中小学英语语法辅导大全

英语语法辅导大全

名词性从句之表语从句专项语法讲义

一、概念： 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句。 放在系动词之后,一般结构是―主语+系动词+表语从句‖ 可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等 The trouble is that we are short of money.

That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields. At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow. 二、引导表语从句的词：

从属连词that、whether、as though、 as if because

连接代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等； 连接副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等。 1、由从属连词that，whether引导的表语从句。

that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、―是否‖。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。 例如：

The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. The question is whether we need more ice cream. The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.

What she couldn‘t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 2、由关系代词引导的表语从句。

关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。 例如

The question is which of us should go. The problem was who could do the work. That's what we should do.

3、由关系副词引导的表语从句。

关系副词 when, where, how, why 除在句子起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间，地点，方式或原因状语，本身具有词义。 例如：

Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.

I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That‘s why I got wet through. That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year. That is what he is worried about.

4、由连词because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。 It looked as if it was going to snow. That's because we never thought of it. It seems as if he didn‘t know the answer.

注意

A. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。

False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B. 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.

C.不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right: The question is why he cried yesterday. D. that在表语从句中不可以省掉。

The problem is how we can get the things we need.

问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。 (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语) The scissors are not what I need. (what 在表语从句中充当宾语)

What I told him was that I would find him a good play. (what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，不能省略)

That is what I want to tell you.(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语) That is why she failed to pass the exam. (why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) 【练习题】

1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week. A. that B. if C. when D. whether 2．The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.

A. because B. that C. for D. because of 3. Go and get your coat. It‘ s ________you left it

A. where B. there C. there where D. where there 4．The problem is _________to take the place of Ted A. who can we get B. what we can get C. who we can get D. that we can get

5. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us. A. that B. if C. whether D.不填 6. The reason is_________ I missed the bus.

A. that B. when C. why D. what 7. That is __ ___ we were late last time.

A. that B. when C. why D. what 8. She looked _________ she were ten years younger. A. that B. like C. as D. as though 9.—I fell sick!

--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.

A. why B. when C. what D. because

10. The reason why he hasn‘t come is ___________.

A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother‘s being ill C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill 11. —He was born here.

-- That is _______ he likes the place so much.

A. that B. what C. why D. how 12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.

A. what B. where C. that D. why 13．_______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies. A. What; how are you B. That；how you are C. How；that you are D. What；how you are 14. The trouble is__________ we are short of tools.

A. what B. that C. how D. why that 15. America was __________was first called ―India‖ by Columbus. A. what B. where C. the place D. there where 16. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_________ . A. what it used to be B. what it was used to being C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be 17. ________he really means is ________he disagrees with us. A. What … that B. That … what C. What … what D. That … what 18. The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work. A. that B. which C. what D. such

19 —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. —Is that_____ you had a few days off？

A. why B .what C. when D. where 20 .I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ____I got wet through. A. It‘s the reason B. That‘s why C. There‘s why D. It‘s how

名词性从句之宾语从句专项语法讲义

一. 宾语从句简介

宾语从句是用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。他的构成是关联词+简单句。引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. I know he has returned.

注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。 1. Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。)

2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。)

3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don‘t believe. (that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。)

4. We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。) (2)从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. I don‘t know if you can help me.

(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：

Who or what he was, Martin never learned. I wonder what he‘s writing to me about. I‘ll tell you why I asked you to come. (4) 介词宾语从句

宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：

He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day I walked over to where she sat. I am curious as to what he will say.

Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 有时介词可以省略。如： I don‘t care (for) who marries him. Be careful (as to) how you do that. 二．宾语从句用法：

1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. He has made it clear that he will not give in.

2.作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. You may rely on it that I shall help you.

介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如： Are you sorry for what you've done?

3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do.

I'm afraid you don't understand what I said.

Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 4.连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句

if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not.

用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用wheter。试比较：

Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.

5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I don‘t think you are right.

I don‘t believe they have finished their work yet. I don‘t suppose he cares, does he? 6.时态和语序

当主句为现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态一般不受主句的时态所影响. 当主句为过去时

从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生

I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn‘t know what country he was in. He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in. ②从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前 He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.

③从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后

The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. ④如果从句是一个客观真理，那么从句的时态不根据主句的时态而变化 The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.

⑤当宾语从句的引导词是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑问时，不能按正常语序安排，经常将这类引导词置于句首

Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year。

【练习题】

( ) 1. Do you know what time _______ .

A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. the train leaves ( ) 2. --Could you tell me _______ with the bike? --It's broken down.

A. what's the matter B. what the matter is C. what's the wrong D. what the wrong is ( ) 3. She said _______ it wouldn't matter much.

A. that B. if C. which D. what ( ) 4. We wanted to know _______ the answer was fight or not.

A. if B. that C. whether D. what

( ) 5. John is behind others in maths, but it doesn't follow _______ he doesn't use his brains, he may not be interested in it

A. what B. that C. if D. which ( ) 6. She has made it clear _______ she will have nothing to do with him.

A. what B. which C. whether D. That ) 7. For centuries, people have wondered _______ this continent is really like, since it is covered with solid thick ice and deep snow all the year round.

A. what B. how C. which D. whether ( ) 8. Li Lei told Jim _______ .

A. how much yuan is the sweater B. how much is the sweater C. how much the sweater is D. how much the sweater was ( ) 9. He really doesn't know _______ the overhead bridge will be finished.

A. how long B. how far C. how soon D. how often ( ) 10. The teacher came up to see _______ .

A. what was the matter B. what the matter was C. what the matter is D. what's the matter ( ) 11. Nobody knew _______ .

A. where he comes B. where he was from C. where he is from D. where does he come from ( ) 12. Can you tell me _______ . Mr. Green lives in Room 2318?

A. that B. where C. until D. if ( ) 13. I told them that the sun _______ in the east.

A. rises B. rose C. has risen D. was rising ( ) 14. You must remember _______ the train

A. that, leaves B. when, leaves C. when, will leave D. if, leave ( ) 15. The boy asked how far the moon _______ from the earth.

A. was B. were C. is D. was ( ) 16. I was surprised at _______ .

A. what he is saying B. what he said C. what did he say D. what said he ( )17. I forgot _______ France.

A. he has gone to B. he had leen to C. he went D. he had gone to ( ) 18. I learned _______ the city for a long time.

A. she has leen to B. she has gone to C. she had been in D. she had gone to ( ) 19. He said he _______ me before.

A. has met B. met C. was meeting D. had met ( ) 20. I'd like to know when you _______ the army.

A. join B. joined C. have joined D. was joining

定语从句专项语法讲义

定义及相关术语

1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词：关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。

关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例

如

：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.

该

句

中

who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， ―who‖是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。 （二）关系代词引导的定语从句

1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

The factory which makes computers is far away from here.

The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.

That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。

The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? The season that / which comes after spring is summer.

Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。可翻译出【的】 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. ―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由―介词+关系代词‖引出。 1.The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.

The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 2.Tomorrow I‘ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.

Tomorrow I‘ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 注意：1． 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。 如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

【正】This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. 【误】This is the watch for which I am looking .

2．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。

【正】The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. 【误】The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. 【正】The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. 【误】The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable.

3．―介词+关系代词‖前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 关系副词引导的定语从句

1． when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

October 1, 1949 was the day when the People‘s Republic of China was founded. 2．where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born.

I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 3．why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. I don‘t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句来表示。如：

From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up.

Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1.形式上

限制性定语从句:不用逗号―，‖与主句隔开。 非限制性定语从句: 用逗号―，‖与主句隔开。 2.意义上

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。 3.译法上

限制性定语从句译成先行词的定语：―．．．的‖ 非限制性定语从句通常译成主句的并列句。 4.例句

限制性定语从句举例：

China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例 ：

His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.

China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.

限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况

1．当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。 Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?

All that can be done has been done. 2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。 Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。 He married her, as / which was natural. He is honest, as / which we can see.

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有―正如、正像‖的含义。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.

Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don‘t believe.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 I‘ve never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks.

(八) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. I don‘t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. （九）关系代词与关系副词的选择

用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较： A. I know a place where we can have a picnic.

I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.

【练习题】

1.His parents wouldn‘t let him marry anyone ______ family was poor. A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 2.She heard a terrible noise, _______ brought her heart into her mouth.

A.it B.which C.this D.that 3.In the dark street , there wasn‘t a single person _____ she could turn for help.

A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom 4.The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect.

A.what B.which C.that D.it 5.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child.

A.which B.where C.that D.when 6．Carol said the work would be done by October,______personally I doubt very much.

A. it B.that C.when D.which 7．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________,of course , made the others unhappy.

A．who B．which C．this D．what 8.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _____ was very reasonable. A.which price C.the price of which C.its price D.the price of whose 9._____ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules. A.As B.It C.That D.Which 10.He lived in London for 3 months , during ____ time he learned some English. A.this B.which C.that D.same 11.On the wall hung a picture, _____ color is blue.

A.whose B.of which C.which D.its 12.Whenever I met him , ____ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile. A.what B.which C.that D.when 13.The visitor asked the guide to take his picture _____ stands the famous tower. A.that B.where C.which D.there 14.The boss ____ department Ms King worked ten years ago look down upon women. A.in which B.in that C.in whose D.whose 15.I don‘t like _____ you speak to her.

A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which 16.I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ._______ I got wet through . A.It‘s the reason B.That‘s why C.There‘s why D.It‘s how

17.He made another wonderful discovery , ____ of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think which is

18.He was very rude to the customs officer, ____ of course made things even worse. A.who B.whom C.what D.which

状语从句专项语法讲义

用作状语的句子就叫做状语从句（adverbial clause）。 状语从句通常由一个连词或起着连词作用的词组引导， 这些词或词组被称作为关联词或引导词。 状语从句同状语一样，在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句末或句中。 例如：

Do it as you were told! （引导词是as，从句置于句末）

Whatever he says, just don‘t believe him. （引导词是whatever，从句置于句首）

Put in articles where they are necessary in the following passage. （引导词是where, 从句置于句中）

状语从句根据其表达的意思和用途不同，可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句等类别。 例如：

Once you‘ve finished, go to bed. （时间）

You can borrow it as long as you‘re not careless with it. （让步） Don‘t move! Stay where you are! （地点）

They set out early so that they might arrive at the airport in time. （目的） It is such a difficult problem that nobody can work it out. （结果） He opened his lips as if he were going to say something. （方式） In case it rains, do not expect me. （条件）

The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get. （比较）

时间状语从句拓宽知识 时间状语从句表时间，其关联词主要有： when, while, as, before, after, since, (not) until, as soon as, hardly/scarcely/barely…when, no sooner… than, the minute/moment/second…, directly/immediately, each (every, next, the first…) time 例如：

Soon after her mother returned, the girl went to sleep. I have lived in Shanghai since I was a child. when, while和as在引导时间状语从句时都可表示―当……时候‖，但互相间有区别。 时态来表示；when 引导的时间状语可以表示一段时间内发生的动作，也可以表示某一时间点所发生的动作。 when：主句和从句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生，动词如果是指可以持续发生的动作的话，通常用进行

while：主句和从句的动作基本上是同时发生的，动词如果是指可以持续发生的动作的话，通常用进行时态来表示；while 引导的时间状语只表示一段时间内发生的动作；while 也可以指两个动词间的对比，表示反差相当于but。 一边、正当……‖。 例如：

While I was having dinner, he was reading a very interesting story. （主、从句的动作持续在一段时间内同时发生）

I will go on a trip to Canada when I have enough money.（主、从句的动作先后发生） As spring comes, everything comes to life. （表示紧接发生的动作，―随着……‖） 一些表示时间的副词和短语也可以引导时间状语从句。 例如：

Directly the mother was out of sight of her son, she wanted to see him. （directly相当于as soon as） We‘ll leave the minute you‘re ready. （the minute引导从句）

The day he returned home, he found great changes had taken place in his hometown.（the day引导从句）

地点状语从句拓宽知识 地点状语从句表地点，其关联词有where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. 地点状语从句中有些部分经常可以省略。 地点状语从句经常容易和定语从句混淆。 例如：

Corn grows best where the ground is rich. You are able to go wherever you like.

Everywhere you go, never forget your motherland. He would live with his grandmother anywhere she lived. 原因状语从句表原因或理由，其关联词有because, as, since, in that, now that, etc. because, as, since 均表示―因为、由于‖的意思。 because 语气最强，用以回答why, 可与强调词only, just以及否定词not连用。 as 和since的语气较弱，所表示的原因比较明显，或是已知的事实，故不需要强调。它们引导的从句多置于句首，且不能用强调词修饰，也不可和否定词not 连用。as 指―由于‖；since 指―既然‖ 例如：

George was worried because he hadn‘t had any letter from Green. 乔治很着急，因为他一直未收到格林的信。 You shouldn‘t get angry just because some people speak ill of you. 你不该仅仅因为有些人说了你的坏话就发怒。

The man bought the expensive house easily only because his parents had given him a large sum of money. 就因为这个男的父母给了一大笔钱，所以他能轻松买下这么贵的房子。

It was because I wanted to see my uncle that I went to town yesterday.我昨天是由于要去看我的叔叔而进城的。（because 引导的原因状语从句的强调句形式：It is (was) because …. that …, since 与 as 无此形式） As the bell had rung, all the students went to the classroom. 由于上课铃声响了，同学们都进了教室。 Since you‘re going, I will go too. 既然你要去，我也去吧。

as： 主句和从句的动作可以是同时发生，也可以是先后发生，但强调动作是紧接着发生，表示―随着……、一边……

结果状语从句表结果，其关联词有so, so that , so…that, such…that, with the result that, etc. so…that常和形容词或副词连用,若有与有形容词的短语连用，则引起倒装；such…that 常和名次连用。 结果状语从句常置于主句之后。 目的状语从句表目的，其关联词有so that, in order that, lest, etc. 目的状语从句中常常有情态动词may (might), shall (should), will (would), can (could) 来表示目的。 so that 和in order that 所引导的目的状语从句可放于句首。 lest 和in case 引导目的状语从句时表示―以免、以防‖的意思，一般用虚拟语气。 例如：

They had oral practice every morning, so that they made rapid progress in their speaking. He worked so hard that he finished his task in three days.

She is such a demanding girl that it‘s impossible for any other one to please her.

条件状语从句拓宽知识 条件状语从句表条件，其关联词有 if; only if, unless, as/so long as; as/so far as, provided/providing (that), suppose, supposing, assuming, on condition that, once(note: some can + ~ing/~ed): Once begun, … in case 条件状语从句分为真实条件和非真实条件两种。非真实条件状语从句可查看本书―虚拟语气‖内容，本节只讨论真实条件情况。 条件状语从句在句中位置灵活，可置前也可置后；从句动词常用现在时态或过去时态表示。 例如：

If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to attend the pop-song singer‘s concert.

Suppose he didn‘t believe in us, what should we do then?（在此处，suppose 相当于if 的用法。） Supposing Tom can‘t come to repair our TV set, who will do the work?（supposing的用法同上）

Providing (that) there is no opposition, we shall bring the meeting to an end.(providing 引导从句时that可加可不加，等同于if 引导的条件状语从句) 英语有一种条件状语从句与主句并无直接关系，被称为间接条件状语从句。 例如：

You are so careless to your work that I don‘t think you will accomplish anything in future, if I may say so. （等同于?I am telling you, if I may, that you so careless to your work that …‘） If引导的条件状语从句有时会省略主谓结构。

例如：

If necessary, call me up at any time. （If it is necessary, …） 让步状语从句表―虽然，尽管，即使‖等意思，其关联词有 though; although; even if/though; however; no matter how/what/who… whether…or…not… for all (that), in spite of the fact that, wh-ever, 从句的位置即可置于主句之前也可以之后。 例如:

He works hard though he is very old.

Even if I had been invited, I wouldn‘t attend his birthday party.

They are good people, for all that their ways of life are different from ours. However busy he is, he is willing to help anyone who needs his help. 让步状语从句的倒装。由as所引导的让步状语从句置于句首时，通常会出现倒装的语法结构。 例如：

Old as I am, I can still fight. （相当于Although I am old, I can ….）

Boy as he is, he is very careful with his work.（相当于Though he is a boy, he is ….注意当名词置于句首时，必须使用其最简单结构。）

Try as you may, you will never succeed.

方式状语从句拓宽知识 方式状语从句表动作方式，其关联词有(just) as, as if, as though, the way, how, etc. 多置于主句之后。 in spite of/despite +n phrase 例如:

You ought to finish the task as he does.

They talked as if they had been friends for a long time. To be frank, I don‘t like the way he eats.(the way 相当于the way that, 也相当于the way in which) as 之前通常可以用just或exactly来强调。 方式状语从句有时可以省略部分成分。 例如：

I did just as you told me.

He did as told. (相当于He did as he had been told.)

He paused as if expecting her to speak.(相当于as if he was expecting her to speak.)

比较状语从句表示比较，其关联词有(not)as/so … as, than, the + 比较级，the + 比较级, etc. 例如：

China is much larger than Japan.

The more you have read, the more you have learned. I can walk faster than you can run.

He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 此外，下列结构还可表示对比或对照，其关联词有except, but, etc. 例如:

The concert was wonderful except that the last part was too loud. It never rains but it pours.

【练习题】

John shut everybody out of the kitchen ________he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. A. which B. when A. until

C. so that

D. as if

D. that

I would appreciate it ________ you call back this afternoon for the doctor‘s appointment.

B. if

C. when

As far as I am concerned，education is about learning and the more you learn，________. A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life

After the war，a new school building was put up _______there had once been a theatre. A. that

B. where

C. which

D. when

—Is Mr. Smith in the office?

—Yes，_____ he is in charge of the office，he must be there. A. since

B. however

C. whether

D. for

As your good friend, I will do ________help you. A. that I can to C. all that I can A. as long as C. in case A. as

B. what I can to

D. what I can

John may phone tonight. I don‘t want to go out ________he phones.

B. in order to

D. so that B. since D. before

Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up ________I could answer the phone. C. until

—Don‘t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages. —Oh, ________others are weak, he is strong.

A. If

B. When D. Though B. when D. while

B. so that to

C. Where A. that

It is ten years ________he smoked.

C. since A. that

We must hurry up ________catch up with the last train.

C. in order that A. what C. how A. Which

D. in order to

No matter ________hard it may be，I will carry it out.

B. whatever

D. however

________ you may do，you must do it well.

B. Whenever

D. When

C. Whatever

—Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday? —No. But if I ___the time，I would definitely go. A. have

B. had

C. have had A. Since C. Because

D. would have

B. For D. Though

15. ____ you are so weak，you‘d better stay at home.

16.English and French are taught here. You can choose ________you like. A. no matter which C. which A. as

B. whichever

D. whatever

B. before

17.I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We had not seen each other ________I left London.

C. since

D. till

18.I‘ll be back before you ________. A. will leave C. leave

B. will have left

D. would leave B. will have

19.The problem won‘t be settled until we ________a chance to discuss it thoroughly. A. have had C. will have had A. will be doing

D. would have

B. have done

20.If you _____this experiment，you will understand the theory better. C. will have done A. even if C. however

D. would do

B. as if D. as though

21.They went on working ______it was late at night.

22.I hurried ________I wouldn‘t be late for class.

A. since C. as if A. will rain C. rained A. At times

B. so that

D. unless B. rains D. is raining B. Some time

23.The volleyball match will be put off if it ______.

24.______ you talk to someone or write a message，you show your skills to others. C. By the time

D. Every time

25.Although he is considered a great writer，________. A. however his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read

同位语从句专项语法讲义

一、理解同位语从句的含义，把握同位语从句的实质

在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用that, whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how 等词引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion, conclusion等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明。

例：The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

析：they had won the game说明The news的全部内容，因此该句为同位语从句。 二、正确运用同位语从句的引导词，准确把握同位语从句

1.如同位语从句意义完整，应用that引导同位语从句。（即that 不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，不可省略）

例：The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。

析：the soldiers should cross the river at once是the order的全部内容，且意义完整，因此应用that引导同位语从句。

2.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\是否\的含义，应用whether引导同位语从句。（if不能引导同位语从句）

例：We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。

析：the sports meeting will be held on time意义不完整，应加\是否\的含义才能表达the problem的全部内容，因此应用whether引导同位语从句。

3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加\什么时候\、\什么地点\、\什么方式\等含义，应用when, where, how等词引导同位语从句。

例1：I have no idea when he will be back.

析：he will be back意义不完整，应加\什么时候\的含义才能表达idea的全部内容，因此应用when引

导同位语从句。

例2：I have no impression how he went home, perhaps by bike.

析：he went home意义不完整，应加\如何\的含义才能表达impression的全部内容，因此应用how引导同位语从句。

4.当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从句常后置。 如：The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 三、把握同位语从句和定语从句的区别，明确同位语从句和相似从句的界限

同位语从句和定语从句相似，都放在某一名词或代词后面，但同位语从句不同于定语从句。同位语从句对名词加以补充说明，是名词全部内容的体现，且名词和同位语从句的引导词均不在从句中作成分；定语从句说明先行词的性质与特征，与先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系，且名词和定语从句的引导词均在从句中作成分。

区分时可以在先行词与与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个新句子，如果句子通顺且符合逻辑，则为同位语从句，反之，则为定语从句。

如：The report that he was going to resign was false.

因为the report was that he was going to resign 句意通顺，所以，that he was going to resign 是同位语从句。 例1：

1）Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as

析：答案为B。more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是Information的内容，且Information不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于：

2）It is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities，this is the information ____ has been put forward.

A. what B. that C. when D. as

析：答案为B。that has been put forward为information的修饰性定语，且information在从句中作主语，所以该句为定语从句。

例2：She heard a terrible noise,____ brought her heart into her mouth.(MET91) A. it B. which C. this D. that

析：答案为B。分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，先行词为a terrible noise，且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于： I can't stand the terrible noise ____ she is crying loudly. A. it B. which C. this D. that

析：答案为D。she is crying loudly是the terrible noise的内容，且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分，所以该句为同位语从句。

注意：同位语从句和定语从句的三点区别

同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面: 1. 从词类上区别 同

位

语

从

句

前

面

的

名

词

只

能

是

idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词?代词?主句的一部分或是整个主句?如:

The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed. (同位语从句) We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. (同位语从句)

Word came that he had been abroad. (同位语从句) Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴?(定语从句) The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面?(定语从句)

His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽她的最大努力帮助他的学习?(定语从句,代词all作先行词?) 2. 从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:

The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的?(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息?)

The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的?(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语?)

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有?(同位语从句,补充说明promise到底是一个什么诺言?)

The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺?(定语从句,promise在从句中作pleased的主语?) 3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别

有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句?如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑?(同位语从句)

I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事?(同位语从句)

引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略?that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替?如:

The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了?(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略?) The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组?(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略?) 巩固性练习：

1. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all. A. that B. what C. why D. which 2. The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability. A. hat B. what C. which D. why

3. The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly. A. what B. that C. why D. when

4. His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down. A. which B. that C./ D. it 5. I have no idea ____ he will start. A. when B. that C. what D./

6. I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow. A. if B. that C. whether D. which

7. The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him. A. when B. which C. what D. that

8. The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late. A. which B. whether C. that D. what

9. The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease. A. that B. as C. of which D. which

10. He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing. A. whether B. where C. that D. when

名词性从句之主语从句专项语法讲义

一、主语从句的连词分三类

（1）从属连词引导的主语从句 （that whether if）

that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/在句中不做成分/不可以省。That 引导主语从句通常用it 作形式主语。

例如：That you will win the medal seems unlikely. That she survived the accident is a miracle.

whether 引导的主语从句: whether有含义(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省。 注意：引导主语从句，不能用if不能在开头，只能用whether。

Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. Whether she is coming or not doesn‘t matter too much. （2） 用连接代词引导的主语从句

在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分. 例如：What you need is more practice. Whatever we do is to serve the people. 注：whatever / whoever的功用

whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。 whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。 如：Whoever breaks the law should be punished. （主语从句） （ ＝Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ）

Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. （让步状语从句） （ ＝No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ）

（3）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。) 例如:Where we should leave it is a problem.

When they will come hasn‘t been made pubic. 三、it 作形式主语的主语从句

有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分四种情况：

(1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语it替代主语从句： It is +名词+从句

It is a fact that… 事实是……；It is good news that … ……是好消息；It is a question that … ……是个问题；It is common knowledge that … ……是常识

类似的名词还有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。 It is a mystery to me how it all happened.

It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game. It is +形容词+从句

It is necessary that … 有必要……；It is clear that … 很清楚……；It is likely that … 很可能……；It is important that … 重要的是……

类似的形容词还有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc. It is doubtful whether she will be able to come. It is essential that he should be here by the weekend. It seems obvious that we can not go on like this. It is necessary that you （should）master the computer.

需要注意的是这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为―（should）＋动词原形‖，即要用虚拟语气。 It is +过去分词+从句

It is said that … 据说……；It is reported that … 据报道……；It has been proved that … 已证明……；It must be proved that… 必须指出……

类似的过去分词还有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.

例如：It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.

It seems不及物动词（happened / appears / doesn‘t‘t matter / makes no difference / occurred …）that …主语从句不可提前

It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. It does not matter if I missed my train. It happened that I saw him yesterday.

(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：

Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 It was a problem whether they would support us.他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 (3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如： What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。

What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。

有时也可将助用形式主语。如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 (4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构： Is it true that he is the girl‘s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？ How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？ 四、连词that的省略问题

引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略；若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略： That you didn‘t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that不可省) It was a pity (that) you didn‘t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省) 【高考题】

1、It never occurred to me___you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.(陕西高考) A．which

B．what C．that

D．if

2、It's obvious to the students________they should get well prepared for their future.(天津卷) A．as B．that C．which D．whether

3、________some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plug by many others.(2010·北京) A．Whether B．What C．That D．How

4、It is uncertain________side effect the medicine will bring about，although about two thousand patients have taken it.(2010·浙江) A．that

B．how C．what

D．whether

【主语从句练习题】

1.________ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever

2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for

3.When and why he came here ________ yet.

A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known 4. ________ is no reason for dismissing her.

A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late 5. ________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________. A. That…that you had expected B. What …that you had expected C. That…what you had expected D. What…what you had expected 6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly.

A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how

9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry.

A. That B. What C. How D. Which

10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have. A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether

12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

13._________is going to do the job will be decided by the Party committee. A. That B. Why C. How D. Who

14._______we'll finish translating the book depends on the time. A. When B. Why C. What D. That

15.______he won't go there is clear to all of us. A. How B. What C. Why D. This

16.______the house will be built will be discussed at tomorrow's meeting. A. If B. Where C. That D. What

17. ._______you come or not is up to you. A. What B. If C. Why D. Whether

18.._______makes mistakes must correct them. A. Who B. Anyone C. Whoever D. Anybody

19.._______team will win the match is a matter of public concern. A. Which B. That C. If D. How

20..________leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

冠词The Article

知识要点：

冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法

1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.

2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有―一‖的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.

4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。

5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。

It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。

It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法：

1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine.

2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please.

3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：

There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin.

4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun. 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如： He is always the first to come to school. Bob is the tallest in his class.

6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children‘s Palace, the Party等。

7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。

8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People‘s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：

The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。

11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如： The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car). 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）：

1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如： Go down this street.

3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如： We are students. I like reading stories.

4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers‘ Day, Children‘s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。 Today is New Year‘s Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is Women‘s Day. 5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如： What‘s the matter, Granny? We elected him monitor.

6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。 7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：

She goes to school after breakfast every morning. We are going to play football. We usually have lunch at school. 8、科目前不加。如：

We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects. 【专项训练】：

1、 We can‘t live without

A．an

2、——Have you seen

——Is it A．a; the A．×; × A．a

air.

C．the

D．some

pen? I left it here this morning.

C．the; a hour and

D．a; a half.

B．×

black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

B．the; the B．the; a

B．×

3、I‘ve been waiting for him for 4、What

C．a; the

D．an; a

D．an D．tree

fine weather we have today!

C．some

as tall as this one? C．an tree C．the; ×

age of six.

D．the; the world.

D．×;×;×

science.

5、Have you ever seen

A．a tree A．×; the

6、Children usually go to

7、

Himalayas is

B．such tree

B．a; an

school at

highest mountain in

A．×; the;× A．a; a; ×

A．The; ×

B．The; the; the C．A; a; a

8、They each have __book. Li Hua‘s is about 9、 10、

Physics is sun rises in

writer. Wang Lin‘s is on

B．the; ×; the C．×; the; × D．a; the; a

science of matter and energy. C．×; the

D．A; a

west.

international trade today.

bad

D．A; the; a

D．×; the D．A; a

east and sets in

B．×; ×

A．A; an; a A．a;×

B．The;×;× C．The; the; the B．the; an

C．the; the

11、Many people agree that__knowledge of English is a must in 12、

__Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in

B．A;×

C．The; the

delicous one.

D．a; a

D．an

music.

dinner then. It was

C．×;a

car do you want to buy? B．the B．×;× B．×; the

C．a

temper. A．×;a 13、They were at

A．a; the A．×

14、what kind of

B．×;×

15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to

A．×; the A．the; ×

C．the; × C．×;×

D．the; the

16、Beyond

stars, the astronaut saw nothing but

space.

D．the; the telephone in 1876.

17、Alexander Graham Bell invented

A．× B．a C．the D．one

bathroom.

18、——Where‘s Jack?

——I think he‘s still in A．×;× A．the; the

B．the; the

bed, but he might just be in

C．the; × C．the; ×

D．×; the

public places.

D．×; the

19、Many people are still in habit of writing silly things in

B．×;×

20、——I‘d like

A．some; a

information about the management of your hotel, please.

word with the manager. He might be helpful.

C．some; some

介词的用法

D．an; a

——Well, you could have

B．an; some

一.表示时间日期的介词

1． at：主要表示方向、场所、时间的某一点

at the corner of the street，at dinner，at sixty miles an hour，be sold at three yuan a dozen，come at us

固定搭配： at one time，at the beginning of，at the post office，at the airport， at the weekend，at the age of 25，at the same time， at present，at any time，表示原因，表示―见/闻……而‖。 at the news at 主要表示时间点

表示特定的时间 at night a.m. 在九点钟 表示不确定的时间 at night, at that time, at Christmas在圣诞期间 当天 on

表示年龄段 at the age of eight 在8岁

2． in：表示场所、时间与期限、状况、方向。主要用来表示较长的时间单位，如月份、季节、年份等 in the 1990s in the late 19th century 形成―in+时段名词‖的词组或固定搭配

in those days，in the daytime，in a short while，in no time，in time .in 主要表示时间段

一般指相对较长的时间段里 in the morning, in spring, in the past ten years 在…时间之后，用于将来时 He will be back in a month. 介词in在短语或句型中的省略：

1) 某些形容词/过去分词后接v-ing形式时，v-ing形式前的介词in可以省略。 be busy (in) doing be engaged (in) doing （忙于……）

2) 某些动词如busy等，常与反身代词连用，其后的in也可以省略。 busy oneself (in) doing

3) 某些动词如spend、pass、waste等与表示时间的名词连用，后面的介词也可以省略。 spend time (in) doing waste time (in) doing

4) 在have no difficulty in doing sth.、have no trouble in doing sth.、have no business in doing sth.等句型中介词也可以省略。

5) 在句型There is no use (in)doing sth.中，介词也可省略。

固定搭配：in the world，in (the)future，in the snow /rain / storm，in ink，in short，in public， in one‘s opinion，in modern times，in surprise，in a queue，in the open air

3． on：主要表示在上面、根据或基础、有关或涉及的方面、表示某天。

固定搭配：on doing sth.，on the afternoon of October，on Tuesday evening，on foot，hit sb. on the head，on the right/ left，on fire，on duty，on sale，on the radio， on show，on earth，on one‘s own 注意：一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at，如圣诞节。 一般的节日名词前用on。 on 主要指具体某一天

表示是具体的日期和星期 on Monday, on October 1st,1949. on my birthday 某一天特定的上午下午或半夜 on the night of December 31,1999. on a fine day 在第几天 on her first day to school, on the tenth day I was in Beijing. 4． by主要表示接近、时限、动作的执行者、方式。

固定搭配：by the village， by oneself，by foot(=on foot)，by hand，learn … by heart， 二.表示地点，方位的介词

5． for主要表示目的、原因、交换值以及时间和距离的长度。

固定搭配：make sth. for sb.， thank sb. for sth.， for example， for sale，for free， for 表示一段时间

表示一件事延续的长短,一般接具体的时间 I have lived in Nanjing for 2 years. 6． of表示部分与全体的关系、所有关系、来源和所用的材料。 of所有格表示的多种关系： 1） 从属关系：the wheel of the car 2） 局部----整体关系：some of the water 3） 量化关系：a cup of tea

4） 描述关系：a professor of learning（知识丰富的教授） 5） 同位关系： the city of Beijing

6） 动宾关系：the study of the map（研究地图）

7） 主谓关系：the determination of the workers（工人们的决心）

固定搭配： be fond of，make fun of，be tired of，of one‘s own，instead of， 7． to 主要表示方向、程度、结果、关系和位置。

固定搭配to one‘s surprise / joy/ astonishment，to the east of，key to…，come up to，add up to，be open to the public， thanks to， stick to，refer to 8.during 表示一段时间

在…期间内，强调在此期间内发生了什么事y

I studied in this university for 4 years, during that time most of my time was spent in learning English. 可接表示时间延续一段时间的名词 during my visit to China, during my holiday 9.from 与to, till连用

Most people work from nine to five. 多数人过着朝九晚五的生活 10.since，since+时间点 从那一刻起，与现在完成与过去完成时连用 He has been here since last Sunday. 自从上星期天起，她就在这里 四、 容易错、常考的介词及搭配

1． be made of，be made from，be made into，be made in 2． call on = visit，call for = go and pick up

3． on business （出差）/ strike（）罢工 / duty（值日） / holiday / fire / vacation / watch（警戒） / sale（出售） / leave（请假） / guard（警戒）

4． have some trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.，have a habit / idea / plan of doing sth. 5． A is pleased to B，B is pleased with A（对……感到满意） 7． with the help of，under the leadership of

8． by means of（使用），by way of（经由），by heart（记住），by the way 9． out of question（毫无疑问），out of the question（毫不可能） 10． prevent / stop / keep sb. from doing sth. 11． be thankful to sb. for sth. 12． steal sth. from sb.，rob sb. of sth.

13． insist on doing sth.，persist in doing sth.，stick to，go on doing sth. 14． set about doing sth.，set out to do sth.

15． look sb. in the face，hit sb. on the face，lead the cow by the nose 16． do a favour for sb. = do sb. a favour 五、 介词的惯用型

1． above all（首先），after all，at all（全然），in all

2． day after day，year after year，one after one，one after another 3． at peace（和平），at war（战争），at times（时常），at dinner

4． by oneself，by all means（尽一切办法、务必），by chance，by accident， by no means（决不、并没有），by means of（用、依靠） ，by the way 5． in her teens（十几岁），in pain，in danger，in need 6． to one‘s joy / sorrow / surprise

7． with care（仔细地），with joy / pleasure（高兴地），with one‘s help，

with the best wishes（致以我们良好的祝愿），without difficulty（毫不困难地），without exception（毫不例外），without delay（立即、马上）

8． according to（依据），along with（和……一起），as to（至于……），because of，except for（除……之外），instead of（代替）

9． out of order（不正常），out of date，out of trouble（脱离困境），out of sight， out of debt（还清了债务），out of touch（没有联系）

10． at the bottom of，at the centre of，at the end of，at the top of， at the cost of（以……为代价）at the sight of，at the thought of，at a speed of

11． in memory of（纪念），in favour of（同意），in the habit of（有……习惯），in touch with（与……保持联系），on the left of，on the eve of（在……前夕）

12． from time to time（不时地）， from day to day（天天）， from hand to hand（一个传一个），from side to side（左右地），from car to car（一个车厢一个车厢地），from bad to worse（越来越差），from beginning to end（从头到尾），from hand to mouth（仅能糊口），from head to foot，from start to finish，from one to another 六.掌握方式、手段、工具的表达方法 1）in +文字、语言、材料名词

in English (ink, pencil, capital letters) write in pen, 用钢笔写 speak in a low voice 小声说话 2） with +工具、机器；人体器官；情绪、情感、态度的名词

with a branch, with one‘s nose, with pride, with satisfaction, with the help of, with one‘s permission

We can see with our eyes and write with our hands.

I killed a fly with a fly flap. 我用苍蝇拍打死了一只苍蝇 3） by 表示泛指的方式、手段

by bus, by land, by means of（用……方法）, by way of（经由） , by doing sth.,

by hand（手工）, by post（由邮局传递）, by letter（用写信的方式）, by electricity, by hard work, by the year, by the hour（by + the + 单位名词） 按…… 4） 其它表示方式（情况、状况、手段）的表示法

through the radio / by radio / on the radio, through / by / from practice,

by telephone (on the telephone), on foot, on the train, in satisfaction, in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in comfort, in sorrow, in high / good / poor spirits,

in anger, in safety, in debt, in good order, in good / poor health, in tears, in use, in pain,

七、 注意：某些名词和介词的固定搭配

1） 要求to：key, answer, visit, apology, introduction 以to为中心构成短语的归纳

belong to, come to（苏醒）, look forward to, lead to, stick to, refer to, turn to, drink to（为……干杯）, object to（反对）, reply to the letter, help oneself to, sing / dance to the music（和着……在……声中唱/跳）, devote oneself to

2） 要求in：interest, satisfaction 3）以for为中心构成短语的归纳

ask for, call for（去接某人）, care for（关心）, go in for（从事）, answer for（对……负责）, send for, pay for, praise sb. for（赞扬某人某事）, head for（向……方向移动）, search for, take … for …（误以为）, leave for, prepare for（为……准备）, thank sb. for, make a dive for（向……猛冲）, make up for（弥补……损失） 4）以on为中心构成短语的归纳

come on来吧, call on拜访, pass on传递, carry on进行下去, live on sth.靠……生活, depend on依靠, have on穿着, have pity on同情, look on … as …把……看作, push on推动, spy on窥探, switch / turn on旋开, wait on服侍, walk on继续走, spend…on …在……上花费时间、金钱, operate on给……动手术, take on a new look呈现新面貌

八、 某些形容词和介词的固定搭配

1） be afraid of 担心 be afraid for替……而担心

2） be angry about / at sth.因……而生气 be angry with sb.对……某人发怒 3） be anxious for sth.渴望 be anxious about sth. / sb.担心 4） be different from 与……不同 be indifferent to … ……不关心

5） be good at …擅长 be good for …对……有益 be good of sb. to do sth.友好 6） be strict with sb.对……严格 be strict in sth.

7） be popular with sb.受到……欢迎 be popular in some place流行在 ……be popular for因……而流行 8） be pleased with + n.或what从句；be pleased at +抽象名词 听、看到而高兴 9） be disappointed at sth. ；be disappointed with sb.对……失望

10） be known to sb. ；be known with + n.或从句 ；be known for因……而著名 11） be absent from缺席 12） be devoted to …献身于…… 13） be open to …对……开放 14） be poor / clever / expert at … 15） be sorry for …替/为……后悔 16） be rich in … be interested in … 17） be proud of (take pride in)

18） be satisfied with / by … be sure of / about … 19） be fond of, be fit for, be busy with sth. (in doing sth.) 20） be late for, be ready for

21） be similar to … ；be wrong with … 九、吊尾介词

1） 某些形容词后接不及物动词或―V+介‖型短语动词的不定式形式表―反射‖，常用吊尾介词。 A) fit, easy, hard, good, difficult, comfortable, heavy等形容后，常用吊尾介词。 e.g. The girl is easy to get along with.

B) be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done, want / require / need doing表反射，常用吊尾介词。

e.g. The problem is worth dealing with. The book is worthy of being referred to.

2） 不及物动词的不定式修饰表―涉及对象、场所、工具、手段、方式、材料等‖意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

e.g. There is nothing for us to worry about. a room to live in

3） 定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，则不及物动词后要带介词，先行词被―V+介‖组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。

e.g. He is the very man I just spoke to. This is the life he is used to.

4） 以what，whose，who，whatever等引导的宾语从句、表语从句中常出现―吊尾介词‖。 e.g. I don‘t know what you do it for.

5） 强调句型和特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。在上下文意义清楚时，特殊疑问句常用省简结构。

e.g. It is the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for?（为什么？）Where to?（去哪儿？）Who with?（和谁去？） 6） 被动语态中―V+介‖短语常用吊尾介词。

e.g. He was listened to come here. He has never been spoken to in this way. 十常用介词辨异 1． about, on, of 关于

on多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于―学术上‖的―论文‖或―演说‖等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有―论及‖之意。

about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有―述及‖之意。

of作―关于‖讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意

义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn（听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。 2. at, on, in(表时间) : at表示时间的一点；in表示一个时期；on表示特殊日子 A. at后常接几点几分，天明，中午，日出，日落，开始等。如：

at five o‘clock（ 五点），at down （黎明），at daybreak （天亮），at sunrise （日 出）, at noon （中午），at sunset （日落），at midnight （半夜），at the beginning of the month （月初）， at that time （那时），at that moment （那会儿），at this time of day （在一天的这个时候）。

B. in后常接年，月，日期，上午，下午，晚上，白天，季节，世纪等。如：

in 2006（2006年），in May，2004 （2004年五月），in the morning （早晨/上午），in the afternoon （下午），in the evening （晚上），in the night （夜晚），in the daytime （白天），in the 21st century （21世纪），in three days （weeks/month）三天（周/个月），in a week （一周），in spring （春季）。 C. on后跟某日，星期几，某日的朝夕，节日等,即具体某一天极其早\\中、晚.

on Sunday （星期日），on a warm morning in April （四月的一个温暖的上午），on a December night （12月的一个夜晚），on that afternoon （那天下午），on the following night （下一个晚上），on Christmas afternoon （圣诞节下午），on October 1，1949 （1949年10月1日），on New Year‘s Day. (特别提示): 在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词 at, in in一般表示较大的地方 at表示较小的地方

at home, at school, at the bus stop, at the doctor's， in a country, in a town, in the street, 3. between, among(表位置) ―在…..之间‖

A. between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也可用between, 如 I‘m sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills. B. among用于三者或三者以上之间。如： He is the best among the students.

4. except, except for, except that, but, besides, beside

except―除……之外‖，指不包括……，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。

except for―除了，只有‖，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。

except that―除了，只是‖，意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上，主要指其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其它从句。

but所含―除……外‖的意思不如except明确。but多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。

besides表示―除……外还有‖，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides可用作副词，相当于also，有―而且，加之，何况‖之意。

beside也是介词，表示―在附近‖，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。 【对比】如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except，否则就用except for。 e.g.This book has no blunder except a few mistakes.

This book is interesting except for a few mistakes.（前面无同类词语） Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition. 5. in the tree, on the tree

in the tree ,指动物或人等外来的东西在树上，

on the tree ,指果实或叶子等树本身长出来的东西 6. on the way, by the way, in this way on the way 指在路上, on one‘s way to ..... by the way 指顺便问一句

in this way 用这样的方法 , in that way , in other way, in these ways 7. by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法, 固定搭配, on the bus 特指乘某一辆车 8. across, through, over和past―通过, 经过‖ across从表面经过, 如,road, bridge, river

through从内部空间经过, 如: city, woods, forests, window, gate past , 从旁边经过.

through指―穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)‖； across和over可以指―跨越…(街道/河流)‖,可互换,但是表示―翻过…‖时只能用over. 如：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)

8. on, above, over, ― 在…上‖, up,

A. on指在某物表面上,有接触点 a book on the table

B. over指在某物垂直上方,无接触点,也可指覆盖在某物上, 与under相对under 表示在…下方 I put the money under the bed. 我把钱放在床底下 a cloth over the table , a fan over the table

C. above指在某物的上方即可,不一定是垂直上方是斜上方反义词为 below , He lives above me 他住我家楼上(不一定就是头上一间) The temperature today is above zero.今天气温零度以上.

D. up表示在往上的方向 反义词 down look up to the sky 抬头看天空

about与on的用法区别：都可以表示―有关…‖,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示―有关…(专题/课程)‖。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游) on 表示两事物表面接触 Put away the books on the desk. 把桌上的书收好 over除了要接触，还有覆盖的含义，over表示正上方 There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥 9. for , since,

A. since仅说明什么时候开始，, 后常跟一个具体的过去的时间. B. for 表示某动作或情况持续多久, 后常跟一段时间。

He has studied the piano for 5 years.. They have lived here since 1978.

since与for表示时间的用法区别：―since+(具体时刻/that-从句)‖表示―自从…起一直到现在‖,―for +(一段时间)‖表示―总共有…之久‖,都常用于完成时态；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)

10. after, behind, ―在…之后‖

A. after 主要用于表示时间 B. behind主要用于表示位置 11. in, after ―……以后‖

A. ―in +段时间‖表示将来的一段时间以后, 用在将来时态中., 常回答how soon的提问. B. ―after+段时间‖表示过去的一段时间以后, 相当于 一段时间+ later My mother will come back in three or four days.

He arrived after five months. = He arrived five minutes later. .in , after , later

in + 一段时间 . 常用 一般将来时。 after + 一段时间 . 常用一般过去时。 after + 点时间 . 用各种时态。 一段时间 ＋ later 过去时 12. 放在地点之前的介词:at, in, on

A. at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示―在……附近，旁边‖ B. in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示―在…范围之内‖。 C. on 表示毗邻，接壤

D. to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤

⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别：―after+(具体时刻/从句)‖表示―在…时刻之后‖常用于一般时态；―in+(一段时间)‖表示―在(多久)之后‖,常用于将来时态。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来) 13. by, with, in , on 表示方式, 手段,工具，

A. by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具, 或跟V-ing形式. B. with 表示用 …工具,

C. in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、颜色)等

D. on 表示通过媒介, on the telephone, on the radio, on TV

by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示―工具、手段‖,但是by主要表示―乘坐‖某个交通工具或―以……方式‖,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in表示―使用‖某种语言/文字,with表示―使用‖某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let‘s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的) 14.as与like的区别：

两个词都表示―像……‖,但是as译为―作为……‖,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为―像……一样‖,表示外表,不是事实。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲) 15. at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别：

at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为―在…末；在…尽头‖,常与过去时连用；by the end of…只能表示时间,译为―在…前；到…为止‖,常用于过去完成时； in the end与at last基本等义,表示―终于、最后‖,通常用于过去时；to the end译为―到…的终点为止‖,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房

子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局) 16.for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别：

for a moment―一会儿、片刻‖(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用；for the moment―暂时、目前‖,常用于现在时；in a moment―一会儿、立即、马上‖(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于将来时；at the moment―此刻,眼下‖(=now),用于现在进行时。如：Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Let‘s leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧！) / I‘ll come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙) 17. but的问题：

用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如：I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight.(他们没有选择只有战斗)

18. in front of 与in the front of：

in front of―在…的前面‖, 与in the front of―在…的前部‖。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台) [12] except与besides的区别：except―除了‖,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides―除了‖则表示包含,即―不仅……又……‖。如：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课) 19.till , until , to 的用法。

till / until 与延续动词连用，用于肯定句，与短暂 动词连用用在否定句（ 在句首、强调句 不用till ). 选择最佳答案(表示时间关系的介词).

The plane arrived at London airport ______ Wednesday. A. on B. at C. in D. for What do you usually do ________ Christmas? A. on B. at C. in D. for

Mrs Brown worded in the west of Australia ________ last summer? A. / B. on C. in D. since The first class begins _______ 8 o‘clock ______ the morning. A. at/on B. at/in C. on /in D. on/on _______the past two months he has been busy with his school work. A. For B. On C. Since D. At

________last Saturday, we had had two football matches with Class Two. A. For B. / C. By D. During We will be in Nanjing _____ Tuesday ______Thursday. A. on/ through B. on/to C. from/to D. on./till Mr Black will visit our new school building ______ two days. A. before B. after C. at D. in

_______ the end of last spring Wang Hai joined the army _______ the end. A. At/at B. By/in C. In /at D. At /in We will have a football match _____ this Saturday afternoon..

A. on B. / C. in D. for He came to see you _____ the evening of May 10th.

A. in B. at C. on D. for I‘m afraid I gave you a lot of trouble ________ my stay here. A. in B. for C. during D. on The singing group will have two performances ______ October. A. after B. since C. / D. for The supermarket is open ______ midnight.

A. at B. on C. till D. / She didn‘t go to work ______ that morning. She slept ______ noon. A. /…till B. on…till C. at…at D. /…at He was ill _____ a week, and _______ the week he ate almost nothing . A. for/at B. for/during C. during/during D. for/for Days are longer ______ summer than ___________ winter. A. in/in B. in/on C. from/to D. to/in

Children get presents ________ Christmas and ______ their birthday. Granny is coming for lunch________ Christmas day.

A. at/on/on B. on/on/on C. at/in/at D. in/on/in 19.________ New Year‘s eve people usually don‘t go to bed until midnight. A. At B. On C. For D. In Tom and Paul usually watch TV ______ weekends.

A. at B. in C. for D. / Every day the old man takes these children home _____ school. A. at B. to C. from D. after Could you come to my office ________ the day after tomorrow. A./ B. on C. in D. at We had built three bridges over the river _______ the end of 1994. A. at B. on C. for D. by Life will be better _____ the 21st century.

A. at B. on C. for D. in 25.Do you often work late _____ night.

A. at B. in C. for D. during 选择最佳答案(表示地点运动方向的介词). I had a new card, and I didn‘t write ________.

A. on it B. it C. in it D. above it There is a bridge ________ the river.

A. under B. over C. on D. next He said that he would meet us ____ the cinema.

A. in B. at C. on D. in There is a book store________ the street corner.

1 need 情态动词 无时态；人称的变化 多用于疑问句和否定句 You needn‘t try to explain. Needn‘t = don‘t have to

Needn‘t have done sth 过去本不必做某事* 虚拟语气

2 need 实义动词 有时态；人称的变化 后接to do You need to tell us the truth. The car needs repairing. The car needs to be repaired.

3 dare 情态动词 过去时 dared 无人称的变化 多用在疑问句和否定句 Dare he tell them what he knows?

4 dare 实义动词 有时态；人称的变化后接to do 用于疑问句和否定句时 其后的to 有时可省略 Do you dare (to) jump off the high wall? E: will and would

1 表示征求对方(第二人称)意见或询问对方意愿 would 比will 更客气委婉 Will you have some more wine? Would you mind my smoking here?

2 will 表示习惯性动作或某种倾向 would 表示过去习惯性动作或某种倾向 Fish will die out of water.

When I was young, I would play badminton on Sundays. Would 与 used to 的区别*

Would 只能用来表示重复的动作而不能表示状态 Used to 既可表示动作也可表示状态, 强调现在不如此 He used to be a university student. 3 will 表示意愿 决心 I will never do that again. F: shall, should and ought to

1 shall 在问句中表示征求对方意见或请求 用于第一，三人称 What shall we do now?

2 shall 肯定句中 表示说话人强烈的感情 允许，命令，禁止和威胁 * 或表示按规定，规章和义务等用于第二，三人称 If you dare to do that, you shall be punished. These rules shall be obeyed. Shall not 禁止，不许 3 shall 决心，意愿 = will I shall come if I want to.

4 should 表示劝告，建议 = ought to 应该 You should wash your hands first. Should 主要表示主观看法*

Ought to 客观情况 法律、规定、义务的使用 Should have done / ought to have done sth 虚拟语气* Shouldn‘t have done / ought not to have done sth

You should have done it today.

5 should 推测 推论 可能性 = ought to *估计 They should/ ought to be there by now.

6 should说话人的感情。如惊奇、愤怒、失望等、―竟然‖ 否定句疑问句 You can‘t imagine that well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady Why should he do such a thing? 推测 肯定性 可能性 由强到弱

must / shall* / ought to / should / would* / could* / may / might /can 理论上的可能/ can? Could? / can‘t couldn‘t

must 用于表示\必定\，\必会\：

All mankind must die. (表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。 shall用于表示\必定\： I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我发达的。

ought to / should用于表示\想必会\语气较must 弱)： They should / ought to be there by now. 他们想必已到那儿了。

will 和 would 用于表示\预测\或\习惯性\： I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会) 我想他现在一定好了。 Could 表推测

No, but the shop could be in the east of the city.

may 和 might 用于表示\事实上的可能性\或\预测\： It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。 You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。 Can理论上的可能

Anybody can make mistakes. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。

Can? Could? / can‘t couldn‘t 疑问否定 He can't be at home. (否定句) 他不可能在家。

Can the news be true ? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句) 这消息可能是真的吗? 情态动词 be doing 情态动词 have done

must / could / may / might / Can; could? have done / can‘t ; couldn‘t have done 请求和允许

Can could I; he /may might I; he / will would you / shall should ought to I; he? / Must I? 不同类型语气分析 Can I go with you ? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗？

Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗？ May I make a suggestion ? 我可以提个建议吗？

Might I take a look of your work ? 我看看您的大作行吗？

Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office ? (表示客气请求) 请问到邮局怎么走？

Would you give me your address ? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气) 请你告诉我你的地址，好吗？ Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗？

What should we do next ? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做？

Shall he come to see you ? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你？

Must I finish the work right now?

Must I pay now ? (用于疑问句) (如回答不必时，需用 needn't 或 don't have to) 我现在就得付款吗？

情态动词的用法：表示―应该‖、―必须‖命令和建议 （Must, have to , Shall, ought to, Should, May*, Might*,） Must 用于表示―必须‖、―务必‖： You must keep the place clean. (务必) 你务必保持地方干净。

Shall 和 Should 用于表示―必须‖：

Each member shall wear a name card. (表示规定) 每一个会员必须配带名卡。

I should answer his letter as soon as possible. (表示应该) 我应该尽快给他回信。

The rules shall take effect on Jan. 1st. (shall 用于规章等，表示义务和规定) 新规则于一月一日起生效。

Ought to 用于表示―应该‖(强调客观上)：(大多情况可用 should 代替) You ought to go to see the doctor. (ought to 的语气比must 弱) 你应该去看看医生。

You oughtn't (ought not) to smoke so much. (oughtn't 用于否定句) 你不应该抽这么多烟。

May 和 Might 用于表示―应该\多用于法律等条文，一般上多用 shall ): Payment may be paid by check. (表示规定) 应以支票付款。

You might ask before you use my computer. (might表示应该) 你应该先问过再使用我的电脑。

情态动词的用法：表示―意图‖、―打算‖ ―意愿‖ ―决心‖ (will, would* shall, should*) 情态动词+完成式

对过去或完成的猜测must / may /might / could / can‘t / couldn‘t/can?/could? have done 虚拟语气could have done 本来可以；有可能 needn‘t have done 本没必要做某事 should / ought to have done 本应该做某事 shouldn‘t / oughtn‘t to have done本不应该做某事 情态动词练习(1)

1． May I stop my car here? No, you_＿＿＿. A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. don't have to 2. Must we clean the house now? No, you _______. A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't 3. John his father about his failure in the exam. A. dares not tell B. dares not telling C. dare not tell D. dares not to tell

4. You return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like. A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not

5. Johnny, you play with the knife, you hurt yourself.

A. won't...can't B. mustn't...may C. shouldn't, must D. can't...shouldn't 6. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to 7. Would you go out for a walk with me? No, I . My girl friend is coming.

A. wouldn't B. shall not C. won't D. shouldn't

8. Man die without water. A. will B. can C. need D. shall 9. If he started at 9 0'clock, he be there by now. A. need B. shall C. ought to D. must

10. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She_____it.

A. must receive B. can't receive C. might receive D. must have received

情态动词练习(2)

1) You____ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing A) needn't have washed B) shouldn't have washed C) must not have washed D) can not have washed

2) John's score on the test is the highest in the class; he____ last night.

A) should study B) should have studied C) must have studied D) must have to study 3) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____cleaned. (CET-4, 1996,6)

A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been 4) Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They ____ from South America on rafts. A) must have sailed B) can sail C) might have sailed D) should have sailed 5) Mary was not in her bedroom yesterday afternoon. She ____ in her classroom. A) should have been B) must have been C) must be D) should be 6) Bob said he was going to join our club but he didn't. He ____ his mind. A) can't have changed B) wouldn't have changed C) must have changed D) shouldn't have changed

7) You____ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.

A) needn't go B) had better not go C) should not go D) needn't have gone 8) We____ the letter yesterday, but it didn't arrive.

A) must receive B) ought to receive C) must have received D) ought to have received 9) With all the work on hand, he____ to the cinema last night.

A) mustn't go B) shouldn't have gone C) could not go D) couldn't have gone 10) Eve was late for class again. She ____earlier.

A) should get up B) must get up C) need to get up D) should have got up

动词不定式专项语法讲义

不定式由― to十动词原形‖构成，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和宾补，但不能单独作谓语． （1）不定式的用法： ①作主语

不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，用先行代词it作形式主语。例如： To serve the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我的最大幸福。 不定式作主语常见句型如下：

a．It is + adj (easy, important, difficult…) + 不定式 b. It is + n (a pity, a pleasure, one‘s duty, a shame) + 不定式

c. It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式 例如：

It‘s my duty to teach you how to be a useful person. 教你如何做一个有用的人是我的职责。 ②作宾语

作宾语时，位于及物动词之后。可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。 例如：

I offered to help her, but she refused. 我提出帮助她，但她拒绝了。 He pretended not to hear me. 他假装没听见我（的声音）。

如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it作形式宾语。常用动词有feel, think,

find, believe, consider, make等。 例如：

I find it interesting to work with him. 我发现与他共事很有趣。 We feel it our duty to help others. 我们认为帮助别人是我们的责任。 下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：

teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、know等 例如：

I don‘t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步怎么办。 ③作宾语补足语

不定式作宾语补足语位于宾语之后，表示宾语的动作或状态。常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等。例如： He asked me to do the work with him.他要我与他一起干。 You should get more people to help you.你应该多找些人帮你。 ●注意：

在see，watch，look at，notice, observe，have，let，make, hear，listen to，feel，help等词后的补足语中，不定式不带 to。 例如:

I often hear him sing the song．我经常听见他唱这只歌。

The teacher usually made the students recite the text.老师通常让学生背颂课文。 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时, 就必须带 to。 例如:

He is often heard to sing the song．人们常听到他唱这只歌。

The students were usually made to recite the text.学生们常被要求背颂课文。

b. 不定式动词在介词 but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带 to，否则要带 to． 例如：

She could do nothing but cry.她只是哭。

What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳你还喜欢干什么？

c.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to； Why not、had better、would rather、can‘t but等词后省to。 例如：

You had better walk home.你最好走回家。 ④ 作定语

不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词之后。例如： I have some books for you to read．我有一些书给你看。

We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我们有很多作业要做。

He hasn‘t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有信守定期给父母写信的诺言。

●注意：a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 例如：

He is looking for a room to live in．他在找房子住。 There is nothing to worry about．没有什么可担心的。 Please give me a knife to cut with．请给我一把刀用。

但是,不定式所修饰的名词是 time，place或 way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 例如：

He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱，也没有房子住。

b.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同．试比较：

Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不走式 to send的动作执行者是 you)

Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)

c.下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个到，最后一个走。 ⑤ 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件 例如：

I came here to see you．(目的)我来是看你的。

We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)听到那消息我们很激动。

He hurried to the school to find nobody there．(结果)他匆忙赶到学校，结果发现没有人。 To look at him, you would like him．(条件)如果你见到，你会喜欢他的。 in order (not) to, so as (not) to用来引导目的状语,

在enough to, too … to, so… as to, such….as to, only to …结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to…用于表示意想不到的结果。 例如：

The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.那个女孩很热心，帮助老人下车。 In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard．为了通过考试，他刻苦努力学习。 We ran all the way so as not to be late．我们一路跑着，以免迟到。 He is too old to do that．他太老了，不能做那件事了。

The room is big enough to hold us．房间足够大，可以容纳我们。 不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。 例如：

I am very glad to hear it．我非常高兴听到这事。 The question is difficult to answer．这个问题很难回答。 ⑥ 作表语: 位于连系动词之后。 例如：

My job is to help the patient．我的工作是帮助病人。

Our most important task now is to make a plan.我们现在最重要的任务是制定一个计划。 ⑦ 作独立成分 例如：

To tell the truth，I don‘t agree with you.说实话，我不同意你的观点。

⑧ 不定式与疑问词 who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等． 例如：

He didn‘t know what to say. (宾语)他不知道说什么。

How to solve the problem is very important．(主语)如何解决问题是非常重要的。 My question is when to start. (表语)我的问题是何时开始。

注意：在与 why连用时，只用于 why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to. 例如:

Why not have a rest? 为什么不休息一下呢？ ⑨ 不定式的复合结构 … for / of sb to do sth

以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：for sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, important, necessary, possible, impossible等。

如果该形容词是指行为人的性质和特征，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。

It is necessary for me to learn English well.我学好英语十分必要。

It‘s difficult for us to master a foreign language.我们掌握一门外语是困难的。 It‘s very kind of you to come to see me.你来看我太好了。

It‘s careless of the boy to make the same mistake again.那个孩子又犯了同样的错误，真是太粗心了。 ⑩ 不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式, 多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂， 请注意以下几点：

a. 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式. Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door．)你有钥匙开门吗？

b. 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式．

I have got a letter to write．( I write letter．)我有一封信要写。 He needs a room to live in．( He lives in a room．)他有一个房间住。 I know what to do．( I do what．)我知道做什么。（我自己做） 但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：

I know what is to be done.我知道能做什么。（表示可能性，客观）

这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语 what是动词 do的动作对象。

(2) 不定式的时态

①不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生， to do…,例如：

I saw him go out．我看见他出去了。

She wanted to be a doctor when she grew up.她长大了想当医生。

② 如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。 to be doing … 例如：

I am very glad to be working with you．我很高兴与你共事。

Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in. 当老师进来时，一些学生假装在看书。

③ 如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。 to have done …,例如: I‘m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official. 据说他已经离开舞台了，因为他已经当了官员了。

(3) 不定式的语态

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形 式。to be done / to have been done, 例如：

He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．他要求被派到农村去工作。 It is impossible for our hopes to be realized．我们的希望不可能实现。

The book is said to have been translated into English. 据说这本书已经被翻译成英语了。

(4) 不定式的形式 一般形式to do 进行形式to be doing

完成形式to have done; to have been done

不定式的否定形式:不定式的否定形式由not加上不定式构成，即：not to do sth, not to be doing sth, not to have done sth 例如:

Mother told the children not to play football in the street.妈妈要孩子们不要在大街上踢足球。 He pretended not to have seen his friend 他假装没有看见他的朋友。 【练习题】

1. I am sorry to ________ you so much trouble.

A. have given B. have been given C. give D. giving 变式训练：

The promising young man is said to ______ two novels.

have written B. have been written C. write D. writing

2.Tim cannot but ________ his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has in doing his project. A. to ask B. ask C. asking D. asked 3. The question asked by the teacher is very difficult ________.

A. to be answered B. answering C. to answer D. to answering 变式训练：

Don‘t you think the picture on the wall pleasant ______ ?

A. to be looked at B. looking at C. to look at D. to looking at 4. I forgot ________her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on.

A. reminding B. reminded C. to remind D. to have reminded 变式训练：

Don't you remember_____?

A. seeing the man before B. to see the man before C. saw the man before D. to be seen the man before 5. I didn't know ________ him or not.

A. whether to help B. if to help C. to help D. that if I should help 6. He hurried to the station only ________ the train had gone. A. be told B.to tell C.to be told D.to have been told 7. --- What' s the matter with Della?

--- Well, her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party, but she still ________. (09江苏) A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for 8. The children all turned ________ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. (09全国) A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at

9. We are invited to a party _________in our club next Friday. (09山东) A. to be held B.held C.being held D.holding 10.I still remember ________ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there . (09陕西) A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken

11. He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion. (09四川) A.to have B.having C.have D.had 12. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ________.

A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 13. Tom is said ________ abroad, but I don‘t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

动词的“ed”形式专项语法讲义

动词的-ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语等。 一、 动词的-ed形式的特征 A．动词的-ed的形式

动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝大部分的动词的-ed形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。 1． 规则动词的-ed形式

如： limit→limited（限制） pretend→pretended（假装） escape→escaped（逃脱 provide→provided（提供） 2．不规则动词的-ed形式

如：cast→cast（投掷） spread→spread（传播） bite→bitten（咬） forgive→forgiven（原谅） fight→fought（搏斗 lose→lost（丢失） B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式

动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。 如：Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside.