑变为坚定的责任。无事凭空发愁的人等于每天在小死几回。但务实的焦虑，即不是为很久以前留下未做的事发愁，而是为今天必须做的事所产生的积极实在的担忧，这种焦虑能以一种强烈的关注把人们和生活紧密地联在一起。 45. The Method of Scientific Research

1) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply made by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.2) There is no more difference but there is just the same kind of difference between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.3) It is not that the scales in the one case and the balance the other differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 45参考译文

科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，简单地说，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式2耀学家的思维活动和一般人的思维活动之间并没有多大的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫的操作和方法与化学师的操作之间有所区别，前者是用普通的秤来称他们的货物，而后者是用天平和等级分得很精细的砝码来进行困难而又复杂的分析。这并不是说面包师或屠夫所用的秤和化学师所用的天平在构造原理和工作方式上有区别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然准确得多。 46. Science of History

1) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.2) Caught in the web of its won time and place each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.3) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 4) While history once showed its close relationship with literature and philosophy the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking

new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.5) Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.6)During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study. 46参考译文

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的研究最倾向于认为历史学是试图重现过去重大的史实并对其做出解释。由于每一时代的历史学家受自身所处的时代和地位的限制，都会重新决定过去对他们什么是重大的。人们之所以对历史研究的方法论产生兴趣，更多的是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次才是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。虽然历史学曾显示它同文学和哲学的紧密关系，但新诞生的社会科学似乎提供更多的机会来提出新的问题，并给予有价值的方法来理解过去。社会科学方法论必须转变去适应一门受历史资料的重要性制约而不是受当代社会的需要制约的学问。在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。 47. Books

1) Since a particular bookstore happens to resemble a supermarket anyway the inescapable though perhaps unintended message is that books are consumable items meant to be devoured and forgotten like potatoes or pezza.2) The implied inclusion of books among the world’s perishable goods is hardly made more agreeable by the reflection that increasing numbers of books these days do seem to be written with just such consumption in mind and that most bookstores have become little more than news stands for hard cover publications of this sort which are merchandised for a few weeks—sometimes only as long as they remain on the best-seller lists—and are then retired to discount store (those jumbled graveyards of books so saddening to the hearts of authors) shortly before dropping out of print altogether.3) Books that are planned for rapid oblivion probably make some kind of economic sense to publishing houses but as contribution to literature they amount to a contradiction in terms. 47参考译文

由于某家书店恰好像一个超市，因此虽然也许是无意的，却不可避免地给了我们这样一个信息：书是消费品，如同土豆或意大利意大利馅饼一样，是供人蚕食后忘掉的。无形中把书确实是为了这样的消费目的而写的就令人感到舒心，同样也不会因为想到大多数的书店已变得虚有其名，成了不过是出售这类精装书的报亭而令人感到舒心。这类精装书卖不到几个星期，有时只要一旦跌出畅销书，就会被抛到打折书店里去（也就是令作家深为痛心的乱七八糟的书坟堆），紧跟着就完全绝了版。准备让人很快忘记的书可能对出版公司有某些经济价值，而要说对文学有贡献，则简直是自相矛盾。 48. Chamberlain’s Journey

1) Whatever the enthusiasm of the English who seemed to believe that the Prime Minister was making the long journey to do what Mr. Asquith and Sir Edward had failed to do in 1914—warn Germany aggression against a small power would bring not only France but Britain into war against it—Hitler realized as the confidential German papers and subsequent events make clear that Chamberlain’s action was a godsend to him.2) Already apprised by the German Embassy in London that the British leader was prepared to advocate ―far-reaching German proposals‖ the Fuehrer was fairly certain that Chamberlain’s visit was a further assurance that as he had believed all along Britain and France would not intervene on behalf of Czechoslovakia.3) The Prime Minister had not been with him more than an hour or so before this estimate of the situation became a certainty.

48参考译文

英国人似乎认为首相之长途跋涉是要完成阿斯奎先生和爱德华爵士在1914年所没有做到的事情——警告德国：对小国的任何侵略，不但会引起法国而且是英国的参战，联合反德。然而不管英国方面如何热心，从德国的秘密文件和以后的事态演变看来，希特勒很明白，张伯伦的行动对他来说是一个天赐良机。德国驻英大使早已报告过说英国领导人愿意倡导实行“德国的多方面建议”，因此元首十分肯定，张伯伦此次前来等于是进一步保证，英国和法国，将如他一贯认为的那样，不会为捷克斯洛伐克而出兵干涉。英国首相同他会面还不到一小时，这个事先的估计就得到了肯定。

49. The Requirements of Writing Science Fiction

1) It hardly needs to be pointed out that a prime requirement for science fiction if it is to fulfil the function just formulated is that it be entertaining.2) This is by no means synonymous with jollity or with having a happy ending for tragedy is often more deeply strengthening than victory.3) But the story should be one that absorbs and convinces us and at the same time affords us relief from our daily doings by taking us via the narrative not the didactic route satisfactorily beyond our accustomed horizons.4) Properly to meet this combination of conditions is a job that demands an extremely high order of abilities.5) These must include not only a working understanding of the major principles and possibilities of present-day natural science and technology in the diverse lines relevant to the theme dealt with but also a rounded insight into human relations and feelings a fertile but well-controlled imagination and the exacting skills of a writer. 49参考译文

如果科幻小说要起到我们所规定的作用，那么我们对它的首要要求是要有娱乐性。这一点是无须指出的。但这决不等于说小说要欢快，要以胜利和大团圆结局。因为悲剧往往比喜剧更有震撼力。但故事应当引人入胜，令人信服。同时通过叙述，而不是说教，把我们带出所熟悉的世界，让我们从日常琐事中得以解脱。或许要符合这些条件需要有极高的能力。这些能力必须包括不仅仅在各种涉及主题的方面对当今的自然科学和技术的主要原理和各种可能性有基本的了解，而且对人的关系和情感有全面，深刻的理解，有丰富但不是漫无边际的想象力，和严格的写作技能。 50. The Principle of Evolution

1) Since Darwin biologists have been firmly convinced that nature works without plan or meaning pursuing no aim by the direct road of design.2) But today we see that this conviction is a fatal error.3) Why should evolution exactly as Darwin knew it and described it be planless and irrational? 4) Do not aircraft design engineers work at precisely that point where specific calculations and plans give out according to the same principle of evolution when they test the serviceability of a great number of statistically determined forms in the wind tunnel in order to choose the one that functions best? 5) Can we say that there is no process of natural selection when nuclear physicists through thousands of computer operations try to find out which materials in which combinations and with what structural form are best suited to the building of an atomic reactor? 6) They also practise no designed adaptation but work by the principle of selection.7) But it would never occur to anyone to call their method planless and irrational. 50参考译文

自达尔文以来，生物学家一直坚信，大自然的运转中没有计划的或者是没有意义的，它不会通过直接的设计途径去追求目标。但是，今天我们知道，这一信念是个严重错误。为什么进化恰达尔文所理解和描述的那样竟是无计划，无理性的呢？当飞机设计工程师在风洞里对大量的，根据数据制造的机体模型的耐用性能进行测试，以从中选出运转最佳的设计时，他们不也是在具体运算和计划不起作用的情况下，根据同样的进化原理进行工作的吗？当核物理学家经过成千上万

次的计算机运算，试图找出哪些材料，以怎样的结合方式，以及什么的结构形式，才最适宜用于原子核反应堆的建造时，我们能够说这中间没有自然选择的过程么？他们也未进行事先设计的适应性调整，而是根据选择原理开展工作的。但是人们从未认为这种方法是无计划的，无理性的。 51和平统一

为促进统一，就要有个适当的方式。所以我们建议举行两党平等会谈，实行第三次合作。大陆和台湾有不同的意识形态，实行不同的政治制度，但绝不能让这一点妨碍我们发展两岸关系，实现和平统一的大业。 参考译文（51）

1) To promote the reunification of the motherland we must find a proper means.2) So we suggest that the two Parties hold a talk on an equal footing and try for a third-time cooperation.3) The fact the mainland and Taiwan have adopted differ end ideologies and political systems should mot be allowed to stand to stand in the way of developing the relations between two sides of the Taiwan Straits and achieving the peaceful reunification. 52大学生

现在大学生的学习压力相当重。除了大四，他们开始找工作了，其余的学生总是忙于学习，而不愿参加校园团体和俱乐部，不愿参加体育锻炼和其他课外活动，不愿与他们的朋友玩玩，不愿关心和学习没有关系的事。总之，他们就像一个机器人。压力大，时间少，功课多。看到同寝室里的人都上图书馆去学习，到深夜闭馆才回，而自己却去看电影，他们就会有一种内疚感。一想到白天什么事都没干，心里就感到不安，会整夜因此睡不着觉。他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事，成为一个全面发展的人。读大学使他们失去太多的个人幸福和健康。

参考译文（52）

1) College students now bear heavy academic pressure.2) You will find them—except seniors who are beginning to look for a job—always too busy in studies to join campus organizations too busy to take part in sports and other extracurricular activities too busy to share the interests of their friends and too busy to pay attention to anything that is not connected with their studies.3) In short they have become nothing but a robot.4) They are under pressure to do too much work in too little time.5) If their roommates are studying in the library until it closes at midnight while they go to a movie they will feel guilty.6) The very idea of doing nothing during the day will make them uncomfortable and sleepless all night.7) They study so hard that they have hardly had time to savor life and to pursue other interests to grow as well-rounded people.8) The pursuit of college education costs them too much personal happiness and health. 53孔乙已

我从此便整天的站在柜台里，专管我的职务。虽然没有什么失职，但总觉有些无聊。掌柜的是一副凶脸孔，主顾也没有好声气。教人活泼不得；只有孔乙已到店后，才可以笑几声，所以至今还记得。 参考译文（53）

1) After that I stood all day behind the bar attending to my duties.2) Although I did nothing wrong at this job I found it somewhat boring and monotonous.3) My boss was a fierce-looking man the customers were not pleasanter and the tavern failed to be bright.4) There was not any laughter until Kong Yiji came. That’s why I still remember him. 培训材料 54民工潮

新年春节刚过，农村的破旧小车站就挤满了成千上万的农民。他们只有一个目的，到城市去。

八十年代处，农村的改革，使得千千万万的农民从土地上解放了出来，纷纷跑到城市找工作。自那以后，这种大规模的民工潮一直使城市感到头痛。这不仅是因为对城市设施造成了极大的压力，而且他们担心会引发许多社会矛盾。所以外来民工往往补被看成二等公民，不能成为城市居民，孩子不能在城市读书。但是另一方面，城市和经济开发区的发展急切需要大批劳力到工厂和建设工地。而且政府也感到如果不让农民出来。而农民的不满加剧，会导致社会动乱。 参考译文（53）

1,2) Only a few days after the Lunar New Year in dilapidated little railway stations throughout the countryside millions of peasants are gathering with a single purpose to get to the cities.3,4) Even since the early 1980s when the agricultural reform freed millions of farmers to seek city jobs the mass not just because of the pressure it puts on infrastructure.5) Many fear that migration on such a giant scale will lead to social strain,6) As a result they have treated the migrants as second-class citizens.6) For instance workers form the rural heartland are denied the right to settle down as permanent residents and to send their children to city schools.7) But on the other hand in booming cities and special economic zones factories and construction sites need all the labor they can get.8,9) And the government believe that if the rural masses did not get a share of and poor countryside would further widen leading to a building-up resentment that might fuel social unrest. 55物质奖励

尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍是比赛成绩。得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。任何想获奥运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。这一点常常是观众没看到的。因此，运动员要求得到物质奖励是可以理解的。 参考译文（55）

1) Despite lip service paid to friendship what matters to athletes is success.2) Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.3) What the spectators sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants and has little spare time.5) It is understandable that athletes want some tangible reward. 56改革开放

改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。冒一定的风险是必要的不冒点风险，办什么事情都有百分之百的把握，万无一失，谁敢说这样的话？一开始就自以为是，认为百分之百正确，没那回事。我就从来没那么认为。每年领导层都要总结经验，对的就坚持，不对的就丢掉或赶快改，新问题出来抓紧解决，无论是打仗还是搞改革，都经不起慢腾腾的决策。在很多情况下，都需要冒险试一试，然后一边前进一边改正自已的错误。恐怕再有三十年的时间，我们才会在各方面形成一整套更加成熟，更加定型的制度，在这个的方针，政策，也将更加定型化。 参考译文（56）

1) We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.2) A certain amount of risk-taking is necessary.3,4) Who dares to claim that he is 100 percent sure of success right from the beginning and without taking any risk? There is no such thing as certainty.5) I have never had such notions as thinking I’m 100 percent correct.6) Every year leaders should review what they have done so as to hold to what works and discard what does not or take immediate corrective steps.7) We should lose no time in tackling them whenever new problems arise.8) No one can afford the luxury of slow decision-making whether it involves fighting a battle or making a reform.9) In many cases you have to take a chance and correct your mistakes as you go along.10) I’m afraid that it may take another 30 years to establish a set of more mature and more consistent system in all fields of endeavor under which all policies will be more consistent too 57金融危机

现在的国际金融是没有国界的，当东京的股市大跌时，受影响的不只是日本，而是全世界。因此保持我们中国的经济稳定发展，就要帮助 恢复亚太地区的稳定的发展。我们中国在这次亚洲金融危机中勇敢地承担了自己的责任。 参考译文（57）

1）International finance has no respect for national borders.2) When stock markets fall in Tokyo the effects are no longer local; they are global.3) So to have sustained economic growth China must help to restore stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region.4) China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region in this latest financial crisis. 58抗洪抢险

这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。官方的数字表明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。占中国总耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量受到影响。客运的货运也被迫中断。在未来的许多岁月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。尽管损失如此严重，举国上下，展民与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力，例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。 参考译文（58）

1）The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years.2) Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their jhomes.3) Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares.3 percent of China’s total cropland.4) Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut.5) The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted.6) The overall effect on China’s economy will be felt for many months.7/8) Despite the serious damage China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding.9) For example 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded.10) Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort. 60投资市场

股票市场，国库券市场和企业债券市场是上海最大和最活跃的资本市场。这些市场的日趋活跃，表明上海金融体系越来越成熟，同时也看出上海企业正设法通过直接向群众借款的办法来克服信货紧缩。它还说明，上海投资者越来越聪明。他们购买各种有价证券，从保值定期储蓄、国库券、股票、企业债券，到现在只要能使手中钱不因通货膨胀而贬值的各种其他金融债券。机构投资者和个人投资者踊跃购买每年发行的国库券，企业债券因为期限短。人们争相购买证券，往往前一天晚上就在银行外徘队，一个亿的债券几天就一售而空。 参考译文（60）

1，2)Increasing activity in the stock market the treasury bond and enterprise bond markets—Shanghai’s biggest and most active capital markets—reflects the growing sophistication of the local financial system and the efforts of local enterprises to beat the credit squeeze by6 borrowing directly from the public.3.4) It also indicates that Shanghai investors are getting smarter spreading their portfolios among inflation-linked fixed bank deposits treasury bonds shares and enterprise bonds and other financial instruments now available as a hedge against inflation.5) Treasury bonds issued each year has been the most popular with institutional and individual investors.6) Enterprise bonds are also popular because they have a short maturity and offer an interesting rate of 1—2% more than the average bank deposit rate.7) Often RMB 100 million worth of enterprise bonds are subscribed within a few days by anxious by anxious investors who queue overnight outside banks.

61快乐教育

快乐教育是指强调培养学生成为德，智，体，美，劳全面发展的人。它改变了我们以往唯有高分的学生才是人才的观念。因为我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。 参考译文（61）

1.2)By advocating enjoyable education we mean to challenge the notion that grades are an exclusive measure of one’s talent and to aim to develop children’s total personality not just their academic ability.2) We are also value virtues physical endurance manual skills or artistic abilities.3) For China in her development needs not only engineers and scientists but talent of different kinds. 62美国华人

70年代以来，美国华人社会发生了重大的变化。最显著的是许多来自大陆的中国人不断涌入美国，使美国华人经济日趋繁荣。据悉，自1986年起，美国华人经济已跃居全美少数民族之首，遥遥领先于日裔、韩裔等其他后裔。美国华人家庭的年均收入已超过美国白人家庭。目前，一批华人企业家在美国经济界享有一定声望。更可喜的是，近年来美国冒出一批知名华裔科技人才。他们的科技成就引起了国际科技界的注意和钦佩。同时华人的政治地位明显提高，涉足美国政界的人越来越多。 参考译文（62）

1) Since the 1970s the Chinese community in the USA has undergone tremendous changes among which is its rapid increase in population as many Chinese have kept flooding into America’s shore.3) As the population of the American citizens of Chinese descent has increased and their qualities have evidently improved so their economic conditions have prospered.4) It is said that since 1986 the US citizens of Chinese descent have leapt to a good lead over other racial minorities Japanese and Koreans for instance.5) The average Chinese family’s yearly income has now come to exceed that of the average American family.6) At present there is a number of enterprisers of Chinese descent in the economic circles in the US who enjoy considerable fame.7) An even more cheerful phenomenon is that in recent years there have sprung up in the US prominent scientific and technical talents of Chinese descent.8) Their achievements have come to command the notice and admiration of scientists and technical experts in the world.9) Meanwhile Chinese-descent citizens have roles to play in American political circles as they have risen evidently in political status. 63环境污染

过去，人们并没有充分认识到污染给环境造成的影响。只是把它看成一种会熏黑房屋，弄脏河流的令人讨厌的东西。直到不久前才认识到还会对人体健康造成威胁。而且这种威胁之大，足以影响许多生命的生存，甚至包括人类本身的生存。 参考译文（63）

1) The effect of pollution on the environment was not fully realized.2,3,4) Until recently pollution was seen as more than a nuisance that blackened buildings and sullied streams but as a threat to human health the threat that has become so great in recent years as to challenge the survival of many living things including man himself. 64退休

不同的人对退休持不同的态度。有些人认为退休后可以好好享受晚年的生活。但真的退下来了，他们则有点失望。看到自己就要被抛到废物堆里，他们不甘认命，设法另找事干来发挥自己的于热，以继续得到收入。另一些人则对一生中这样一个重大变动早有准备。他们一生为工作操劳，现在筋疲力尽了，渴望退休后能放松拉紧的弦，好好休息。由于不再需要每天早晨去赶公共汽车了，不再要为晋级虑。就可以有足够的时间去追求童年时的梦想，如写写书、画画图、种

种花、周游各地。总的来说，没有像男的一样感到可怕。 参考译文（64）

1） Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.2) Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, 3) but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed.4) Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provede.5) Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives.6) Tired out after all exhausting life revolving around work they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.7) As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream such as writing painting growing flowers and traveling around.8) On the whole female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers.9) Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 65经济发展

世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上来说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住。工资增长被通货膨胀抵消，生活水平下降，大批人下岗和失业，长期过紧日子。如果经济发展老是停留在低速度，生活水平就很难提高。 参考译文（65）

1) Basically the root cause for social unrest in some countries lies in their failure to boost their economy. Consequently they lack food clothing and shelter and their wage increases are offset by inflation.

With a decline in living standards widespread layoffs and unemployment people have to suffer chronic hardship.2) If economic growth remains at the low rate it is difficult for any government to raise people’s living standards. 66北京大学

北京大学的前身是燕京大学。它是一所贵族学校。按理说，学生在政治上应该是保潮开始在校园蔓延。到了1953年，燕京大学竟成为学生抗议运动的策源地。由此爆发了全国抗日战争。就在这时，美国作家爱德加 斯诺来到燕京大学任教。在燕大他呆了两年，接触了中国近代青年。了解了中国大学生的思想。自那后，燕京大学这所外国教会学校发生了很大的变化，它逐渐变成了完全由中国人自己掌握的学校。今天在北京大学的湖畔到处可以听到新一代大学生的欢声笑语。 参考译文（66）

1) Formerly Beijing University was called Yanjing University.2,3) It was an upperclass institution whose students normally should have been political conservatives.4,5) But as the national crisis deepened when the long-standing civil war merged with Japan’s conquest in the North a wave of radicalism began to spread there.67) By 1935 Yanjing university had unexpectedly become the birthplace of student protests which touched off a nationwide anti-Japanese war.8,9) For this reason Edgar Snow an American writer came to teach in Yanjing where he spent nearly two years in touch with modern Chinese youth and their thought.10) Since then Yanjing had evolved from a missionary institution into complete Chinese control.11) And today its lakeside echoes with the chatter and laughter of a new generation of students. 67城市的繁荣

一条一条的高架在上海城市上空编织出精致的网络。一座接着一座摩天大楼拔地而起，把天廓推向更高。在这购物者的天堂里，商店和大商场都挤满了成群结队的游客。而西装笔挺的商人

穿梭在人群里，手拿移动电话谈着生意。 参考译文（67）

1) With new highways weaving their intricate webs above the city of Shanghai more and more skyscrapers emerge and push the skyline ever higher.2,3) Thousands of visitors pack the shops and malls of this shoppers’ paradise and businessmen in smart designer suits discuss business over portable phones as they weave briskly through the crowds.

四十年多来，中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生存条件，提高了人民的生活水平。经过多年的努力，我们国家已能用仅占世界百分之七的耕地，养活了占世界百分之二十二的人口，使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。 参考译文（69）

1）After more than four decades of efforts to develop economy China has gradually raised the standard of living.2) Now it has solved the problem ;of food and clothing to a point where it has managed to feed its l. l billion people 22 percent of the world’s total population with only 7 percent of the world’s cultivated land. 70毕业选择

最近在高校毕业生择业问题上出现一种倾向，这就是毕业生越来越青睐在公司。很少人愿意到研究单位。在崇尚物质的社会里，这是一个不可避免的问题。学生还没有走出校门，大公司便在竞相聘用他们，向他们提供具有诱惑力的薪水和福利待遇。另一方面，由于许多大企业，甚至包括一些政府部门往往看重接经济效益，而相对来说对长期的理论研究不感兴趣，所以科研人员不断从纯理论研究领域流向实用工业。因为在那里工作要比研究领域里好找，工资也往往高。这些情况不仅严重影响青年人的择业观，而且还影响了教育。许多教师哀叹，现在纯为了学知识而学习的人越来越少了。 参考译文（70）

1)A recent phenomenon in the choice of careers on the part of college graduates is the increasing trend towards big companies.2) Few are interested in research fields.3,4) This is an unavoidable problem in a materialistic society where tempting salaries and fringe benefits are offered by big companies to compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.5) On the other hand as many big enterprises and even governments tend to concentrate on immediate economic results and show comparatively little interest is long range research there is a steady shift of scientists and researchers from the pure research to the applied field where there are more jobs available with better salaries.7) All this has not only seriously influenced young people’s view on the choice of careers but on education as well.8) Many college these hers deplore that fewer and fewer students these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. 72太湖

太湖明珠无锡，位于江苏省的南部，地处美丽富饶的长江三角洲的中心地带。这里物产丰富，气候温和，温差不大，雨量偏少，大多数时候阳光灿烂，万里晴空，是全年适合的旅游腹地。适宜的气候，尤其是优美的自然风景使她成为国家重点风景旅游城市闻名世界。与万里长城齐名的古京杭大运河纵贯市区。泛舟河上，能领略水乡的民俗风情。距市区七公里的太湖梅梁景区是太湖风景之精华。碧波万顷，鱼帆点点，湖光山色令人陶醉。其中的鼋头渚，巨石状如鼋头，远眺烟波浩瀚的太湖，被诗人郭沫若誉为“太湖佳绝处。” 参考译文（72）

1) Wuxi the pearl on the Tai Lake lies in the south of Jiangsu Province the center of the beautiful and rich Changjiang Delta.2) The mildness of its climate with slight temperature variations and infrequent rainfall combined with a high average level of sunshine and brilliant skies all make it ideal for tourism

all the year around.3) To these climatic advantages must be added the beauty of its natural attractions which have acquired an international reputation as a key national scenery city.4) The ancient Beijing-to-Hongzhou Canal as well-known as the Great Wall just runs through the city offering visitors on a boat a chance to get a view of the lives of people along the banks of the river.6) Merely 7 kilometers away from the center of the city is the Meiliang the best attraction of the Tai Lake scenery.7) One cannot help being intoxicated by white sails rolling and curving above the sparkling waters with dark and green hills around.8) Among the hills Tortoise Rocks named after its shape resembling a tortoise head overlook the vastness of the Tai Lake They are as GuoMoruo the Chinese great poet put it the best place to enjoy the Tai Lake scenery. 73学习英语

到中国来旅游观光的人很少不会注意到中国人学习英语的劲头。公园里有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。马路上外国游客常常被学习英语的人围住交谈，从天气到政治，无所不谈。各种英语班如雨后春笋在到处出现。 参考译文（73）

1) Few visitors to China will fail to notice the eagerness of the Chinese to learn English.2) In public parks there are special corners where English learners old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.3) Foreign visitors are often besieged on streets by English learners who want to talk with them in English abut anything from weather to politics.4) English classes are mushrooming across the land.

在谈话中，他涉及的是一些严肃的问题，诸如国有企业的改革，快速膨胀的政府机构，中国对亚洲邻邦承担的义务，决不使人民币贬值，整治环境和铲除腐败。自始至终，人们时而点头表示赞同，时而捧腹大笑。 参考译文（75）

1) In his talk he tackled serious subjects like the reform of state-owned enterprises and the growing bureaucracy China’s commitment to her Asian neighbors and determination not to devalue her currency the need to clean up the environment or root out corruption.2) All the while people alternately nodded in approval or held their sides with laughter. 76小鸡风波

退休煤矿工人张师傅今年年初买了四只小鸡。有一天发现丢了一只，气得一个劲地埋怨老伴。傍晚，有一只小鸡突然从门外进来，随后邻居王某跟进院来，抓起小鸡就走。张老太哪里肯放。双方争吵起来。原来王某年初也买了两只小鸡最近丢了一只。这时，另一个姓李的邻居过来了解情况。他将有争议的小鸡从两家中间撒出去。那只鸡不去王家，直向张家的鸡群跑去。张师傅叫了声“鸡鸡鸡”，他养的小鸡，连同有争议的那只，争先恐后地跑到他的脚下。王某无话可说，当场认错，一场小鸡风波平息了。 参考译文（76）

1) Mr. Zhang a retired miner bought four chicks early this yeae.2) One day he found one of them missing.2) He got so angry that he kept blaming his wife for it all the time.3) Towards evening into his yard came a chick followed by his neighbor Wang who ran to catch the chick.4) Naturally Zhang’s wife wouldn’t let him go with the chick.5) and so a quarrel ensued.6) It turned out that Wang had also lost one of his two chicks recently which he bought nearly the same time as Mr Zhang did.7) Their quarrel drew another neighbor Lee to the yard to see what was happening.8) Having heard the story he put the chick somewhere between their homes and let it off.9) The chick went straight to join Zhang’s flock and kept returning whenever it was driven to Wang’s home.10) And at Zhang’s call ―Chick chick‖ all the chicks including the one in question recede in response to him.11) Wang had no more to say but

有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。 参考译文（94）

1) Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.5) Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.6) People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.7) When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.7) They deny responsibility and became moody or angry.7) They mark themselves as ―prickly‖. 95计划生育

尽管一对夫妻一个孩子的政策还是强制性的，而且怀胎指标分配的做法在许多地方导致关系紧张。但有迹象表明，人们的态度正在发生变化。越来越多的夫妻生一个孩子已是自然的选择，而不是被迫的。一些专家预计，中国人口到二十一世纪达到高峰后就会下来。 参考译文（95）

1) Coercion still underlies the one-child policy and the rationing of the right to become pregnant remains a source of tension in many parts in China.2) But there are indications of a change in attitudes with more and more couples falling in line with the nation’s one-child policy as a matter of choice rather than compulsion.3) Some experts predict that China’s population will decline after peaking in the 21stcentury. 96书评

为了帮助中国人了解不同文化于友谊的价值观念，他收集和编纂了一百多条友谊方面的中外格言。这部短小精悍的书一问世立即受到人们，特别是大学生的青睐，并多次再版。无须解释人们为什么这么喜爱这本书，因为只要稍加浏览，就可以看到书里收集的格言反映了文明社会中对于友谊的看法。这些格言强调的是无私，劝导人们要在物质和精神两方面去关心朋友这样的书自然会在一个自古就尊重友谊的民族中广为流传。在东西方关系日益密切，相互了解日益加深的今天，出版这本书有很深的意义。 参考译文（96）

1) To help the Chinese to gain an appreciation of the value of friendship in different cultures he selected and arranged one hundred sayings popular at home and abroad on the subject of friendship.2,3) This short work enjoyed an immediate acceptance especially among college students and was reprinted many times.4) Its popularity needs no explanation for a brief perusal of the questions shows that they embody the notions of civilized friendship.5) The maxims stress selflessness and concern for the material and spiritual welfare of the friends.6) Consequently this work could not fail to exert strong appeal among a people who since earliest times had held friendship in the highest regard.7) In this age of growing contacts between East and West and the consequent development of mutual understanding between both sides of the globe to publish this work has a profound influence. 97土地紧张

长江流域内的建筑物和道路正以惊人的速度增加。现在长江流域住着四亿人口。以中国平均

每户不到四人计算，四亿人口意味着一亿套住房。人口对土地的压力是极大的。土地的紧张迫使人们越来越多地砍去森林，造起住房。 参考译文（97）

1) The construction of buildings and roads in the Yangtze basin is increasing at a staggering pace.2) The basin is now home to 400 million people With the average household in China consisting of fewer than four people a population of 400 million means 100 million housing units.4) The human pressure on the land is intense.5) And land hunger is forcing more and more homes to be built on the land once covered with the forests. 98三峡

长江是世界上第四大河。在那里现正在进行世界上最大的大坝——三峡大坝的建设。按照三峡大坝设计者的观点，大坝可以把洪水挡在新的在水库里，从而防止洪水对华中和华东地区的侵犯。大坝还可以为三分之一的中国人提供占全国总发电量九分之一的电能，这样，每年可节约五千万吨煤。但是大坝形成的新湖将把沿江的确13座城市，140个县城，和无数的村庄淹没。大约一千二百万人口将不得不往高处搬家。那里土地肯定没有原来的肥沃。反对三峡工程的人还认为，湖水升高还会威胁到野生动植物的生存。由陡峭峡谷而闻名的三峡奇观将永远推动了。而且，万一地震，将会造成悲剧的后果。 参考译文（98）

1,2) The Three Gorges Dam is now under construction on the Yangtze the fourth largest river on the planet.3) According to the project’s designers the world’s largest dam will help prevent flooding in central and eastern China by holding back flood water in a new reservoir.4) The dam could also provide one third of China’s 1.2 billion people with as many as one-ninth of needed electric power saving 50 million tons of coal each year.4) But the new lake the dam creates will completely submerge 13 riverside cities 140 large towns and numerous small villages.6,7) Some 12 million people will have to relocate to less fertile areas on higher ground.8,9) Opponents to the project also contend that the rising water will threaten wildlife and permanently alter the spectacular three Gorges the steep-wall canyons for which the Gorges are named10) Worse yet an earthquake could stride Three Gorges with tragic consequences. 99读大学

上大学给人们提供了在无边无际的知识海洋里遨游探索的机会。为了丰富多彩的人生，大学生应该充分利用目前读大学的大好时光。他们应该意识到上大学决不仅仅意味着得到一个学位，得到一个好的工作。他们如果不满足于专业课内容，就会终生受益。 参考译文（99）

1）College provides a chance to explore the vast areas of unlimited knowledge.2) To have a rich full life a college student should make the most of the opportunities at hand.3) He should realize that going to college means a lot more than earning a degree and securing a good job.4) If he can explore beyond his immediate career objectives he will enjoy the rest of his life. 100孙夫人

孙夫人是抗战期间中国全中国保卫同盟主席。上海和南京失陷后，她旅居香港。同盟会成立和她在香港积极活动分不开。作为救亡运动的领袖，她自始至终支持中国一切政党结成“统一战线”。在香港日子里她很少出头露面，但开展了积极有效的救援游击队和八路军的活动。为缓和中国伤病员缺医少药的状况，她日日夜夜进行捐款和捐助医药器材的工作，而自己很少有时间。她那亲切和端庄的形象，那致力于中国革命的满腔热情对中国抗日战争的胜利产生了极大的影响，没和她一起工作过的人是很难想象的。她深受中国人民和一切为争取人类自由和进步斗争的人们的尊敬的爱戴。

参考译文（100）

1) During the Anti-Japanese War Mme Sun Yatsen was Chairman of the China Defense League.2,3) It was her activities in Hong Kong after the fall of Shanghai and Nanking that had led directly to its formation.4) A leader of the National Salvation movement she had throughout supported the claim for a ―United Front‖ of all political parties in China.5) In Hong Kong she rarely appeared in public but carried out effective relief work for the guerillas and the 8th Route Aroute Army.6) She took little time off from her untiring effort t raise the funds and hospital supplies to help alleviate the neglect with which the Chinese treated their sick and wounded soldiers.7) It is difficult for anyone who had not worked with her to suggest what her sweetness and dignity and passionate devotion to the Chinese Revolution have meant to the victory of the war.8) She is respected and beloved across the country and in any land where the struggle for human freedom and progress goes on

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