打印版 黄皮书真题+解析 2000年考研英语试题

2000年全真试题 Part ⅠClose Test

Directions：

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)

①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］

1.［A］ other than 2.［A］ only if 3.［A］ for

4.［A］ replace 5.［A］ enhance 6.［A］ vessels

［B］ as well as ［B］ much as

［B］ purchase

［B］ mix

［B］ routes

［C］ instead of

［C］ of ［C］ feed

［D］ more than ［D］ towards

［D］ raise

［C］ long before ［C］ supplement

［C］ paths

［D］ ever since ［D］ dispose

［D］ channels

［B］ against

7.［A］ self-confident ［C］ self-satisfied 8.［A］ search

［B］ self-sufficient

［D］self-restrained

［D］ seek ［D］ frequently

［C］ offer ［C］ rate

［B］ save

9.［A］ proportion 10.［A］ genuinely Directions:

［B］ percentage ［B］ obviously

［D］ ratio

［C］ presumably

Part ⅡReading Comprehension

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

Passage 1

①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the worlds best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. ①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.

①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）

Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses

1

are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］

11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because. ［A］ it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal ［B］ its domestic market was eight times larger than before

［C］ the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors ［D］ the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American. ［A］ TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

［B］ semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises ［C］ machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions ［D］ auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 13. What can be inferred from the passage?

［A］ It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride. ［B］ Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. ［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. ［D］ A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. ［A］ turning of the business cycle

［B］ restructuring of industry ［D］ success in education

Passage 2

①

（15）

［C］ improved business management

Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.

①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.

For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］

15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph? ［A］ A lack of mates.

［B］ A fierce competition.

［C］ A lower survival rate.

［D］ A defective gene.

16. What does the example of India illustrate?

［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people. ［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor. ［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes. ［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.

2

17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because. ［A］ life has been improved by technological advance ［B］ the number of female babies has been declining ［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution ［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing 18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? ［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution. ［B］ Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution. ［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature. ［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere.

Passage 3

①

（20）

When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.

①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.

①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”

①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］

19. This passage is mainly.

［A］ a survey of new approaches to art ［B］ a review of Futurist poetry

［C］ about merits of the Futurist movement ［D］ about laws and requirements of literature

20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to. ［A］ determine its purposes ［C］ follow the new fashions 21. Futurists claim that we must.

［A］ increase the production of literature ［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress ［C］ develop new modes of expression ［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs 22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is. ［A］ based on reasonable principles ［B］ new and acceptable to ordinary people ［C］ indicative of a basic change in human nature ［D］ more of a transient phenomenon than literature

Passage 4

①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were

3

［B］ ignore its flaws ［D］ accept the principles

hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.

①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” ④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”

①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” ③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］

23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was. ［A］ under aimless development ［C］ a rival to the West

［B］ a positive example

［D］ on the decline

24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? ［A］ Women’s participation in social activities is limited. ［B］ More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. ［C］ Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics. ［D］ The life-style has been influenced by Western values. 25. Which of the following is true according to the author?

［A］ Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder. ［B］ Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. ［C］ More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity. ［D］ Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. 26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that. ［A］ the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life ［B］ the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S. ［C］ the Japanese endure more than ever before ［D］ the Japanese appreciate their present life

Passage 5

①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.

①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and

4

vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”

①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］

27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if. ［A］ its returns well compensate for the sacrifices ［B］ it is rewarded with money, fame and power ［C］ its goals are spiritual rather than material ［D］ it is shared by the rich and the famous

28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is. ［A］ customary of the educated to discard ambition in words ［B］ too late to check ambition once it has been let out ［C］ dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal ［D］ impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition 29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because. ［A］ they think of it as immoral ［B］ their pursuits are not fame or wealth

［C］ ambition is not closely related to material benefits ［D］ they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible

30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained. ［A］ secretly and vigorously ［C］ easily and momentarily

［B］ openly and enthusiastically ［D］ verbally and spiritually

Part ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made

5

能读写是生活中的严重障碍。 3.（比赛或竞赛中加给强手的）不利条件（以示公平） 例：She had a handicap of 7 in golf. 她在高尔夫球比赛中让了7杆。

on the ropes

岌岌可危，即将灭亡，处于困境 predominance

n. 优势，主导地位；predominant a.占优势的；主要的；突出的（~over） quick-witted

a. 机敏的，富于机智的；wit n. 智力，才智，智慧 retreat

n./vi. 1. ［U］（承诺的）撤回，（立场的）改变，放弃 例：a retreat from hard-line policies放弃强硬政策 *2. ［C，U］ a movement away from a place or an enemy because of danger or defeat撤退，退却，撤离 例：Napoleon’s retreat from Moscow 拿破仑从莫斯科的撤退 3. ［C］ （对某个环境的）逃避，躲避，隐退

shrink

vt.&vi. 1.（使）（衣物）缩水 *2.（使）（数量、体积或价值）变小，减少，缩小 例：The number of students has shrunk from 120 to 70.学生人数已从120减至70人。

vi.（尤指因恐惧而）退缩，畏缩 例：I will not shrink from my duties.我不会逃避责任。 take for granted

1.take it for granted（that?）认为??是理所当然 *2.take sb/sth for granted（因习以为常）对??不重视，（因视为当然而）不把??当回事 例：We take having an endless supply of clean water for granted. 我们想当然地认为洁净水的供应无穷无尽而不予以珍惜。

think-tank

n. 智囊团，思想库 yield to

1. to stop resisting屈服，让步例：He reluctantly yielded to their demands.他不情愿地屈从于他们的要求。* 2. to be replaced by被??取代 例：Barges yielded to road vehicles for transporting goods.在货物运输方面，驳船让位给了公路车辆。

二、句式结构分析

1.A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 该句由but连接的两个转折关系的并列分句构成。But与后一个分句之间插入if引导的条件状语从句。

2.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.

句子主干是 ... it had a market ...。主语之前是 When引导的时间状语从句；现在分词giving相当于which gave...，为结果状语。unparalleled意为“无法比拟的，空前的”。

3.For a while it looked as though［the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty］.

主句主语和谓语是it looked；as though引导的从句做looked的表语，其中在这个表语从句的主语the making of semiconductors和谓语was going to be...之间，又插入了两个并列的定语从句修饰semiconductors。casualty本意是“伤亡人数，受害人”，这里指“被外国产品击败的美国本土产品”。

4.American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted.

这句话在文中是用暗喻的方法，把“企业精简机构提高效率”与“人通过适当节食促进身体健康”进行类比，达到形象生动的效果。我们可以反过来形容人，如：Mr. Smith was advised by the doctor to lose weight. Now he has changed his body structure, has gone on a diet, has learned to be more quick-moving.

三、文章结构分析

本文题材涉及美国经济。全文通过描述二战后到90年代美国经济发展所经历的“兴旺——衰退——复兴”三个阶段，论证了作者在文章首句阐明的观点。考生应根据时间发展顺序这一论述主线来把握文章的脉络。

第一段首句：阐述作者的观点。第一段②句至段末：描述二战后美国毫不费力就取得了经济霸主地位及其原因。

第二至三段：描述80年代美国经济霸主地位的丧失及其影响。第二段使用举例论证法加以证明。第三段分析影响，即美国作出了反思和调整。

第四段：描述90年代美国经济的复苏及随之而来的盲目乐观情绪。该段最后引用一些专家的话来证明这种盲目乐观的存在。

四、试题具体分析

11

11.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War 11.二战后美国取得霸主地位是由于。 Ⅱ because. [A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal [A] 它为实现这一目标付出了艰辛的努力 [B] its domestic market was eight times larger than [B] 其国内市场比以前大八倍 before [C] the war had destroyed the economies of most [C] 战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济 potential competitors [D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an [D] 空前规模的劳动力促进了其经济的发展 impetus to its economy 本题考核的知识点是：因果细节。正确率：67%

［快速解题］ 根据题干时间关键词after World War Ⅱ定位到第一段②句。该段列举了美国取得霸主地位的多个原因。末句提到：美国的国富民强是欧亚国家做梦都想不到的，因为战争摧毁了后者的经济。由此可推知［C］正确。［A］中painstaking efforts与①句的effortless success相悖。［B］比较对象错误，文中指出美国的市场比竞争者大八倍，而［B］成了美国自身的前后比较。［D］出现了文中未提的对象“空前规模的劳动力”，而原文谈及的是“空前的产业经济规模”。

［篇章分析］ 第一段首句阐述了作者两个层次的观点：一，毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍；二，若处理得当，则这种障碍可以成为动力。随后三句构成的义群对首句的“毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史”进行具体阐述。②句的such a glowing period回指①句的A history of long and effortless success。这三句列举了二战后美国无可比拟的五个经济优势，也就是其获得经济霸主地位的原因，从而说明二战后美国的经济繁荣时期是一段毫不费力获得成功的历史。所列举的五个原因中，前四个较明显，正面论述美国的经济优势：大市场、大规模的产业经济、最优秀的科学家、技术最娴熟的工人。最后一个间接论述美国的优势：其主要竞争对手的经济遭到战争破坏。

［正确项设置］ 正确答案的信息隐含于第一段末句的定语从句中。末句的主句指出了美国的经济霸主地位：美国的国富民强令欧亚国家难以望其项背，从句暗含了原因：战争摧毁了欧亚国家（美国的多数潜在竞争对手）的经济。［C］是末句的改写，用most potential competitors替换末句中的the Europeans and Asians。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］根据首句中关键词effortless以及人们的常规思维——成功往往需要巨大的努力——设置反向干扰。［B］、［D］偷梁换柱：［B］将②句中的比较对象“(U. S.) than any competitor”替换成“(then) than before”；［D］将②句中的unparalleled economies of scale和③句中的workers糅合成unparalleled size of its workforce。 12.The loss of US predominance in the world 12. 20世纪80年代美国丧失了世界经济霸主地位，economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the 可以被事实证明。 American. [A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market foreign enterprises [C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal [C] 机床制造业已自取灭亡了 actions [D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节。正确率：46%

［快速解题］ 根据题干时间关键词1980s先定位到第二段③句。由于备选项涉及了四个具体产业的事实细节，因此进一步定位到⑤至⑨句，将原文与选项对比，判别事实真伪。［A］与⑤⑥句的事实不符——美国最后一家电视生产厂家都被外国公司收购（Now there is none）。⑦句提到，“外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场”，言外之意，美国的这两个行业正在失去部分国内市场，因此［D］正确。⑧句提到美国机床工业岌岌可危（on the ropes），没有提到它“已经灭亡”或“有自杀性行动”，排除［C］。末句提到，半导体制造业似乎将要成为下一个“受害者”，（即，与其他行业一样，也将失去国内市场）。但词组looked as though和was going to说明它只是一种可能性，并未成为事实。［B］指出其已经被外国公司接管，不符合文意。

［篇章分析］ 继第一段“美国战后轻而易举获得成功”之后，第二段开始转入对“80年代美国丧失经济霸主地位”的描述，从而论证全文首句中第一层次的观点：毫不不费力获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍。该段前三句阐述“美国丧失经济霸主地位”的事实，通过同义表达的复现（primacy should have narrowed，retreat from predominance和fading industrial competitiveness）实现了句子间的衔接。①句分析了原因：其他国家日益强盛，即竞争对手的竞争力增强；②③句指出了影响：令美国人感到痛苦和不知所措。④句至段末列举美国多个产业（消费电子业、汽车业、纺织业、机床业、半导体业）的衰败证明其经济霸主地位已经丧失。

12

[D] 汽车工业失去了部分国内市场 [A] 电视产业已萎缩到国内市场 [B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by [B] 半导体行业已被外国公司接管 ［正确项设置］ ［D］是⑦句的同义表达。第二段在提到汽车和纺织业时，是从“外国商品入侵美国国内市场”的角度间接地说明其衰败的。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］、［B］偷梁换柱。［A］将第⑤⑤句隐含的信息lost all its domestic market偷换成withdrawn to its domestic market。［B］将末句的将来时态was going to be替换成过去完成时had been。［C］利用考生对短语on the ropes的不熟悉，添加无关信息collapsed after suicidal actions。 13.What can be inferred from the passage? 13.从文章中可以推出什么？ 性。 [A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and [A] 在自我怀疑与盲目骄傲之间来回转变是人的本blind pride. progress. international cooperation. [D] A long history of success may pave the way for [D] 持续成功的历史可能为进一步的发展铺平道路。 further development. 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。正确率：49%

［快速解题］ 题干没有提供定位信息。因此只能每个选项分别定位。此外，题干中infer一词说明正确项的内容是文中暗示而没有直接陈述的内容。本文始终将“竞争”与“经济兴衰”联系在一起：当竞争对手的经济遭受战争破坏时，美国毫不费力地享有经济霸主地位；当竞争日益激烈时，美国的经济开始衰退，并由此而反思、警惕，最后实现了经济的复苏。可见，激烈竞争促使美国人作出改变，从而间接上促进了经济的发展。［B］符合文意。

根据［A］的关键词self-doubt and blind pride定位到第四段④句。该句提到“自我怀疑被盲目骄傲取代”，并没有说它们之间的相互转换，更没有说这是人的本质。所以［A］不正确。［C］中“国际合作”在文中根本没有提及。根据［D］的关键词A long history of success定位到第一段首句，该句指出持久成功的历史可能成为可怕的障碍。第一、二段论述的“美国在持续成功后出现经济的衰退”也证明了这一点。由此排除［D］。

［篇章分析］ 第三段承接第二段，叙述美国人面对经济衰退而作出的反思和调整。前三句指出经济衰退使美国人出现信心危机：不再视繁荣为理所当然之事；开始对自己的商业经营方式和未来的收入都失去了信心。②句暗含了一个信息：美国人曾经将经济繁荣视为理所当然的态度加速了美国经济的衰退。后两句叙述美国采取的措施：不断探究产业衰退的原因；发出海外竞争压力日益增长的警告。

第四段前两句指出，90年代美国经济取得了复苏。至此，全文首句中第二层次的观点得到了论证：若处理得当，则这种障碍可以成为动力。

［正确项设置］ 正确答案的信息跨越多个段落，且非常隐蔽。第二至四段的因果链条是：激烈竞争——经济霸主地位的丧失——反省警惕——经济复苏，［B］指出了该链条中隐含的间接因果关系。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］根据第四段④句设置，将文中yielded to替换成shift between，并添加无关信息human nature。［C］也根据因果关系设置，编造原因international cooperation。［D］反向干扰，将全文首句中的be a dreadful handicap改为pave the way for。 14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. 14.作者似乎认为美国20世纪90年代的经济复苏可economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the. [A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry [C] improved business management [D] success in education 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点。正确率：34%

［快速解题］ 根据题干中时间关键词1990s 定位到第四段。③句指出，鲜有美国人将经济的增长仅仅归因于美元贬值或经济周期变化这些显而易见的原因。④句称这种态度为“盲目骄傲”。由此可知，它们可能是作者认同的真正原因。故［A］正确。［B］、［C］分别是下文引用的专家Richard Cavanaugh和Stephen Moore认可的原因，它们是“盲目乐观”的引证，因此是作者批判的观点。［D］文中未提及。

［篇章分析］ 第四段前两句指出美国经济得以复苏，③④句分析其影响：美国没有理性地认识它的真实原因，而是表现出盲目骄傲。⑤至⑦句引用专家的话来证明盲目骄傲态度的存在。

［正确项设置］ ［A］是第四段③句暗含的作者观点。第四段主要从两个方面论证经济复苏带来的“盲目骄傲”。其一，指出很少有人意识到经济增长的更可能的原因；其二，引证“盲目骄傲”的错误观点。

［干扰项设置］ ［B］、［C］利用第四段引用的他人观点作为干扰。因此考生一定要分清哪些是作者自己的观点，哪些是作者引用的观点。［D］无中生有。

13

以被归结为。 [A] 经济的周期性变化 [B] 产业改组 [C] 企业管理的改善 [D] 教育的成功 [B] Intense competition may contribute to economic [B] 激烈竞争有可能促进经济发展。 [C] The revival of the economy depends on [C] 经济复苏取决于国际合作。 五、全文翻译

一段毫不费力就可以获得持久成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种推动力。（句式1）二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一段辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，使其产业经济达到了前所未有的规模。（句式2）它已拥有世界上最优秀的科学家和技术最娴熟的工人。美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法想像的。

随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一领先优势逐渐缩小，这是不可避免的。领先优势的丧失同样不可避免地令人感到痛苦。到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的产业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国产业，如消费电子业，已经萎缩或倒闭。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商（现在一家也没有了：Zenith已于7月被韩国LG电器公司收购）。外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入美国国内市场。美国的机床产业也岌岌可危。半导体是美国人发明的，并在计算机新时代处于核心地位，但有一段时间，半导体制造业似乎将要成为下一个“受害者”。（句式3）

所有这一切引发了一场信心危机。美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入会因此而下降。80年代中期，人们不断地探究美国产业衰退的原因。偶尔一些耸人听闻的发现中充满着对海外竞争压力日益增长的警告之词。

情况变化尤为神速！1995年，当日本还在奋力挣扎的时候，美国却可以对五年的稳固发展作一回顾了。很少有美国人将此仅仅归因于美元贬值或经济的周期循环这些显而易见的原因。于是，自我怀疑被盲目乐观所取代。用哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳的话说就是：“美国产业已经调整了其结构，进行了精简，反应也更敏捷了”。（句式4）华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔也说：“我们的企业正在提高生产率，作为一个美国人，我感到自豪。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们回顾这段时期时，将把它视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

Passage 2 一、核心词汇注释

agent

n. ［C］ 1.代理人，代理商，代理公司；（演员等的）经纪人 2.特工人员，情报员，间谍 *3.sb or sth that affects or changes a situation or that exerts power or produces an effect原动力，动因；作用者；作用物 例：Technological advances are the chief agents of change. 技术进步是变革的主要原动力。

commit suicide

自杀；文中commit evolutionary suicide指的是“阻碍、扼杀进化” excess

n.［U］ *1.过分，过量 例：an excess of enthusiasm 过度热情 2. ［C, U］ 过多的量，超过的量 例：We cover costs up to 600 and you pay the excess. 我们最多支付600英镑的费用，超过的部分由你承担。 3. ［用复数］ 过分的行为，暴行，越轨的行为 例：to curb the excesses of the secret police 约束秘密警察的越轨行为

a. ［仅用于名词前］ 过多的，多余的，超额的 例：Cut any excess fat from the meat. 把多余的肥肉切掉。 fertile

a.1.（土地或土壤）肥沃的，富饶的 *2. 可繁殖的，能生育的 3.that produces good results; that encourages activity能产生好结果的，促进的 例：a fertile partnership 有成效的合伙关系

mortality

n. 1.必死性 例：man’s mortality 人总有一死 *2.死亡数，死亡率；mortal a. 必死的, 临死的，致命的 universal

a. 1.involving or understood by everyone in the world普遍的，一般的 2.done by all the members of a group 全体（做）的，一致的 例： universal agreement on this issue 在这个问题上的一致观点

n. *（存在于所有文化群落中的）普遍行为模式，普遍习俗（如家庭的存在）；（特定社会成年人中）普遍具有的文化特征

二、句式结构分析

1.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. “出生时男女比例大约为105∶100，但是到了成熟期，这种比例下降几乎达到平衡；在70岁的老人中女性比男性多一倍”。这句话是拿男性和女性在不同时期的数量做比较，注意其中用了几种不同的表达法：There are about...M for every...F，this ratio drops to near balance，among...there are twice as many F as M。这些结构在图表作文中可以使用。

2.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. 该句写作手法诙谐，把少生孩子的这种行为夸大，称之为“进化自杀”。

3.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.

14

该句主干是differences... and opportunity... have diminished。本句的难点在于opportunity后面的定语成分是不定式结构for...to take advantage of it，其中的关键又是代词it，它回指前面的differences，opportunity及其定语成分的意思是“自然选择利用这种差异的机会”。

4.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that［natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes］.

该句的主干是The grand mediocrity of today... means that... 。主语mediocrity原意指“平庸，普通”，破折号为该词的同位语，可以确定该词在这里的特定含义是“大家都活一样长，都生一样多的孩子”。that引导的宾语从句中，compared to the tribes为状语。

5.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. 知识点补充：Utopia（乌托邦）指什么都很完美的地方或状态，例： Create a political Utopia 创造政治的乌托邦。

6.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension”.

该句的主干是Darwin had a phrase，不定式结构to describe... 做phrase的后置定语。冒号后的部分是phrase的同位语，对其进行解释说明。这个部分的结构为“A look at B just as C look at D”，句中这个比喻可以用来描述对某些事情一无所知的人。句末为省略结构，即as (a savage looks) at something wholly beyond his comprehension。

7.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 前半句是由however引导的让步状语从句，修饰提前的表语amazed，主要意思是“无论我们的后代对??多么吃惊”。however引导让步从句时，相当于no matter how，后面接形容词或副词，例：However carefully I explained, she still didn’t understand. 无论我解释得多么详细，她还是没弄懂。

三、文章结构分析

本文是一篇关于人类进化的文章。先指出人类进化自然选择的因素已消失，进而说明人类身体已经停止进化并指出其社会原因。 第一段：指出自然选择的两个因素都已消失：男性死亡率和婴儿体重的差别。主要使用了（现在与过去）对比论证。 第二段：指出造成人类进化停止的另一个因素是：子女数目减少，并以印度为例进行说明。 第三段：总结全文，指出以上这些现象意味着人类进化已经结束，并分析其社会原因。

四、试题具体分析

15.What used to be the danger in being a man 15.按照文章第一段，过去身为男性面临的危险是什according to the first paragraph? [A] A lack of mates. [B] A fierce competition. [C] A lower survival rate. [D] A defective gene. 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节。正确率：52%

［快速解题］ 第一段①句指出过去存在的情况：作为男人充满危险。第二句用男女比例变化的数据予以说明：出生时男性比女性多，到成年期男女数量达到平衡，到70岁时女性比男性多一倍。从这个变化过程可以推出过去男性存活率普遍低于女性。此外，紧跟着的③句指出“（过去）男性死亡率普遍偏高的情况（the great universal of male mortality）正在改变”，因此［C］正确。从上述分析可知，到了成年期，男女的比例基本持平，因此男性不存在［A］ “缺乏配偶”的危险。［B］未在文中提到。本段只在最后一句提到“基因差异”（variation is due to genes），并没有提到“基因缺陷”，排除［D］。

［篇章分析］ 第一段指出自然选择的两个因素已消失。①至⑤句构成的意群指出，男女存活率的差异已经消失。①句用简洁概括的语言指出，过去身为男性总是充满危险。②句用数据对这种“危险”予以说明：在整个生命过程中，男性的存活率低于女性。...born...maturity...70-years-olds...构成的时间链串起了人的整个生命历程。③句为过渡句，指出这种情况已发生改变。is being changed说明这种变化是由于人为作用引起的。④⑤句指出现在的情况：男女的存活率已经几乎相同。⑥至⑩句构成的意群为“总——分——总”结构。⑥句为过渡句兼意群主旨句，承接上文指出，自然选择的另一个（another）因素也已消失。⑦至⑨句通过对比现在和过去的情况（Fifty years ago... Today）指出，体重几乎不再影响到婴儿的存活率。⑩句总结指出，这意味着又一个进化因素的消失。

［正确项设置］ ［C］是第一段②句的言外之意。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］对②句105 males born for every 100 females断章取义。但这种差异存在于“婴儿期”而不是“成年期”。［B］无中生有。［D］偷梁换柱，将“基因差异”偷换为“基因缺陷”。 16.What does the example of India illustrate? poor people.

15

16.印度的例子说明了什么？ 么？ [A] 缺乏配偶。 [B] 激烈的竞争。 [C] 存活率低。 [D] 基因缺陷。 [A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than [A] 富人往往比穷人的孩子少。

improved its people’s living standards, and a few of young people don’t know what they really strive for.三十多年前，我们的父辈努力工作，把革命理想看作他们生存的首要原因，但是现在，中国经济有了长足的发展，人民生活也有了很大改善，一些年轻人却不明白为什么而奋斗。

2.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

该句很长，因为后置修饰成分很多。该句主干是The coming...and an entry...limited the opportunities of teenagers...。并列主语中的名词age和entry后都有of短语做定语，宾语中teenagers后跟着who引导的定语从句，从句中的名词sacrifices后面跟着的过去分词involved in... 做它的定语。

3.“Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee.

“那些在考试分数中不能表现的东西——个性、能力、勇气和人性——被完全忽视了”,这是执政的自由民主党教育委员会主席的话。他的话也适用中国的国情：考试不能代表一切，还有很多更重要的东西。

三、文章结构分析

本文论述了日本传统道德价值观的沦落及其原因。文章先阐述现象，接着分析原因，使用的论证方法包括：说理、数据、引证、对比。 第一段：提出日本工作道德价值观沦落的现象。该段使用了对比论证方法。

第二段：说明这种现象的第一个原因，即日本年轻人因发展机遇有限，而对学习和工作产生质疑和不满。该段使用数据论证方法。 第三段：引用专家的话和数据说明这一现象的第二个原因，即日本教育存在的弊端。

第四段：说明该现象的第三个原因，即日本人生活方式的改变。本段使用了引证和数据论证。

四、试题具体分析

23.In the Westerners-eyes, the postwar Japan was. [A] under aimless development [B] a positive example [C] a rival to the West [D] on the decline 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申。正确率：48%

［快速解题］ 根据题干关键词postwar定位到文章首句。该句指出，战后日本的生产力水平与社会的和谐程度为美国和欧洲所称羡（the envy of意为“羡慕的对象”），可见在西方人眼中，日本是一个成功的范例，因此正确选项为［B］。由Aimlessness和hardly两个否定词可得出肯定结论：无目标性一直不是战后日本的典型特点（即：其发展目标明确）。排除［A］。文中只提到日本为西方国家所称羡，而未提及［C］。［D］是当今日本的情况，不是战后的特点。

［篇章分析］ 第一段提出全文讨论的现象。①②句先扬后抑，先指出战后日本的强盛（其目标明确、生产力增长迅速、社会和谐令西方人羡慕），接着转折后引入话题：如今的日本传统工作道德价值观丧失。③句是②句的阐述，通过对比十年前日本人的工作态度（年轻人努力工作且视工作为自身存在的主要理由）和现在的工作态度（年轻人不知何去何从），说明日本传统工作道德价值观的丧失。

［正确项设置］ ［B］为第一段①句内容的概括，体现了作者引入主题的方法。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］反向干扰，忽略了①句中的否定副词hardly。［C］偷换概念，将①句中the envy偷换成a rival。［D］张冠李戴，把当今日本的情况说成是战后日本的特征。

24.According to the author, what may chiefly be 24.作者认为，日本社会道德水平下降的主要原因是responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society? 什么？ 23.在西方人看来，战后的日本。 [A] 处于漫无目标的发展状态下 [B] 是个正面的例子 [C] 是西方国家的劲敌 [D] 正在走下坡路 [A] Women’s participation in social activities is [A] 妇女参加社会活动受到限制。 limited. [B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs. [C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics. [B] 更多的工人对自己的工作感到不满。 [C] 过多地注重基础教育。 [D] The life-style has been influenced by Western [D] 生活方式受西方价值观的影响。 values. 本题考核的知识点是：因果细节。正确率：44%

［快速解题］ 文章第二至四段分析了日本道德水平下降的多种原因。第四段首句“（日本社会中道德观的弱化）更与生活方式的改变有关”说明，［D］是主要原因。［A］与第二段首句指出的“女性进入过去男性主导的就业市场”不符。［B］在第二段末句提到，但“相比其他国家的工人，更多日本工人对工作不满”应该是日本道德水平下降的表现而非原因。［C］错在excessive。第三段首句只提到，日本重视基础教育的同时忽视了创造力和自我表达的培养，并没有提及“对基础教育的重视过度”。

21

［篇章分析］ 继第一段提出现象“日本传统道德价值观沦丧”之后，第二至四段层层深入，剖析了现象背后的原因。第二段分析社会原因：年轻人因发展机遇有限而对学习和工作产生质疑(questioning)和不满（dissatisfaction)。第三段分析了教育方面的原因：日本“重视应试和机械学习、忽略创造力和自我表现力的培养”的教育方式给青少年带来巨大压力和挫败感。第四段通过but? more?这一转折递进结构，指出造成该现象的主要原因：日本生活方式的改变使得日本人容忍力降低。

［正确项设置］ ［D］是第四段主旨的概括。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］偷梁换柱，将第二段①句中“青年人的社会机遇受到限制”改为“女性的社会活动受到限制”。［B］答非所问，将表现当作原因。［C］偷梁换柱，将第三段①句emphasis on the basics加上否定词excessive。 25.Which of the following is true according to the 25.按照作者的观点，下面哪一个是正确的？ author? [A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young [A] 日本的教育受到称赞，因为它有助于年轻人攀登climb the social ladder. learning as well as creativity. [C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of [C] 应该更多地强调创造力的培养。 creativity. [D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking. [D] 辍学导致了应试的挫败感。 本题考核的知识点是：作者观点。正确率：57%

［快速解题］ 作者在第三段评价日本教育时，先批评其强调应试和机械性学习而不强调创造力和自我表达的培养，接着引用教育委员会主席的话指出，这导致了严重的不良后果：孩子们辍学，变得难以管教，校园暴力也很突出。由此可知，作者希望教育加强对学生的创造力和自我表达能力的培养。［C］正确。同时可以排除［B］。第三段首句提到，日本教育受到表扬是因为它强调基础教育, 排除［A］。［D］的因果关系颠倒了，文中提到的是应试的挫败感导致孩子们辍学。

［篇章分析］ 第三段从教育方面分析了日本道德价值观沦落的原因。①句指出了日本教育的特点：对“应试和机械学习”的强调胜过对“创造性和自我表现”的培养。②③句引用教育委员会主席的话，指出这种教育特点存在的弊端及导致的严重后果：忽略了学生的个性、能力、勇气或人道（而这些对人的价值观有重大影响）；挫败感造成学生辍学、放荡不羁、暴力。④句用数据证明②③句的观点。⑤句指出日本保守的领导人针对这种情况提出的建议——恢复到战前强调道德教育的状况。⑥句指出持此观点的理由——战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了日本人的道德观。

［正确项设置］ ［C］为第三段①②句的深层含义。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］将climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder（第二段首句）和often praised for (第三段首句)糅杂到一起形成干扰。［B］偷梁换柱，将“stress mechanical learning over creativity”改为“stress mechanical learning and creativity”。［D］颠倒第三段③句中Frustration ? leads kids to drop out的因果关系。 26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the 26.日本生活方式的改变可以透过下列哪项事实表现fact that. [A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life [B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the US [C] the Japanese endure more than ever before [D] the Japanese appreciate their present life 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节。正确率：50%

［快速解题］ 根据题干关键词life-style定位到第四段。该段④句指出，随着生活方式的改变，新一代的日本人不像从前那样愿意忍受生活中的不适（the discomfort is beginning to tell，tell意为“产生影响，显露出来”）。末句提到的离婚率和自杀率的上升就是不堪忍受的表现。可见，［A］是日本生活方式改变的表现。［B］与末句中“日本人的离婚率仍然低于美国人”的事实不符。［C］在文中未提及，文中只提到日本人的忍耐力减弱。［D］显然不对，否则就不会出现离婚率和自杀率的上升。

［篇章分析］第四段指出日本社会道德观沦丧的主要原因。①句为过渡句兼段落主旨句。承接前两段的原因分析，指出最主要的原因是日本生活方式的改变。②句援引教育家的话指出承受力的重要性。③④句指出了日本生活方式发生的改变：城市居住的集中造成人们的容忍性降低。⑤句指出了容忍性降低的表现：离婚率和自杀率上升。

［正确项设置］ ［A］是第四段④句the discomfort is beginning to tell的同义改写，对该句的理解需要结合上下文及段落主旨。 ［干扰项设置］ 其他项反向干扰。［B］中exceeds对应⑤句中的still well below。［C］将第四段提到的“容忍性降低”改为“相比以前忍受更多”。［D］利用③句中in favor of（看重，选择）设置干扰，但该句只客观介绍“大家庭被两代之家取而代之”。

五、全文翻译

22

出来？ [A] 年轻人更难以忍受生活中的困难 [B] 日本人的离婚率超过了美国人 [C] 日本人忍受的东西比以前更多了 [D] 日本人欣赏他们目前的生活 社会阶梯。 [B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical [B] 日本教育以机械的学习和创造力为特征。 毫无目标几乎不是战后日本的特色，相反，其生产率与社会的和谐程度为美国和欧洲所羡慕。但是，日本人正在经历传统工作道德价值观的日益衰退。10年前，日本年轻人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本的经济需求已经大体上得到了满足，因此年轻人不知道他们下一步何去何从。（句式1）

战后生育高峰期的到来，以及女性进入由男性主导的就业市场，都限制了青少年的发展机遇，这些青少年已经开始质疑在为了进好学校，找好工作，而攀登日本等级森严的社会阶梯的过程中所付出的沉重的个人代价是否值得。（句式2）最近的一次调查发现，与62.7%的美国学生相比较，只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意。此外，与被调查的其他10个国家的工人相比，对自身工作表示不满的日本工人数量要多得多。

虽然日本重视基础教育而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调应试和机械的学习，而不重视创造性和自我表现的培养。“考分反映不出的那些东西——个性、能力、勇气或人道——完全被忽视，”执政的自民党教育委员会主席Toshiki Kaifu说，（句式3）“这种情况带来的挫败感，致使孩子们辍学、放荡不羁。”去年日本发生了2 125起校园暴力事件，其中包括929起攻击老师事件。在一片抗议声中，许多保守的领导人正在力图恢复战前强调道德教育的状况。去年，时任教育大臣的Mitsuo Setoyama就提出责难，他认为二战后美国占领当局引进的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德观”。

但是，这也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。教育家Yoko Muro说，“在日本，你是否喜欢自己的工作和生活从来不是问题，问题仅仅是你能承受多大的负荷。”随着经济的发展，居住集中化也接踵而至，在日本一亿一千九百万人当中，足有76%的人生活在城市，社区和几世同堂的大家庭已经成为过去，取而代之的是单门独户的两代之家。城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的上下班来回路程和拥挤不堪的居住条件，但是，随着传统的群体和家庭价值观念的削弱，这种不舒适开始突显出来。在过去10年中，日本的离婚率，尽管仍远在美国之下，却也已经上升了50%多，而自杀率则上升了近1/4。

Passage 5 一、核心词汇注释

acquisitive

a. wanting very much to buy or get new possessions渴求获取财物的，贪婪的； acquire v. 获得，得到，取得 angle

n. ［C］1.角，角度 *2. a position from which you look at sth or photograph it; a way of considering a problem or situation 视角，（拍摄）角度；(看问题或情况的)角度，立场 例：We need to look at the issue from a different angle 从一个不同的角度来看这个问题

vt. to present information, a report etc from a particular point of view or for a particular audience从某一特定角度提出，以某观点提供信息 例：a report which was angled in favour of the victim 从有利于受害者的角度提出的报告

vi. 1.钓鱼，垂钓 2.to try to get sth by making suggestions and remarks instead of asking directly(以暗示等方法)猎取，谋求 例：angle for a pay rise 拐弯抹角地请求加薪

distinction

n. 1. ［C］ （相似事物之间的）差别，区别，不同 2. ［U］（事物或人按其质量、品质、等级等的）区分，区别对待 例：The school makes no distinction between male and female students. 学校并没有对男女学生区别对待。 *3. ［U］ the quality of being excellent and important优秀，卓越，杰出 例：a writer of distinction 优秀作家 4. ［C］荣誉；殊荣 例：She had the great distinction of being invited to meet the Prime Minister.她获得极大的荣誉，受邀与首相见面。

exceptional

a. *1.unusually good非常好的，杰出的 例：exceptional talent as a musician 非凡的音乐才能 2.unusual and likely not to happen often罕见的，不寻常的 例：in exceptional circumstances 在特殊情况下

formulation

n.1.制定，规划，构想 例：the formulation of a policy政策的制订 *2.明确的表达, 确切的阐述；formulate v. 制定，规划，构想；确切地表达、阐述

get on in life

出人头地；get on 发迹，出人头地 例：He will get on in the world.他会在社会地位方面青云直上。 hypocrisy

n. ［U］ 伪善; 虚伪 例：It’s sheer hypocrisy for politicians to preach about family values when so many of them are having affairs. 伪善的政客们口口声声宣扬家庭道德观，而他们中有很多人却大搞婚外恋。hypocritical a. 虚伪的，伪善的

note

n. 1.［C］笔记，记录 2.［C］ 单音，音调，音符*3.［用单数］ a particular quality in sth, for example in sb’s voice or the atmosphere at an event 特征，口气，调子，气氛（后跟介词of） 例：There was a note of amusement in his voice.听他的口气，是觉得很有意思。

odd

23

a.*1.奇特的，异常的，古怪的 例：an odd character 古怪的性格 2. not in a pair/set单只的，不成对的 例：an odd shoe单只鞋 3.left over; extra; surplus剩余的，多余的，多出的 例：thirty-odd years later 三十多年后 4.奇数的，单数的（不能被2整除的） 例：odd number 奇数（even numbe偶数） 5.not regular or fixed; occasional不规则的，非固定的，临时的 例：weed the garden at odd times 用零星时间给花园除草

profess

vt. 1.to claim that sth is true or correct, esp when it is not妄称；伪称；声称 例： She still professes her innocence. 她仍然声称自己无辜。 *2.宣称，公开表明 例：He professed his admiration for their work. 他表示钦佩他们的工作。词根fess意为to speak“说”，如：confess v.承认，坦白，professor n. 教授

pushing

a. 1.推的，推进的 *2.有进取心的，有事业心的，充满干劲的 3.莽撞的，一意孤行的 regard

vt.*1.to think about sb/sth in a particular way将??认为；把??视为；看待 例：Her work is very highly regarded.她的工作受到高度评价。 2.to look at sb/sth, esp in a particular way (尤指以某种方式)注视，凝视 例：He regarded us suspiciously. 他以怀疑的眼光看着我们。

n. 1. ［U］ 注意，关注，关心（后跟介词to/for） 例：to do sth with little/ no regard for sb/sth 做事几乎不/根本不顾及某人/某事物。 2. ［U］ 尊重，尊敬（后跟介词to/for） 例：He held her in high regard. 他对她非常尊重。 3. ［用复数］ (用于信函的结尾或转达问候)致意；问候 例：With kind regards, Yours... 谨此致意，??敬上

二、句式结构分析

1.If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.

此句主干是If..., the rewards of ambition...must be deemed worthy of ...。其中if引导的是条件状语从句；破折号中的wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny既是插入成分，又是the rewards of ambition的同位语，起解释说明的作用；made on ambition’s behalf是sacrifices的定语。worthy of 意思是“值得，不辜负”；on one’s behalf意思是“为了”。

2.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

该句的主干是If..., it must be... ; and it especially must be... by... 。分号前后是两个分句，前一个分句是含if条件句的主从复合句，其主句为被动语态。后一个分句同样是被动语态，其中who引导的定语从句修饰people，从句后是一个独立主格结构作补充说明。regard sb/sth（with sth）意为“将某人、某事物视为，认为某事物是”，这里highly regard表示“很受重视”，例：your work is highly regarded. 你的工作很受重视。

3.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. 句子主干是people do not...和...may change, but... do not。这两句话并不难理解，考生关键是要理解do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago这两个双重否定的比较级，意思是“丝毫不?，一点都不比?时候?”。

4.What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.

what引导的名词从句做主语，that引导的从句作表语，as...as...结构意为“像?一样”，修饰表语从句中的谓语confess。lest意为“惟恐、以免”，后面接的句子用虚拟语气（should）do，例：He ran away let he （should/might） be seen.（他跑开了，以免被人看见）。think sb /sth+a.意为“认为某人或某事物怎样”，例：You must think me very silly.（你肯定认为我很蠢）。

5.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

be treated to的意思是“被款待，被招待”，spectacles意为“壮观景象”，这里具有反讽意味。冒号后面三个并列名词性短语分别由with 引导的介词短语做定语，who引导的定语从句做定语和advocate的现在分词形式做定语，语言形式富于变化，无累赘乏味之感。

三、文章结构分析

本文是一篇关于如何正确看待雄心壮志的文章。文章先是表达了对雄心壮志的正确看法，接着批判了一些人对雄心壮志所持有的虚伪态度，同时也暗示雄心壮志是一种健康的追求，人们应该正确对待它。

第一段：抨击了一些受过教育的人对雄心壮志所持有的虚伪态度，主要使用说理和比喻论证方法。 第二段：指出人们的雄心壮志依然存在，只是人们不愿公开承认自己的梦想。该段使用举例论证。

24

第三段：指出由于人们支持较少，雄心壮志被迫转入地下的状况，并暗示人们应该正确看待雄心壮志。

、试题具体分析

27.It is generally believed that ambition may be well 27.人们普遍认为，雄心壮志可能受到好评，如果。 regarded if. [A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices [B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power [C] its goals are spiritual rather than material [D] it is shared by the rich and the famous 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节。正确率：55%

［快速解题］ 文章开篇指出，若要雄心壮志被正确看待，那么它带来的回报——财富、声誉、对自己命运的掌控——应该被认为使人们值得为实现抱负而做出牺牲。［A］正确。［B］只提了雄心壮志带来的回报，没有将它与“为实现抱负作出牺牲”联系起来，含义不完整。［C］与文意不符，雄心壮志的目标也包括物质，如：财富。［D］文中未提，该段②句只提到“人们应当广泛地拥有（widely shared）雄心壮志这种传统”。

［篇章分析］ 第一段①②句指出如何才能正确看待雄心壮志，两个句子使用平行结构：If ambition is to?If the tradition of ambition is to ?实现了句间的衔接。①句指出，必须把为了得到雄心壮志的回报而作出的各种牺牲看作是值得的。②句进而指出，雄心壮志必须受到人们，尤其是包括受教育者在内的成功人士的广泛的推崇。该句采用it must...it especially must... not least的递进结构引出了推广雄心壮志的关键人群：the educated，从而与下文更好地衔接。③④句转而指出了受教育人士相反的做法：虽然从雄心壮志中受益匪浅却宣称已经放弃了雄心壮志。⑤句为全文主旨句，利用比喻的修辞手法揭示了受教育者这一行为的虚伪性。

［正确项设置］［A］ 为第一段①句的同义改写，its returns对应句中的the rewards of ambition；well compensate for对应be deemed worthy of。

［干扰项设置］ ［B］只截取了①句的部分内容the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny。［C］曲解原意，将①句提到的“雄心壮志带来的物质和精神的回报”曲解为“目标只有精神上的”。［D］利用②句中个别词汇shared设置无关干扰。 28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most 28.第一段最后一句话最有可能暗示。 probably implies that it is. [A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in [A] 受过教育的人习惯于口头上摈弃雄心壮志 words [B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out the goal [D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from [D] 对受过教育者来说，享受雄心壮志带来的益处是ambition 本题考核的知识点是：句意。正确率：39%

［快速解题］ 首段末句先指出受教育者行为的虚伪性，接着以“马已经跑了再关上马厩的门”这一生动的比方揭露受教育者“从雄心壮志中收益匪浅，却声称要放弃雄心壮志”的虚伪本质。二者相同之处在于均是虚伪的行为，其中，horses代表ambition，riding代表ambition带来的好处。［C］概括了这种虚伪性。

［正确项设置］ 第一段末句以打比方作为论据，［C］是它要论证的观点。其中dishonest对应⑤句中hypocrisy，deny ambition after the fulfilment of the goal是⑤句this所指代的内容，也是③④句内容的概括。

［干扰项设置］ ［A］只提及部分事实。遗漏了“受教育者从野心中获益匪浅”这个重要内容，不足以体现其虚伪性。［B］望文生义，由末句closing the barn door after the horses have escaped联想到谚语lock the barn door after the horse is stolen（亡羊补牢，为时已晚），没有结合上下文来理解。［D］利用文中个别词汇benefits, ambition设置无关干扰。

29.Some people do not openly admit they have 29.有些人不公开承认他们有雄心壮志是因为。 ambition because. [A] they think of it as immoral [B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth [C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits [D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible 本题考核的知识点是：因果细节。正确率：77%

25

[A] 他们将此看作是不道德的 [B] 他们追求的不是名誉和财富 [C] 雄心壮志与物质利益没有密切的联系 [D] 他们不想显得贪婪与可鄙 不现实的 [B] 雄心壮志一旦被释放出来，再想抑制则为时已晚 [A] 其收益充分地补偿了所作出的牺牲 [B] 它以金钱、名誉和权力作为回报 [C] 其目标是精神上的而不是物质上的 [D] 它是富人和名人共享的 [C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of [C] 在目标实现后否认雄心壮志是不诚实的

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/l8nd.html