独立主格结构

独立主格结构

一、独立主格结构是一个名词或代词，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：

1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的常见形式

1. 名词（代词）+现在分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作发出者） The moon appearing，they decided to go on with theirjouney.

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者） The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Good-bye said，he went home. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 4. 名词（代词）+介词短语（相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语） The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。

5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词（相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构） He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。 6. There being +名词（代词）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 7. It being +名词（代词）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。 I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。 比较：“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。 Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。 with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 三、英语独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语

The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语

Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果

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天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 3. 用作原因状语

An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4. 用作伴随状语

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5. 表示补充说明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 注：1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 2、独立主格结构没有所有格形式。

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。 比较动名词复合结构：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

3、 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。 The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。 四、with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法

“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。

该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分： 1、原因状语

1.With the man guiding us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village. 2、时间状语

1.With our problem settled , we all felt happy. 3、伴随状语

She left the offices with tears in her eyes. 4、后置定语

1.Do you know the man with/having a book in his hand?

分词结构和独立主格结构作状语时的区别 一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。

二、独立主格结构作状语时，结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。

三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。

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独立主格结构练习题及解析

1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them

2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.

A. because B. as C. With D. Since

3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of ________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had bought there.

A. them B. who C. whom D. which

4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them D. it

5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give

6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face ________ with sweat.

A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________. A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze

8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________ for the day.

A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished

9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________ parents seated together joking.

A. their B. whose C. which D. that

10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land Rover of the latest.

A. another B. other C. the other D. the others 【答案与解析】

1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are novels。

2. C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。

3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用和动词 were的使用。

4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them are over 600 years old。

5. D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。

6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.

7. D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。 8. B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their

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lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。 9. A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。

10. D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)

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五、倒装结构

倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装（full inversion）；将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装（partial inversion）。用于表示一定的句子结构（语法需要）或强调某一句子成分。 一、完全倒装

(1)在以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then，thus 开头，后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。 There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。 Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了 Here is your letter. 这是你的信。 (2) there引导句子

除了there be句型外，there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等，一般都译成\有\的含义。

There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。

(3)在象声词或以out、in、up、down、away等表示运动方向的副词置于句首的句子。 Click.click went the weaving room.

Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。 (4)当表示地点的介词词组在句首时。

At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake. East of the lake lie two towns.

Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier. 注意：

1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，就要用部分倒装句。

Here comes the postman! 邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。 Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）

2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全倒装句，起强调作用。

Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取了。

二 部分倒装

1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until, scarcely , barely , under on condition , hardly … when，no sooner …than，not only ,等。 Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都找不到这个问题的答

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。（当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep）

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠批评了送礼的人。

No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。 2. 表示\也\、\也不\的so, neither, nor放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。 Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom能说法语，我也能。 If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。

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