2015高考定语从句专项复习 - 图文

定语

一、什么是定语？

定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。除形容词此外，名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式（短语）、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。

汉语中常用“……的”表示定语。定语和中心语之间是修饰和被修饰、限制和被限制的关系。在汉语中，中心语与定语二者之间有的需要用结构助词“的”，有的不需要，有的可要可不要。

二、什么可以用作定语？ 1、形容词定语（adj） 2、介词短语定语

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.

The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。

3、名词定语

The boy needs a ball pen.

4、副词定语

The boy there needs a pen. The best boy here is Tom. 5、不定式（短语）定语

The boy to write this letter needs a pen.写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 There is nothing to do today.今天没有事要做。

6、分词（短语）定语

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.

The pen bought by her is made in China.她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left.有五个留下的男孩。

7、定语从句

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. The boy you will know is Tom.你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。

There are five boys who will play the game.参加游戏的男孩有五个。 三、后置定语的情况

定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。定语后置的情况： 1、短语作定语一般后置

It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。 He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。 English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。

The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。 2、修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置

Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。

There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。

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Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗 3、副词作定语一般后置

The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。 They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。

4、动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语一般后置

He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人

This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。 5、起强调用的单个分词后置

Everybody involved should stay here.

The college mentioned is one of the best in the province.

定语从句

一、定义

定语从句，就是用来修饰名词或代词的句子，起到定语的作用，所以叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句一般由关系词来引导。关系词必须放在定语从句之首。 二、重要概念

1、先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词叫先行词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。

2、关系词：引导定语从句的连词被称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。 关系词有2个作用：①连接作用，引导定语从句。②代替先行词，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

关系词的选择要看先行词应该在从句中做什么成分！！！

\先行词\自身表达的意义是表示\人的意义\或是\物的意义\，那么我们就相应地选择表示\人的意义\或是\物的意义\的\先行词\。

\先行词\在从句中的语法功能也是决定\关系词\选择的重要条件。比如说，同样都是表示\人的意义\的\先行词\，如果它在从句中作主语，\关系词\就得用表示\人的意义\的主格形式，如果它在从句中作定语，\关系词\就得用表示\人的意义\的所有格形式。

另外，有时\先行词\本身是表示事物的名词，而它在从句中却与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语，在这种情况下，我们就应该用\关系副词\而不能用\关系代词\了。例如：

Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields . 有些在语言学习上很有成就的人,在其他领域常常一无所成。 There are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words . 有许多声音有意义但不是词。

In our class, we have some students whose families are not in Wujin. 我们班上有些家不在武进的同学。

Tell him to go to the classroom where we often have our English class . 如果把这个复合句拆成两个分句，那就是：

Tell him to go to the classroom .We often have our English class in the classroom 告诉他去我们常上英语课的那间教室。 三、关系代词

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

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指人 指物 作主语 who/that 作宾语 作表语 作定语 whose whose whom/that(可省略) who/that that that which/that which/that(可省略) which/that whose 指人和物 that (一)关系代词that和which：指物 只能用that而不能用which的情况， 1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。

This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.

This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。 2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。

We have to consider the first thing that starts our work . 我们必须要考虑启动我们工作的第一件事。

The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.

3、先行词是不定代词时，如\、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something\Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy .任何能够燃烧的东西都是热能源。 There must be something that happened to you .你一定出了什么事。

They had nothing that could cure him of his disease .他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了。

4、先行词既有人又有物时

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? 5、先行词被“only”、“the very”、“no”、“the right\等修饰

That is the only way that leads to your success .那是通向你成功的唯一之路。 He is the only person that l want to talk to.

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.

6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom” 引起的问句中，为避免重复，常用\

Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 7、先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”

不能用that的情况，此时指物用which 1、介词前置时；介词+which

Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。

The world that we live in is made of matter.我们生活于其中的世界是由物质组成的。 The world in which we live is made of matter. 2、非限定性定语从句中：用which

The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow . 太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。

The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life .最重要的能源形式是电能，它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中。 （二）关系代词whose作定语：表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西） A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。 He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。

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注意：whose后面一定要加名词，还可以进行以下替换：of which the +名词或the +名词+which。

He lives in a room， of which the window faces south. He lives in a room， the window of which faces south. （三）who，whom，that

whom，who和that在定语从句中都可以指人，既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略）。

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man（whom/that）I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher.（whom在从句中作宾语） (四) as

1、as引导限制性定语从句，有如下结构： “the same …as”， “such …as”， “as…as”

“so many （much, few, little）…as”， 译作“像……一样的人（或物）”。 This is such an easy novel as you can read. 这本小说很容易，你能读得懂。

They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。

She is not so happy a man as you think.

I have never seen as beautiful flowers as you have.

2、as引导非限制性定语从句：修饰整个主句或主句中的一部分，可以放在句首、句中或句末。当as在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语通常是被动语态或系表结构；as在从句中作宾语时，从句的谓语常用“情态动词＋动词原形”构成，as在从句中作表语时相当于so的句型。常见的结构如下： as is known to all 众所周知

as has been said above 如上所述 as was expected 正如预料的那样

as has been pointed out 正如指出的那样

as we all can see （know, hear）正如大家看到的（知道的、听到的）那样。例如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知，月球每个月绕地球转一周。

David, as you all know, is a great painter. （定语从句插在中间）

As is known to us all, we should be equal before laws. （定语从句插在中间） China is a large country, as/which is known to us all. （定语从句插在中间） Lucy is lovely, as is my daughter.

I considered her answer right, as in fact it was. 四、关系副词：在句中作状语

1、why：关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），。同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。 She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。

He didn't tell her the reason why he was so happy . 他没有告诉她为什么他那么高兴的原因。

The reason why she was late is not so acceptable .

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她迟到的原因不那么令人接受。

They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before . 他们向我们解释为什么他们以前误解了我们的原因。 2、when：关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。 There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。

People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland .人们会永远记住香港和澳门回归祖国的那一时刻。

He came at a time when we needed help . 他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。

We don't know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . 我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。 注意：不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：

Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。

关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。

3、where：关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。

This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we stayed last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。 Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。

The place where we're to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet. 我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定下来。

He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . 他现在居住的新房是原先一个池塘的旧址。

That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams . 那是一座我曾经在那儿有过许多梦想的美丽的校园。

注意：与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：

He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 五、关系副词=介词+关系代词

在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素： why=for which

where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）

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