2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库

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2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（一） (2)

2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（二） (11)

2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（三） (18)

2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（四） (26)

2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考研复试核心题库（五） (33)

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2017年中国传媒大学英语语言文学9016英语专业综合素质测试复试之语言学教程考

研复试核心题库（一）

说明：本资料为学员内部使用，整理汇编了2017考研复试重点题及历年复试常考题型。————————————————————————————————————————一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1．Category

【答案】Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

2．Predication analysis

【答案】Predication analysis is an important step in the analysis of sentential meaning. The predication is the common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Such analysis is to break down the sentence into its smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant.

3．Language acquisition

【答案】It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.

4．Inflection

【答案】Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix:……-ed??；the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix:……-ren??.

5．Denotation

【答案】The core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.

6．Open-class words

【答案】Open-class words refer to words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited and with the emergence of new ideas,inventions,and so on;new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. For example,nouns,verbs,and adjectives all belong to this class.

7．Language Acquisition Device （LAD ）

【答案】Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are bom. It is posited by Chomsky,who argues that LAD probably consists of three

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elements: a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.

8．Entailment

【答案】It refers to the relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other. If X is true, Y is necessarily true，and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France” entails “He has been to Europe”.

二、Essay-question

9．What is characteristic of TG grammar?

【答案】Chomsky?s TG grammar has the following features.

First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles.

Secondly, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals.

Thirdly, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker^ tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers say; they rely on their own intuition.

Fourthly,Chomsky?s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels:（1）The linguist

formulates a hypothesis about language structure—a general linguistic theory;this is tested by grammars for particular languages. （2）Each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory.

Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.

10．Some comments on the following statement based on your own experience:

There exists a close relationship between language and culture. In other words, a successful master of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.

【答案】Language use is heavily tinted with its culture. A language does not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the peopled attitudes, beliefs, world outlook, and so on. In a word, language expresses cultural reality. To dig it further, a language, as a system of signs with their own cultural substances and values, may be viewed as a symbol of social identity. People are identified via their use of language. In this sense, language symbolizes cultural reality.

On the other hand,as people?s language uses express the culture，to be more specific,their community culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically.

Historically, each culture has its past and tradition. A culture consists both of its ways how a social group represents itself, its technological achievements, monuments and works of art and of its historical identity recorded and passed down by the pop culture. It is language that has played a major role in socializing the people and in perpetuating culture, especially in print form.

In addition,culture also affects its peopled imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life. Language is not only intrinsically related to what the culture is and what it was,but also related to the culture of imagination governing people?s decisions as well as actions. The interplay between language and culture may result in various forms of socialization and people with different cultures may be socialized in different ways with different acculturation.

Although language and culture are inextricably intertwined,this relationship is not analogous to

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that of structures and processes. Rather, culture is a wider system that completely includes language as a subsystem. Linguistic competence is one variety of cultural competence and speech behavior is one variety of social behavior. The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.

11．Explain one of the teaching approaches that you’re familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.

【答案】The functional language teaching, which emerged during the 70s, is a reaction against both the structurally and situationally based approaches to language teaching. Its main feature is that we should teach people what functions the various linguistic forms fulfill. We should teach people not only what the language is but what the language does. Linguistic forms should not be presented as abstract structures but should always be presented as fulfilling a particular language function. For example, if the simple present tense is to be taught, it should not just be a matter of learning to accurately repeat the structure, but also a matter of knowing what the structure is actually used for.

Organizing language teaching functionally emphasizes what we can do with language. The basic units of language are seen as short exchanges. Linguistic forms are presented and learned in close relation to their function. Such teaching encourages appropriateness of language in terms of the respective roles of speaker and hearer and also in terms of the topic of conversation. Fluency is stressed and developed.

The teaching of language functions also presents problems. For example,what is exactly a language function? How many functions are there? In what order should they be taught?

While functions are a very significant aspect of language use, too great an emphasis on them may ignore other aspects of language, not least its structure. There is also no rigid correspondence between function and form, so some people object that we lose too much control over grammatical complexity if the syllabus is entirely organized on the basis of functions. What?s more, some argue that fluency and appropriate use of language may be encouraged but this should not be achieved at the cost of formal accuracy.

12．Examine the following two statements about language,and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.

（1）Sapir （1921:Language）:“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas，emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” （p.8 ）.

（2）Bloch and Trager （1942:Outline of Linguistic Analysis）:“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.”（p.5）.

【答案】Similarities:

（1）Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word “vocal”.

（2）Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent,Sapir by using the word “symbols” and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on “arbitrary” and “symbols”.

Differences:

（1）Sapir?s definition emphasizes that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures,such as bird songs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property,only saying that it is possessed by a social group.

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