初中英语句子成分详解

英语句子成分

The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. 按句子成分划分，此句为：

The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. (主语) (定语) (谓语)(状语) (谓语) (宾语) (定语) 按意群划分，此句为：

The students of Class Two are seriously reading the book written by Lu Xun. 一、英语各种成分的基本含义及用法 （一）、主语

主语是全句谈论的中心话题。我们在说一句话的时候，首先要明确我们讲的是“哪个人”？或者是一件“什么事”？或者是一件“什么物体”，等。这些代表“哪个人”、“什么事”、“什么物体”等的部分就是句子的主语。

主语是指句子的某个部分，它可能是一个词，也可能是一个词组，还有可能是一个从句，甚至一句话中会有几个并列的主语等等。所以，英语中很多词类(或词组、从句)都可以做主语。另外，英语中还有一种特殊的主语形式叫“形式主语”，例如：It .... that ...句式等。 1. Peter is a well-known pianist. （名词作主语）

2. Two-thirds of the students are boys in our school. ( 数词词组作主语) 3. He likes reading storybooks. (代词作主语)

4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure. （不定式短语作主语） 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided. （从句作主语） 6. It took us two hours to travel around the city by subway. (It 是形式主语, to travel...部分是真正的主语) 请指出下列句中主语的中心词。

1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom. 2. There is a bird flying in the sky.

3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 4. It is very difficult to do today's homework without your help. （二）、谓语

在明确了主语后，我们再来说谓语。谓语是用来回答、说明、解释主语“做什么”、“是什么”、“怎么样”等的部分。英语句子中，除少数情况外，谓语必须是动词。而且，除了倒装等特殊情况外，谓语的位置相对来说是固定的，它总是位于主语的后面。 1. His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语） 2. We study hard. （行为动词作谓语）

3. We have finished reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 4. He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语） 请选出下列句中谓语的中心词。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall.

2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. 3. Do you usually go to school by bus?

4. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? 5. What I want to tell you is this. （三）、宾语

从语法角度说，及物动词后面要接宾语 (介词后也有宾语) 。从意义上来说，宾语是动作的对象、目标。

宾语是对谓语动词的进一步说明和解释。 1. We often help him. （代词作宾语）

2. He likes to play basketball. （不定式作宾语） 3. We enjoy listening to the music. （动名词短语作宾语） 4. She said that she felt sick. （从句做宾语）

The sun gives us light and warmth. （us为间接宾语，light and warmth为直接宾语） 1、间接宾语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send,

pass, tell 等。

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。

2、如果强调直接宾语，可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面，但间接宾语前须加介词 “to”或“for”。

接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。 Give your mother the letter.

＝Give the letter to your mother.

直接宾语 间接宾语

接for的动词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。

Can you find me my bag? ＝Can you find my bag for me?

直接宾语 间接宾语

这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。 请挑出下列句中的宾语。

1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. How many new words did you learn last class? 4. The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. 5. You will find it useful after you leave school. 请划出下列句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。 1. Please tell us a story.

2. My father bought a new computer for me last week. 3. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term. 4. Could you please pass the pen to Tom? 5. Did he leave any message for me? （四）、宾语补足语

现在一般认为，宾语补足语是对宾语进行进一步的补充说明。宾语补足语主要与英语及物动词有关。这个问题我想分两点来说明。

1、英语中有些及物动词，不但会涉及到一个对象(宾语)，还会使宾语产生一种结果。动词引发宾语的结果就是宾语补足语。例如：

We call him Little Tom. (称呼的对象是him, 称呼的结果是Little Tom. Little Tom 就是宾语补足语。)

They made her happy. (make 使 her怎么样了？happy 作进一步的补充说明，那么happy是补语。)

I find smoking bad for health. (find 的对象是smoking, 结论是bad for health.)

这一类带宾语补足语的动词有：(1) (把…看成…) regard, see；(2) (把…当成…) treat, take；(3) (把…认为是…) consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge ；(4) (把…描述为…) describe, use, show, organize, express 等。

2、英语中表示看、听之类的动词，不仅看到一个人(宾语)，还会看到他在做什么事。宾语所做的事也是宾语补足语。例如：

I saw a bird in a cage. (看到小鸟在笼子里，“在笼子里”是宾语补足语。) We heard her singing a song. (听到她在唱歌，“在唱歌”是宾语补足语。) 这一类带宾语补足语动词有：see, hear, notice, watch, feel, observe 等。 请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。

1. He asked her to take the boy to the doctor’s. 2. She found it difficult to finish the work today. 3. We call her Lily sometimes. 4. I saw Jerry get on the bus.

5. Did you hear anyone crying outside the door just now? 补充说明：

I'm going to paint it pink.

句子中的it显然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是paint it pink。pink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是执行了paint的动作。

句子中的pink是形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的还有宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。 比如：

I find learning English difficult.(difficult是形容词做宾补） I saw the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式） *常跟复合宾语的动词有：call,name,make,think,find,leave,keep,nominate(任

命),choose,elect(选举),define(定义),regard, see, recognize,treat, take,consider, look up, refer to, accept, acknowledge,describe,depict(描述),represent(表现出),declare(宣称),denounce, employ(雇佣), use, show, organize, express （五）、表语

英语有一类动词叫系动词。系动词是侧重于表示人或事物状态、性质的动词，它没有明显的外观的动作形式，例如：be (am/is/are)(是), get(变得), sound(听起来), look, seem(看起来),

feel(感到)等等。与系动词连用的部分叫“系表结构”，“表”就是“表语”的意思。注意：系表结构合起来共同组成谓语，来说明主语的状态、性质等。例如： I am a teacher. (系动词am + 表语 a teacher)

They are on the playground now. (系动词are + 表语 on the playground.) It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词，interesting为表语) 请划出下列句中的表语。 1. The leaves have turned yellow. 2. She was the first to learn about it. 3. The old man is feeling better now. 4. Why is Mrs. Smith worried about her son?

5. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club. （六）、定语

定语是修饰名词或代词，说明人或事物的状态、性质、数量等的词。请记住：定语最关键的一点是，定语是用来修饰、限定人和事物(即名词)特点的成分。动词不可能有定语，形容词也没有。一般情况下，定语可以是一个词，也可能是几个词或一个词组，也可能是一个从句(定语从句)。例如：

The black bike is mine. (单个的词作定语)

The office is ten minutes’ walk from here. (词组作定语)

This is a book which tells about rocket technology. (从句作定语)

英语中定语的位置可以在名词前面，也可以在名词后面，特别是放在名词后面的定语，与中文习惯不同，同学们要注意分辨清楚。 He works in a shoe factory. This is my book, not your book. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper? The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach. 请划出下列句中的定语。 1. What is your family name? 2. The boy in blue is Tom.

3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

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