专业英语课后习题答案unit1-9完整+10~13非完整版

专业英语

Unit 1

Materials science材料科学 Stone age石器时代 Naked eye肉眼 Bronze age铜器时代

Optical property光学性能 Integrated circuit集成电路 Mechanical strength机械强度

Thermal conductivity导热

―Materials science‖ involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and

properties of materials. In contrast ,‖materials engineering ―is ,on the basis of there structure

property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a

predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料

的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成

新的材料

Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories:

mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质

可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。

In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the

sciences and engineering of materials , namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能

之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性”

The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and

structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient

and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师

或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准

中做出明智的材料选择

On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties .

Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.

只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需要用一个属性和另一个属

性交换。

交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials

热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation

材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus

直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until

relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural

elements of materials and their properties.

材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。‖Materials engineering ―is ,on the

basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material

that produce a predetermined set of properties

材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to

structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and

engineering of materials, namely ―processing‖ and ―performance.

材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate

deformation to an applied load or force.

Unit 2

Composite materials复合材料 nonlocalized electrons游离电子 Advanced materials尖端材料

专业英语

Stiffnesses硬度 semiconductors 半导体 biomaterials 生物材料 smart materials 智能材料

nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程

Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible

light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过

可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。

Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to

high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝

缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。

Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed

advanced materials. 用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料

Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage);

conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.压电陶瓷的伸张

和收缩时对外电场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场

With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms

and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new

structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents (I .

e ,‖materials by design‖). 伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处

理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。

先进材料advanced materials 陶瓷材料ceramic materials 高性能材料high properties

material 粘土矿物clay mineral 合金alloy 移植implant 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管

carbon nanotube

金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic

materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons: that is ,there electrons are not bound to

particular atoms.

许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of them are organic

compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements;

半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合

材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical

conductors（viz. metals and metal alloys） and insulators(viz .ceramics and polymers).

生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。These materials must not produce

toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological

reactions).

Unit 3

naked-eye肉眼，裸视 transition-elements过度金属银元素 mechanical-property力学性能

atomic-number原子数 elementary-chemistry元素化学 positively-charged-protons正电荷质子

Metals behave differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers .金属

的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。

The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic,and

optical properties .The microstructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a

larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction .原子的结构主要影响

化学，物理，热，电磁，光学性质，微观和宏观结构也能影响特性，但是他们通常影响力学

性质和化学反应速率比较多。

专业英语

The strength of metals suggest that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度

表明这些原子强健组合在一起。

An element’s atomic number indicate the number of positively charged protons in the

numcleus .The atomic weight of an atom indicate how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus

元素的原子量表明原子核正电荷质子数，一个原子量表明原子核里的质子数和中子数.

微观结构microstructure电荷平衡balanced electrical charged 宏观结构macrostructure 原子量

atomicnumber化学反应chemical-reaction带正电子的原子核positively –charged nucleus

These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substance ranging form the air we breathe

to the metal used to support tall buildings从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千

上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的

Facts prove that metal atoms are held together by strong bond.事实证明金属原子是通过很强

的键结合在一起的。

The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus.原子核

中质子和中子的量的总和就是原子量。

微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构，宏观结构是指

可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构Microstructure ,which includes features that cannot be seen with

the naked eye ,but using a microstructure .Macrostructure includes features that can be seen with

the necked eye .

Unit 4

Phase transformation temperatures 相转变温度 specific gravity 比重

Thermal conductivity 热导率 the melting point 熔点

The acceleration of gravity 重力加速度 magnetic permeability 磁导率

An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its

density is greater than that of water. Similarly ,an object with specific gravity less than one will

float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink.假如一个物体的密度低于水，物

体能够漂浮在水上；若大于水密度，物体沉在水里。相类似地，比重较低的能够漂浮，比重

较大则沉下去。

Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart，resulting in a decrease in magnetic

flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate flux by a

factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that

concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic.材料引起通量路线进一

步分离，导致磁通量密度降低。相对于真空称为抗磁体。能够增强磁通量多余1不少于10

倍称之为顺磁体；能够增强磁通量超过10倍的称之为铁磁体。

Certain ferromagnetic materials，especially powered or laminated iron，steel，or nickel alloys,

have that can range up to about 1000000.Diamagnetic materials have less than one, but

no known substance has relative permeability much less than one.某一个铁磁性材料，尤其是粉

末状或薄片状铁、钢、镍合金具有 能够增大到1000000，抗磁性材料具有 低于1，但是

有未知物质相对磁通率低于1.

When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied

by compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当顺磁或铁磁物质被掺入线

圈里，感应系数是增加相对于同类的感应线圈或空芯。

相对密度 relative density 沸点 boiling point 磁感应 magnetic induction

热导率Thermal conductivity 玻璃转变温度 glass transition temperature

专业英语

有色金属 colored metal 线性热膨胀系数 linear coefficient of thermal expansion

单位体积质量 mass per any unit of volume

化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Properties

that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical

properties。

相变是一种物理性质，并且物质存在四种相：固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase is a

physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases:soild,liquid,gas and plasma.

当温度低于熔点时，聚合物的晶体结构破坏，但其分子仍然连接在分子链上，从而形成

一种柔软和柔顺性材料。At some temperature below the melting point，they start to lose their

crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains，which results in a soft and pliable

material.

在工程材料中，渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示。In engineering applications,

permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute terms.

Unit 5

the service life 使用寿命 the longitudinal direction纵向 the transverse direction横向

dynamic or cyclic loading动力载荷 the initial length of the material 材料的原始长度

elastic deformation 弹性变形 plastic deformation 塑性变形 localized deformation 局部变形

The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and

establish the service life that can be expected .金属力学性质取决于材料的系列有用性和建立

的期望的使用寿命。

Therefore ,multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and

values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value .因此，多样的测

试被做是为了确定力学性质，极点的数值可能是平均数或统计量最小数。

The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines

how ,or if ,a component will fail ;and whether it will show warning sign before failure actually

occurs .材料负载很大程度上影响它的力学性质和极大的确定材料如何舍弃，也可展示一些

警告信息，在失望发生之前。

However ,a bar loaded in bending will have a stress distribution that changes with distance

perpendicular to the normal axis .然而，一个负载木棒，使其变弯曲将有一个压力分布伴随着

轴的垂直距离而变化。

Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when stresses are lower than a critical stress

called the yield strength .当压力低于临界压力称之为屈服强度，材料上可单性变化反应。

实验样品test specimen 静负荷static loading 作用力applied force 垂直轴the normal axis 工程应变engineering strain 临界应力the critical stress 屈

服强度the yield strength 应力面积stress area 应力-应变曲线stress strain curve

Normally ,temperatures below room temperature generally cause an decrease in strength

properties of metallic alloys ;while ductility ,fracture toughness ,and elongation usually increase .

通常，温度低于室温时，金属合金的强度性质降低，而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。

From the perspective of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution

of what is happening within a material ,stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body

that balance and react to the loads applied to it .从材料的角度来说，应力是一种在材料内部所

分布的力，它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生互相作用。

专业英语

Engineering strain is defind as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force

divided by the initial length of the material .工程应变可以定义为：所施加力方向的材料的改变

量与材料原始长度的比值。

A material with high strength and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with

low strength and high ductility . 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性

高。

Unit 6

Silicon single crystals 单晶硅 computed tomography scan电子断层扫描

Magnetic resonance imaging磁共振现象The military industrial complex军事工业综合物

Gross national happiness国民幸福指数The average population growth rate of the word世界人口

平均增长率

With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our plant，the

MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference by addressing

the needs of the word of tomorrow ——needs in energy，transportation，housing，food，

recycling，and health随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学

与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要—包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利

用及健康

Population is growing at much higher rates in the less developed countries in comparison to the

average population growth rate of the word ，which is 1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于

世界平均水平1.4%。

Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1.7% annually until 2025, which is a faster

rate than the world population growth rate据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为

1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率

Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than nine times greater in developed

regions than in less developed regions.且发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多

国内生产总值grass domestic product 材料科学与过程material science and engerning

经济指数economic index 卫生保健sanitation 国民生产总值gross national product

人口增长率 population growth rate

然而，随着时间的变化，人类的革命与创造力，工程师满足社会需求的能力很建立工程

企业的精神是永恒不变的however，some things that have been constant over time are human

innovation and creativity，engineer，s ability to address societal needs，and the entrepreneurial

spirit of engineering

我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化we have witnessed

the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine，

telecommunications，and transportation industries

18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水，几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施eighteen percent of the

word’s population lacks access to safe drinking water and nearly 40%has no access to sanitation

材料与社会是相互联系的，并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件

的全球社会问题存在密切的关系，这是唯一理性的看法materials and society are interlinked，

and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE research agenda and

societal issues that affect the human condition on the globe

Unit 7

专业英语

Conduction bands 导带 alkali metals 碱金属 atomic radius 原子半径 overlap of orbital

energies 轨道能量重置 the ions lattice 离子晶格 solid solution 固溶体

In chemistry,a metal is defined as an element that readily loses electrons to form positive

ions and forms metallic bonds between other metal atoms.在化学上，金属被定义为容易失去电

子形成阳离子,而与其他金属原子形成金属键的元素。

The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is thought to be the primary reason for the

malleability of metal.人们认为，金属键的无方向性是金属延展性的根本原因。

Crystals with covalent bond can only be deformed by breaking between atoms,thereby

resulting in fragmentation of the crystal.只有当原子间成键断裂时共价键晶体才能发生形变。

但和必然导致晶体结构的破坏。

Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications,such as jet engines,may contain more

than ten elements.合金是针对高使用要求设计的，如飞机引擎，含有的元素可能超过十种。

离域电子 delocalized electrons 电子结构 electronic structure 碱土金属 alkali metals

化学电池 chemical cell 核电荷 nuclear charge 导电性 electronical conductivity

金属被描述为被游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metals sometimes described as lattice of

positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.

通常的，金属具有良好的导电性和导热性，具有金属光泽，密度较大，并且具有在压力

变形下不会断裂的能力。Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high

luster and density, and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.

合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物其中主要组分为金属。 An alloy

is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.

不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质从而产生所需要的性能。Combining

different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable

characteristics.

Unit 8

专业英语

专业英语

Unit 9

专业英语

专业英语

Unit 10

The purification of raw materials净化原材料 long-chain alkane molecules长链烷烃分子

glass beaker玻璃烧杯 viscous liquid粘性液体 spark plug insulator火花塞绝缘子

glass ceramics玻璃陶瓷 computer-assisted process control计算机辅助工艺控制 surface

analytical methods表面分析方法

1. We will look at some properties and see how closely they match our expectations of what

constitutes a ceramic. 我们要观察（研究）这些性能，看它们与我们所期望的陶瓷的组成

有多匹配。

2. At high temperatures(above the glass transition temperature),glass no longer behaves in a brittle

manner ;it behaves as a viscous liquid. 在高于玻璃化转变温度的高温下，玻璃不再具有脆

性行为，而表现为粘稠液体。

3. They exhibit superior mechanical properties, corrosion/oxidation resistance, or electrical,

optical, and/or magnetic properties. 它们显示出优异的力学性能、抗腐蚀/氧化性能，或

电学、光学抑或是磁学性能。

4. While traditional clay-based ceramics have been used for over 25000 years, advanced ceramics

have generally been developed within the last 100 years. 一般认为，先进是最近100年才

发展起来的，而传统的基于粘土的陶瓷早已在25000多年前就被使用了。

5.环境转变温度the glass transition temperature 离子共价键ionic-covalent bond 应力分

布Stress distribution 热膨胀系数coefficient of thermal expansion

玻璃纤维Glass optical fibre 材料科学与工程materials science and engineering 固

体氧化物燃料电池Solid-oxide fuel cells 电子显微镜electron microscopy

6. 作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。 Diamond, which is classified

as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known material.

7. 陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。 Ceramic are stronger

in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive

strength.

8. 尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比

较差。 Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can

dramatically improve this property.

9. 陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微观结构，正式这些化学组成与微观结构决定

着它们的性能。 The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical

专业英语

composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.

Unit 11

the electron configuration电子构型 polycrystalline ceramics多晶体陶瓷 the oxygen

content氧含量 the oxide coating氧化物涂层 the electron beam电子束 electrical

insulators电气绝缘体 the industrial risks工业风险 upper respiratory tract上呼吸道

1. The field of materials science and engineering is often defined by the interrelationship between

four topics—synthesis and processing, structure and composition, properties, and

performance. 材料科学与工程领域经常是根据四大方面—合成与加工，结构与组成，

性质与性能之间的相互联系来定义的。

2． Not only perfect lattices and ideal structures have to be considered but also the presence of

structural defects that are unavoidable in all materials, even the amorphous ones. 我们不仅

要考虑具有完美晶格和理想结构（的情况），我们也要考虑材料中不可避免的结构缺陷

的存在，甚至是无定形的。

3. Reduction in porosity may be achieved by hot pressing to ensure a high-density product. 通

过热压可使孔径减小从而得到高密度产品。

4. When shipping the material, the manufacturer supplies information on the hazards associated

with their product. 在运输时，厂方要提供关于产品危害方面的信息。

5. 结晶陶瓷 crystalline ceramics 晶粒边界grain boundary

碱性金属氧化物Alkaline earth oxide 氧化物添加剂 oxide additive

三相点Triple point 饱和磁化强度saturation magnetization

电视显像管Television tube 颜色标度the color scale

6. 想要了解任一材料的行为与性能，有必要先了解它的结构。To understand the behavior

and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.

7. 晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。The grain size is

determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were

consolidated.

8. 透明与半透明陶瓷需要限制由气孔和二相粒子引起的光的散射。Transparent or

translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase

particles.

9. 因为氧化铝陶瓷具有高电阻率和低介电常数，所以它可以用作电的绝缘体。Alumina

ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of theie high electrical resistivity and low

dielectric constant.

Unit 13

Polymer synthesis聚合物合成 natural polymer materials天然高分子材料 monomer

identity单体身份 biological synthesis生物合成 chain length链长度

persistence length持续长度

1. While ―polymer‖ in popular usage suggests ―plastic‖, the term actually refers to a large class

of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties and purposes.聚合物的俗

名叫塑料，这个词指的是一大类具有许多性质和用途的天然材料和合成材料。

2. Polymer synthesis is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers

专业英语

into a covalently bonded chain.聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结

合形成链的过程。

3. A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side

chains or branches. Special types of branched polymers include star polymers, comb

polymers, and brush polymer.支化聚合物分子是由一条带有一个或多个侧基或支链的主

链组成。一些特殊的支化聚合物有星型聚合物、梳状聚合物和刷状聚合物。

4. Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related

monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.某些生物聚合物是由

一系列不同的胆识结构却相关的单体组成的，例如聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。

5. 余辉长度persistence length 交叉结合cross-link 极性单体Polar monomer 核酸nucleic acid 聚合反应Polymerization 高分子电解质polyelectrolyte

6. 现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Most commercially important

polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately

scaled organic synthetic techniques.

7. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却相关的单体，例如：聚核苷酸是由核苷

酸组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but

structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide sbunits.

8. 具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。A polymer molecule with a

high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.

9. 聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合程度来表示，本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。In

polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed in terms of degree of

polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.

Unit 19

nanostructured materials 纳米材料结构 fabrication process 制造工艺

the surface to volume ratio 比表面积 nanoscale 纳米量级

sphere radius 球面半径 optoelectronic device 光电装置

the Burgers vector 伯格斯矢量 pinning point 钉扎点

1 Most biomolecules and other bioentities are of nanometer size; thus the nanoscale provides the best opportunity to study such bio-entities and their interactions with other materials

大多数生物分子和其它生物组织是纳米大小的;因此,纳米量级提供了最好的机会来研究这

种生物组织和它们与其他材料的相互作用。

2 Irrespective of the nature of these nano-materials and their fabrication process , they all owe

their interesting , sometime exciting properties to a very simple principle : If the dimension of

materials/structure approach the nanoscale, tremendous changes of the physical, but also of the

chemical properties take place.

不考虑这些纳米材料的性质和他们的制造过程,它们有趣的,有时令人兴奋的属性都归功于一

个非常简单的原则:如果材料或者结构的维度接近纳米尺度时,,物理和化学性质都会发生巨

大的变化。

3 This has a considerable influence of the optical properties of nanoparticles , as the absorption

shifts from the infrared to the visible range.

当吸收从红外线移动到可见光范围，对纳米颗粒的光学性质有一个相当大的影响

4 Another magnetic nanoeffect which is used presently in magnetic memories is the socalled giant

专业英语

magnetoresistive effect GMR.

另一个目前用于磁记忆效应的磁纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应GMR

5 From this equation it is evident that the critical stress is the higher, the lower the length of preexisting cracks.

这个方程明显表明临界压力越大，先前存在的裂缝长度越小

纳米技术 nanotechnology 交叉学科 interdiscipline 二维纳米结构 two dimensional nanostructure 临界长度 critical length

表面张力 surface tension 热运动 thermal motion 自组装 self-assembly 脆性破坏 brittle failure

1纳米技术处理具有纳米尺寸的材料，例如纳米结构材料

Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers only , i.e. , nanostructured materials.

2 当材料的尺寸进入纳米量级时，材料就具有其原先材料所不具有的三大效应。

When the size of the materials are in the nanometer range, materials have three big effects which its original materials do not have

3 纳米技术包括纳米电子、纳米机械、纳米材料等技术领域。

Nanotechnology includes technologies such as nanoelectronics , nanomachines , nanostructured materials field. 4 纳米晶体铜的硬度比通常微米级铜要高五倍。

Hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times of that usual micron grade copper.

缩写：

DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid 脱氧核糖核酸

GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值

SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy扫描电子显微镜

TEM: Transmission electron microscope透射电子显微镜

PSB: persistent slip bands 稳定滑移带

PE: polyethylene 聚乙烯

PET: polyethylene terephthalate 聚乙烯对苯二酸酯

PP： polypropylene 聚丙烯

PPy: polypyrrole 聚吡咯

PS： polystyrene 聚苯乙烯

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