北京中考数学试题及答案
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2008
年北京市高级中等学校招生考试数学试卷
考
生
须
知:
1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷,第Ⅰ卷共2页,第Ⅱ卷共8页.全卷共九
道大题,25道小题.
2.本试卷满分120分,考试时间120分钟.
3.在试卷(包括第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷)密封线内准确填写区(县)名称、毕
业学校、姓名、报名号和准考证号.
4.考试结束后,将试卷和答题卡一并交回.
第Ⅰ卷(机读卷共32分)
考
生
须
知:
1.第Ⅰ卷从第1页到第2页,共2页,共一道大题,8道小题.
2.考生须将所选选项按要求填涂在答题卡上,在试卷上作答无效.
一、选择题(共8道小题,每小题4分,共32分)
下列各题均有四个选项,其中只有一个
..是符合题意的.用铅笔把“机读答题卡”上对应题目答案的相应字母处涂黑.
1.6-的绝对值等于()
A.6B.
1
6
C.
1
6
-D.6-
2.截止到2008年5月19日,已有21 600名中外记者成为北京奥运会的注册记者,创历届奥运会之最.将21 600用科学记数法表示应为()
A.5
0.21610
?B.3
21.610
?C.3
2.1610
?D.4
2.1610
?
3.若两圆的半径分别是1cm和5cm,圆心距为6cm,则这两圆的位置关系是()A.内切B.相交C.外切D.外离
4.众志成城,抗震救灾.某小组7名同学积极捐出自己的零花钱支援灾区,他们捐款的数额分别是(单位:元):50,20,50,30,50,25,135.这组数据的众数和中位数分别是()A.50,20 B.50,30 C.50,50 D.135,50
5.若一个多边形的内角和等于720,则这个多边形的边数是()
A.5 B.6 C.7 D.8
6.如图,有5张形状、大小、质地均相同的卡片,正面分别印有北京奥运会的会徽、吉祥物(福娃)、火炬和奖牌等四种不同的图案,背面完全相同.现将这5张卡片洗匀后正面向下放在桌子上,从中随机抽取一张,抽出的卡片正面图案恰好是吉祥物(福娃)的概率是()
A.
1
5
B.
2
5
C.
1
2
D.
3
5
7
.若20x +=,则xy 的值为( )
A .8-
B .6-
C .5
D .6
8.已知O 为圆锥的顶点,M 为圆锥底面上一点,点P 在OM 上.一只蜗牛从P 点出发,绕圆锥侧面爬行,回到P 点时所爬过的最短路线的痕迹如右图所示.若沿OM 将圆锥侧面剪开并展开,所得侧面展开图是( )
2008年北京市高级中等学校招生考试
数 学 试 卷
二、填空题(共4道小题,每小题4分,共16分) 9.在函数121
y x =-中,自变量x 的取值范围是 . 10.分解因式:32a ab -= . 11.如图,在ABC △中,D E ,分别是AB AC ,的中点,
若2cm DE =,则BC = cm .
12.一组按规律排列的式子:2b a -,53b a ,83b a -,11
4b a
,…(0ab ≠)
,其中第7个式子是 ,第n 个式子是 (n 为正整数).
三、解答题(共5道小题,共25分)
13.(本小题满分5分) 1012sin 45(2)3-??+-π- ???
. 解:
C A E D
B O
P M O M ' M P A . O M ' M P B . O M ' M P C .
O M ' M P D .
14.(本小题满分5分)
解不等式5122(43)x x --≤,并把它的解集在数轴上表示出来.
解:
15.(本小题满分5分)
已知:如图,C 为BE 上一点,点A D ,分别在BE 两侧.AB ED ∥,AB CE =,BC ED =. 求证:AC CD =. 证明:
16.(本小题满分5分) 如图,已知直线3y kx =-经过点M ,求此直线与x 轴,y 轴的交点坐标.
解:
17.(本小题满分5分)
已知30x y -=,求222()2x y x y x xy y
+--+的值. 解:
四、解答题(共2道小题,共10分)
18.(本小题满分5分)
如图,在梯形ABCD 中,AD BC ∥,AB AC ⊥,45B ∠=
,AD =
BC =求DC 的长.
解:
A C E D
B
y A B C D
19.(本小题满分5分)
已知:如图,在Rt ABC △中,90C ∠=,点O 在AB 上,以O 为圆心,OA 长为半径的圆与AC AB ,分别交于点D E ,,且CBD A ∠=∠.
(1)判断直线BD 与O 的位置关系,并证明你的结论; (2)若:8:5AD AO =,2BC =,求BD 的长.
解:(1)
(2)
五、解答题(本题满分6分)
20.为减少环境污染,自2008年6月1日起,全国的商品零售场所开始实行“塑料购物袋有偿使用制度”(以下简称“限塑令”).某班同学于6月上旬的一天,在某超市门口采用问卷调查的方式,随机调查了“限塑令”实施前后,顾客在该超市用购物袋的情况,以下是根据100位顾客的100份有效答卷画出的统计图表的一部分:
请你根据以上信息解答下列问题:
(1)补全图1,“限塑令”实施前,如果每天约有2 000人次到该超市购物.根据这100位顾客平均一次购物使用塑料购物袋的平均数,估计这个超市每天需要为顾客提供多少个塑料购物袋?
(2)补全图2,并根据统计图和统计表说明...........
,购物时怎样选用购物袋,塑料购物袋使用后怎样处理,能对环境保护带来积极的影响.
解:(1)
A 图1 “限塑令”实施前,平均一次购物使用不同数量塑料..购物袋的人数统计图 “限塑令”实施后,使用各种 购物袋的人数分布统计图 其它 % 46% 24%
(2)
六、解答题(共2道小题,共9分)
21.(本小题满分5分)列方程或方程组解应用题:
京津城际铁路将于2008年8月1日开通运营,预计高速列车在北京、天津间单程直达运行时间为半小时.某次试车时,试验列车由北京到天津的行驶时间比预计时间多用了6分钟,由天津返回北京的行驶时间与预计时间相同.如果这次试车时,由天津返回北京比去天津时平均每小时多行驶40千米,那么这次试车时由北京到天津的平均速度是每小时多少千米? 解:
22.(本小题满分4分)
已知等边三角形纸片ABC 的边长为8,D 为AB 边上的点,过点D 作DG BC ∥交AC 于点G .DE BC ⊥于点E ,过点G 作GF BC ⊥于点F ,把三角形纸片ABC 分别沿DG DE GF ,,按图1所示方式折叠,点A B C ,,分别落在点A ',B ',C '处.若点A ',B ',C '在矩形DEFG 内或其边上,且互不重合,此时我们称A B C '''△(即图中阴影部分)为“重叠三角形”.
(1)若把三角形纸片ABC 放在等边三角形网格中(图中每个小三角形都是边长为1的等边三角形),点A B C D ,,,恰好落在网格图中的格点上.如图2所示,请直接写出此时重叠三角形A B C '''的面积;
(2)实验探究:设AD 的长为m ,若重叠三角形A B C '''存在.试用含m 的代数式表示重叠三角形A B C '''的面积,并写出m 的取值范围(直接写出结果,备用图供实验,探究使用).
解:(1)重叠三角形A B C '''的面积为 ;
(2)用含m 的代数式表示重叠三角形A B C '''的面积为 ;m 的取值范围为 .
图1
图2 A B 备用图 A B 备用图
七、解答题(本题满分7分)
23.已知:关于x 的一元二次方程2
(32)220(0)mx m x m m -+++=>. (1)求证:方程有两个不相等的实数根;
(2)设方程的两个实数根分别为1x ,2x (其中12x x <).若y 是关于m 的函数,且
212y x x =-,求这个函数的解析式;
(3)在(2)的条件下,结合函数的图象回答:当自变量m 的取值范围满足什么条件时,
2y m ≤.
(1)证明:
(2)解:
(3)解:
八、解答题(本题满分7分)
24.在平面直角坐标系xOy 中,抛物线2
y x bx c =++与x 轴交于A B ,两点(点A 在点B 的左侧),与y 轴交于点C ,点B 的坐标为(30),,将直线y kx =沿y 轴向上平移3个单位长度后恰好经过B C ,两点.
(1)求直线BC 及抛物线的解析式;
(2)设抛物线的顶点为D ,点P 在抛物线的对称轴上,且APD ACB ∠=∠,求点P 的坐标;
(3)连结CD ,求OCA ∠与OCD ∠两角和的度数. 解:(1)
(2)
x
(3)
九、解答题(本题满分8分)
25.请阅读下列材料:
问题:如图1,在菱形ABCD 和菱形BEFG 中,点A B E ,,在同一条直线上,P 是线段DF 的中点,连结PG PC ,.若60ABC BEF ∠=∠=,探究PG 与PC 的位置关系及PG PC
的值.
小聪同学的思路是:延长GP 交DC 于点H ,构造全等三角形,经过推理使问题得到解决.
请你参考小聪同学的思路,探究并解决下列问题: (1)写出上面问题中线段PG 与PC 的位置关系及
PG PC
的值; (2)将图1中的菱形BEFG 绕点B 顺时针旋转,使菱形BEFG 的对角线BF 恰好与菱形
ABCD 的边AB 在同一条直线上,原问题中的其他条件不变(如图2).你在(1)中得到的两个结论是否发生变化?写出你的猜想并加以证明.
(3)若图1中2(090)ABC BEF αα∠=∠=<<,将菱形BEFG 绕点B 顺时针旋转任意角度,原问题中的其他条件不变,请你直接写出
PG PC
的值(用含α的式子表示). 解:(1)线段PG 与PC 的位置关系是 ;PG PC = . (2)
D A B
E
F C P
G 图1 D C G P A B
F 图2
2008年北京市高级中等学校招生考试
数学试卷答案及评分参考
阅卷须知:
1.一律用红钢笔或红圆珠笔批阅,按要求签名.
2.第Ⅰ卷是选择题,机读阅卷.
3.第Ⅱ卷包括填空题和解答题.为了阅卷方便,解答题中的推导步骤写得较为详细,考生只要写明主要过程即可.若考生的解法与本解法不同,正确者可参照评分参考给分.解答右端所注分数,表示考生正确做到这一步应得的累加分数.
第Ⅰ卷(机读卷共32分)
第Ⅱ卷(非机读卷共88分)
三、解答题(共5道小题,共25分)
13.(本小题满分5分)
1
1
2sin45(2π)
3
-
??
+-- ?
??
213
=+-····················································································4分
2 =.···································································································5分14.(本小题满分5分)
解:去括号,得51286
x x
--
≤. ····································································1分移项,得58612
x x
--+
≤. ···········································································2分合并,得36
x
-≤. ·······················································································3分系数化为1,得2
x-
≥. ·················································································4分
··················································································································· 5分
15.(本小题满分5分)
证明:AB ED ∥,
B E ∴∠=∠. ·
······························································································ 2分 在ABC △和CED △中,
AB CE B E BC ED =??∠=∠??=?
,,
, ABC CED ∴△≌△. ·
··················································································· 4分 AC CD ∴=. ·
······························································································ 5分 16.(本小题满分5分)
解:由图象可知,点(21)M -,在直线3y kx =-上, ·
············································· 1分 231k ∴--=.
解得2k =-.································································································ 2分 ∴直线的解析式为23y x =--. ······································································· 3分 令0y =,可得32
x =-. ∴直线与x 轴的交点坐标为302??- ???
,. ······························································· 4分 令0x =,可得3y =-.
∴直线与y 轴的交点坐标为(03)-,. ·
································································ 5分 17.(本小题满分5分) 解:22
2()2x y x y x xy y +--+ 22()()
x y x y x y +=-- ························································································· 2分 2x y x y
+=-. ··································································································· 3分 当30x y -=时,3x y =. ·············································································· 4分 原式677322y y y y y y +===-. ··············································································· 5分
四、解答题(共2道小题,共10分)
18.(本小题满分5分)
解法一:如图1,分别过点A D ,作AE BC ⊥于点E ,
DF BC ⊥于点F . ·
···································· 1分 ∴AE DF ∥.
又AD BC ∥,
∴四边形AEFD 是矩形.
EF AD ∴== ····································· 2分 AB AC ⊥,45B ∠=
,BC =
AB AC ∴=.
12
AE EC BC ∴===
DF AE ∴==
CF EC EF =-=···················································································· 4分 在Rt DFC △中,90DFC ∠=,
DC ∴=== ·
············································ 5分 解法二:如图2,过点D 作DF AB ∥,分别交AC BC ,于点E F ,. ···················· 1分 AB AC ⊥,
90AED BAC ∴∠=∠=. AD BC ∥, 18045DAE B BAC ∴∠=-∠-∠=. 在Rt ABC △中,90BAC ∠=,45B ∠=
,BC =
sin 454242
AC BC ∴=== ································································· 2分 在Rt ADE △中,90AED ∠=
,45DAE ∠=,AD =
1DE AE ∴==.
3CE AC AE ∴=-=. ·
················································································· 4分 在Rt DEC △中,
90CED ∠=
,
DC ∴===. ·
························································ 5分 19. (本小题满分5分)
解:(1)直线BD 与O 相切. ········································································ 1分 A
B C
D F
E
图2 A B C
D
F
E 图1
证明:如图1,连结OD .
OA OD =,
A ADO ∴∠=∠.
90C ∠=, 90CBD CDB ∴∠+∠=.
又CBD A ∠=∠, 90ADO CDB ∴∠+∠=. 90ODB ∴∠=. ∴直线BD 与O 相切. ················································································· 2分
(2)解法一:如图1,连结DE . AE 是O 的直径, 90ADE ∴∠=.
:8:5AD AO =,
4cos 5
AD A AE ∴==. ······················································································ 3分 90C ∠=,CBD A ∠=∠,
4cos 5
BC CBD BD ∴∠==. ··············································································· 4分 2BC =, 52
BD ∴=. ······································································ 5分 解法二:如图2,过点O 作OH AD ⊥于点H . 12
AH DH AD ∴==. :8:5AD AO =, 4cos 5AH A AO ∴==. ··················· 3分 90C ∠=,CBD A ∠=∠,
4cos 5BC CBD BD ∴∠==. ································· 4分 2BC =,
52
BD ∴=. ································································································· 5分 五、解答题(本题满分6分)
解:(1)补全图1见下图. ·············································································· 1分
A
A
图1 “限塑令”实施前,平均一次购物使
用不同数量塑料..购物袋的人数统计图
9137226311410546373003100100
?+?+?+?+?+?+?==(个). 这100位顾客平均一次购物使用塑料购物袋的平均数为3个. ································· 3分 200036000?=.
估计这个超市每天需要为顾客提供6000个塑料购物袋. ········································· 4分
(2)图2中,使用收费塑料购物袋的人数所占百分比为25%. ······························· 5分 根据图表回答正确给1分,例如:由图2和统计表可知,购物时应尽量使用自备袋和押金式环保袋,少用塑料购物袋;塑料购物袋应尽量循环使用,以便减少塑料购物袋的使用量,为环保做贡献. ································································································· 6分
六、解答题(共2道小题,共9分)
21.解:设这次试车时,由北京到天津的平均速度是每小时x 千米,则由天津返回北京的平均速度是每小时(40)x +千米. ········································································· 1分 依题意,得3061(40)602
x x +=+. ···································································· 3分 解得200x =. ······························································································ 4分 答:这次试车时,由北京到天津的平均速度是每小时200千米. ······························ 5分
22.解:(1)重叠三角形A B C '''. ··················································· 1分
(2)用含m 的代数式表示重叠三角形A B C '''2)m -; ······················· 2分
m 的取值范围为843
m <≤. ··········································································· 4分 七、解答题(本题满分7分)
23.(1)证明:2(32)220mx m x m -+++=是关于x 的一元二次方程,
222[(32)]4(22)44(2)m m m m m m ∴?=-+-+=++=+.
当0m >时,2
(2)0m +>,即0?>. ∴方程有两个不相等的实数根. ········································································ 2分
(2)解:由求根公式,得(32)(2)2m m x m
+±+=. 22m x m
+∴=或1x =. ·················································································· 3分 0m >,
222(1)1m m m m
++∴=>. 12x x <,
11x ∴=,222m x m +=. ················································································ 4分
21222
221m y x x m m
+∴=-=
-?=. 即2
(0)y m m
=
>为所求. ·
······················ 5分 (3)解:在同一平面直角坐标系中分别画出
2
(0)y m m
=>与2(0)y m m =>的图象.
····························································· 6分 由图象可得,当1m ≥时,2y m ≤. ··········· 7分 八、解答题(本题满分7分) 24.解:(1)
y kx =沿y 轴向上平移3个单位长度后经过y 轴上的点C ,
(03)C ∴,.
设直线BC 的解析式为3y kx =+.
(30)B ,在直线BC 上,
330k ∴+=. 解得1k =-.
∴直线BC 的解析式为3y x =-+. ··································································· 1分
抛物线2
y x bx c =++过点B C ,,
9303b c c ++=?∴?
=?
,
. 解得43b c =-??
=?,
.
∴抛物线的解析式为243y x x =-+. ······························································· 2分
(2)由2
43y x x =-+.
可得(21)(10)D A -,
,,. 3OB ∴=,3OC =,1OA =,2AB =.
可得OBC △是等腰直角三角形.
45OBC ∴∠=
,CB =
如图1,设抛物线对称轴与x 轴交于点F ,
1
12
AF AB ∴=
=.
x
图1
0)
过点A 作AE BC ⊥于点E .
90AEB ∴∠=.
可得BE AE ==
CE =
在AEC △与AFP △中,90AEC AFP ∠=∠=,ACE APF ∠=∠,
AEC AFP ∴△∽△.
AE CE
AF PF
∴
=
,1PF =. 解得2PF =.
点P 在抛物线的对称轴上,
∴点P 的坐标为(22),或(22)-,.·
···································································· 5分 (3)解法一:如图2,作点(10)A ,关于y 轴的对称点A ',则(10)A '-,. 连结A C A D '',,
可得A C AC '==OCA OCA '∠=∠. 由勾股定理可得2
20CD =,2
10A D '=. 又2
10A C '=,
222
A D A C CD ''∴+=.
A DC '∴△是等腰直角三角形,90CA D '∠=,
45DCA '∴∠=.
45OCA OCD '∴∠+∠=. 45OCA OCD ∴∠+∠=.
即OCA ∠与OCD ∠两角和的度数为45. ························································· 7分
解法二:如图3,连结BD .
同解法一可得CD =
AC =
在Rt DBF △中,90DFB ∠=,1BF DF ==,
DB ∴==
在CBD △和COA △中,
x
图2
x
图3
1DB AO ==
3BC OC ==
CD CA == DB BC CD AO OC CA
∴
==. CBD COA ∴△∽△.
BCD OCA ∴∠=∠. 45OCB ∠=,
45OCA OCD ∴∠+∠=.
即OCA ∠与OCD ∠两角和的度数为45. ························································· 7分
九、解答题(本题满分8分)
25.解:(1)线段PG 与PC 的位置关系是PG PC ⊥;
PG PC
= ································································································· 2分 (2)猜想:(1)中的结论没有发生变化.
证明:如图,延长GP 交AD 于点H ,连结CH CG ,. P 是线段DF 的中点,
FP DP ∴=.
由题意可知AD FG ∥.
GFP HDP ∴∠=∠.
GPF HPD ∠=∠,
GFP HDP ∴△≌△.
GP HP ∴=,GF HD =.
四边形ABCD 是菱形, CD CB ∴=,60HDC ABC ∠=∠=.
由60ABC BEF ∠=∠=,且菱形BEFG 的对角线BF 恰好与菱形ABCD 的边AB 在同一条直线上,
可得60GBC ∠=.
HDC GBC ∴∠=∠.
四边形BEFG 是菱形,
GF GB ∴=.
HD GB ∴=.
HDC GBC ∴△≌△.
CH CG ∴=,DCH BCG ∠=∠.
120DCH HCB BCG HCB ∴∠+∠=∠+∠=.
即120HCG ∠=. D C G P A B F H
CH CG =,PH PG =, PG PC ∴⊥,60GCP HCP ∠=∠=.
PG PC
∴= ······························································································· 6分 (3)PG PC =tan(90)α-.
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