词句段落文章结构的写法

词的写法

1. 一般词汇和具体词汇

比较而言，有些词比另一些词的意思要具体些。例如

professionals和scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists等词相比意思更为广泛，但scientists和physicists, chemists相比，意思又泛了一些。

具体词汇有助于使文章清楚、准确、生动和鲜明，因为与一

般词汇相比，具体词汇的信息量大表达力强。试比较： a good man kind, honest, just, generous, warm-hearted,

selfless, brave, honorable

good food tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, fresh,

appetizing , abundant

运用具体词汇和提供细节应结合起来，这样便可产生有效果

的、给人深刻印象的章。例如：

General: It is often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific: In spring there is often a very strong northwest

wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils and your hair.

It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.

General: Students do many interesting things after classes.

Specific: Every morning and afternoon the sports fields

are alive with energetic students. Football and basketball matches, volleyball, and badminton, track-training and gymnastics are all in full swing. Even the alleyways under the trees and around the flower beds provide enough space for enthusiasts to practice. Through the windows comes the pitter-patter of ping-pong balls, the sound of songs and music, or laughter and discussion.

2. 用词宽度要适当

好的短文不仅用词贴切，还会有一定的用词宽度（breadth of vocabulary）。描写同一事物或表达同一概念，可供选择使用的词语常常有很多。例如：

? 修饰名词weather的形容词

褒义：agreeable, charming, clear, fine, pleasant, splendid,

warm

贬义：awful, bad, cold, dull, frightful, terrible, wretched ? 修饰名词development的形容词

表性质：alarming, amazing, full, general, great, important,

new, recent, startling

表种类：commercial, economic, historical, human,

industrial, intellectual, national, social

? 修饰形容词necessary的副词

absolutely, entirely, highly, imperatively, most ? 修饰动词increase的副词

gradually, greatly, highly, largely, rapidly, remarkably, slightly, steadily 3. 习语

习语是有特殊意思的固定词组，其意思和组成这个习语的各个词的意思大步相同。例如read a book便不是一个习语，因为这个短语的意思就是组成它的三个词的意思的结合，而且还可以换成别的词，诸如a newspaper, a novel等。但就不同了：组成这个短语的四个词单独都不表示这个短语的意思，而且更换其中任何一个词该词组就不成为一个可以让人看懂的短语。

英语中的习语很丰富。下面各种类型的习语是最常见的： Phrasal verbs put up with

Turn out Come across

N.+prep.+n. a straw in the wind The apple of one’s eye Like a fish out of water Prep.+n on the air At length

With flying colors

V.+n. kill two birds with one stone go to the dogs as as as easy as pie as big as life

as different as night and day as poor as a church mouse Pairs of words high and dry In a world of one’s own in black and white touch and go

Sayings A stitch in time saves nine. Take it or leave it. Love me, love my dog.

1. We should try to use their knowledge and skill to our advantage. We should utilize their knowledge and skill to our advantage. 2. There are great changes in recent years. There are dramatic changes in recent years.

3. If you are going to live in a foreign country, you must be used to new manners and customs. If you are going to live in a foreign country, you must adapt yourself to new manners and customs.

4. Mr. Wang will be free tomorrow afternoon.

Mr. Wang will be available tomorrow afternoon. 5. We want more changes in our food here. We demand more variety in our food here.

句子结构类型

英语句子按其结构复杂程度可分为：简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句的五种基本句型： 1. 主语+谓语动词（+状语）

此句型特点：该句型中动词后面不带宾语，所以用于此句型的动词应该是不及物动词。

Man proposes; God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。 Modesty benefits; pride hurts. 谦受益，满招损。 The sun rises and the sun sets. 日升日落。

这种句型谓语动词后往往带有状语： Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。 The sun sets in the west. 太阳从西边落下。 2 主语+系动词+主语补足语（表语）

此句型特点：句中动词一般是动词或其他系动词。 ? 最常见的是形容词、名词（短语）作表语： He looks unhappy.

The leaf will turn yellow in autumn. The best proof of love is trust. Bread is the staff of life. ? 也可用介词短语作表语：

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. ? 副词不能作表语：

He looks happily. (wrong)

? 在英语中，除了动词以外，还有以下系动词：

a) 表主语特征、状态：feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear

The iron feels hot. The food tastes delicious.

b) 表主语由一种状态变为另一种状态：become, grow, get, turn, fall, go, come fall asleep

go hungry; go sour; go wrong Hope your dreams will come true.

c) 表主语保持某种状态：continue, remain, stay, keep, hold, rest, prove

The weather continued fine for several days. He held silent for the whole day.

He has fallen into the habit of doing morning exercises to stay healthy.

You may rest assured that he will come to the party. d) 近似于不及物动词的系动词：sit, act, arrive, blush, marry, die, be born

All the audience sat silent. He was born poor.

She married young. (She was young when she married.) He died young. 3 主语+谓语+宾语

英语中绝大多数动词适用于这一句型，而且能作宾语的成分很多。

Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。 I want to go home now. （不定式作宾语）

I’ve finished reading the book. （动名词作宾语） I’ll pick you up this evening. （代词作宾语）

4 主语+谓语+双宾语

有些动词后边需要两个宾语：一个指人的宾语，称之为间接宾语；另一个指物的宾语，称之为直接宾语。间接宾语和直接宾语统称为双宾语。

He showed the guard his passport. I will buy you a meal.

He showed his passport to the guard. I will buy a meal for you.

5 主语+谓语+复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）

有些动词后面接宾语时意思不完整，因而在宾语后还需接补充说明宾语的补足语宾语和宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。

常见带复合宾语的动词有：appoint, believe, call, choose, consider, declare, elect, leave, find, make, vote, etc.

They appointed John chairman. I believe him to be true.

The chairman declared the meeting over. They elected John chairman. You can leave the door open.

注意：区分双宾语和复合宾语 比较：

I made John our chairman.

I made John a cake.

判断两种宾语的方法: 在宾语后加上be动词，若能构成完整的句子，则是补足语。

John is our chairman. John is a cake.

句子的类型

句子按结构划分有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句四种。 简单句只包含一个主谓结构，而且句子的各个成分都由单词或短语表示，但可以有几个宾语、定语和状语。例如： 1) Time is money.

2) Computer can also help children of all ages with lessons and homework.

3) Only by bringing into full play the intelligence and wisdom

of the whole nation can we attain our lofty goal of accomplishing socialist modernization.

注意：有两个或两个以上主语或谓语动词的句子，像He and his

brother went to town and bought a pile of books.这样的句子，再有的语法书上算简单句，但在有的书上算并列句。 并列句包含两个或更多的独立的简单句，用并列连词（）连接起来，也可以不用连词而用分号连接。

The heavy rain started suddenly, and we stopped our marching. Frank wanted to go swimming; Mary decided to go shopping. We must redouble our efforts, or we will never be able to catch up with the others.

复合句包含一个主句和一个或更多的从句，并用连词来表明它们之间的关系。从句可以当全句的某一成分，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和同位语。一般说来，主句表述主要的意思，次要从句表述次要的意思。

并列复合句即并列句和复合句的结合。它至少有两个从句和一个次要从句。例如：

When the bell rang, jack was listening to a tape and Linda was reading.

After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course.

句型多样化

1. I met a writer who is related to a politician. (5) I met a newspaper writer who is related to a senator. (5~6) I met a columnist who is related to a senator from New York. (6~7)

I met the columnist William F. Buckley, who is related to

Senator James L. Buckley of New York. (7~8)

I met the columnist William F. Buckley, who is the brother of Senator James L. Buckley of New York. (8)

2. Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

3. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

4. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.

a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty. b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.

a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. b) It is widely / commonly thought / believed / held / accepted that birth control is quite necessary in China.

a) Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.

The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the United States. 复杂句

复杂句的六种内部关系： 1. cause and effect 因果关系 标志词：

1) 表示原因：as, since, due to ,owing to

2) 表示结果：hence, thus, therefore, as a consequence,

as a result, consequently 3) thereby (通过这种方法可以?)

? The ecological problems are being aggravated; hence, it is imperative that we take measures to curb the pollution of the environment. ? The government should raise the public awareness of environment preservation, thereby promoting sustainable development and creating a more livable environment.

2. exemplification举例关系

标志词：take?for example, for instance, to illustrate,

as an apt illustration, consider, for example, namely

? The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is standard practice for them to choose Hollywood blockbusters over domestic films.

? Animals are humans’ companions. As an apt illustration, dolphins often rescue sailors from sinking ships.

3. comparison and contrast对比关系

标志词：while/ whereas/ whilst, in contrast ? While/ whereas/ whilst modern man leads a stressful life, our ancestors could often perform their business in a leisurely fashion. ? The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be inferior quality.

4. concession让步关系

标志词：despite, in spite of, notwithstanding,

nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, even if

? In spite of the disadvantages animal experimentation can bring about, many scientists insist on continuing this practice. ? The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; nonetheless, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research.

5. supposition假设关系

标志词：provided that, suppose that

? Provided that we can minimize the pain of test

animals, animal experimentation should be continued.

? Suppose that large companies are moved to the countryside, the traffic congestion in cities will be alleviated substantially.

6. modification修饰关系

标志词：that , which

? In this day and age, we have a proliferation of buildings that look exactly like the buildings our ancestors built.

? Today, teenage students are under increasingly severe stress in their studies, which has disturbed and alarmed many adults.

英语造句的基本原则 1. 完整（统一性）

一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的思想。

1) Born in a small town in South China I the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.

2) He was bon in a small town in South China in the early50s. In his childhood he liked to sing. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician. 原句的两部分之间没有逻辑上的联系，因为在50年代初出生于华南一个小城市的人并不一定会成为著名的音乐家。这个句子因此缺少完整性。改后的句子解释了那人是怎样成了音乐家的。 1) Du fu was one of the greatest poets.

2) Du fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period. 第一句有毛病，因为所表达的思想不完整：时代和国家都没提到。加了the Tang Period句子的意思就清楚了，因为我们都知道唐是中国历史上一个朝代。

注意：不随意使用等连词，以免把语义不相关的句子连在一起，造成句子概念模糊，意思混乱。例如：

1) I was walking in the park yesterday morning and saw a snake.

2) I saw a snake while I was walking in the park yesterday morning.

I was walking in the park yesterday morning when I saw a snake.

原句中前后的两部分含义各自独立，把其中一部分内容改成从句就通顺了。 2. 连贯

连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：平行结构有缺点，代词指不清楚，修饰语与被修饰语的关系不明确，在人称、数、语态、时态和语气上有混乱之处。 1) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.

2) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.

平行的意思最好用平行的结构来表达，这样会使句子清楚连贯以及重点突出。

1) She told my sister that she was wrong. 2) “I am wrong,” she said to my sister. My sister was told that she was wrong.

上面的句子代词指代不清。第一句中的第二个she可以指主语，也

可以指my sister。

1) On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”

2) When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up and said,

On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said,

1) I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. 2) I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen. In a magazine I read an interesting story about sportsmen. 第一句中的似乎是修饰这个词，而实际上应修饰，这种模棱两可的修饰应避免，缺点都是修饰语没有放在正确的位置造成的。 Exercise:

We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 1)

We have great faith and high hopes for her.

2) He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious. 3) To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.

4) Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.

5) The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.

6) An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.

7) Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper. 3. 简洁

英语中有句谚语：Brevity is the soul of wit.（言以简洁为贵。）简洁清楚是英语造句的一个重要原则。好的英语句子应该使用最少的词语表达完整的意思，尽量避免用词重复和话语罗嗦。试比较下列各组句子：

1) He returned in the early part of the month of august. 2) He returned in early august.

1) In my opinion, I think your plan is not feasible. 2) In my opinion, your plan is not feasible. 1) Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 2) Mary is quiet and careful.

1) The machine was designed jointly by the old engineer in collaboration with some foreign experts.

2) The machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some foreign experts.

不难看出上述各组句子中前一句都存在语义重复的问题，改成后一句就简洁清楚了。 4. 多样性

in a dilemma.

13. People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.

14. The issue is so controversial that people can hardly reach an absolute consensus.

15. They often fall into big groups, one for it and the other against it. 16. When it comes to __, most people tend to believe A, but others consider B.

17. At present, some people think __ , while others c1aim _

18. Advocates of __ proclaim that . But there are also people who are strongly opposed to it.

自己的立场

1. According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer __ to .

2. In my point of view, I like much more than . 3. Anyway, I agree with the idea of . 4．I do strongly support the idea that . 5. Personally, I am in favor of the former point of view. 6. Personally, I side with the former/ latter.

7. For my part, I stand on the latter opinion that .

8. As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter

view.

9. At the risk of sounding too direct, 10. I can hardly share this point of view.

11. Superficially, it stands reasonable and constructive. However, I strongly disagree with it. 12. Pound for pound, .

13. A close inspection of these arguments would reveal how flimsy they are. 理由段

A．第一个

First / First of all / Above all / To begin with The main reason is that __

One of the most attractive points is that __. The first reason can be seen by every person, Perhaps the most telling is __.

Certainly no other reason in my decision is more crucial than the one as follow.

We may look into every possible reason; however, foremost reason for _ is __.

B. 中间

1. In addition / What’s more / Moreover / Furthermore / Besides / Also 2. Another reason is .

3. What's also worth noticing is that _.

4. There is another factor that deserves some words here. 5. A further reason why I prefer __ is that __

6. The second thing that must taken into consideration is that _ C. 最后

1. Finally / Last but not least 2. The incomparable advantage is __ 3. The last factor to be taken seriously is 4. The third, not the last is that __.

IV. 结尾段前

1. In general / On the whole / Generally / In brief / In summary / in sum / in short / In a word / In conclusion / All in all / To sum up / To put all into a nutshell

2. Based on the above discussion, _ 3. Taking into all these factors, __ 4. Judging from all evidence offered, . 5. All reliable evidence points to one saying, that is .

_

英语写作还要求所写出的句子不能太刻板单调。如果在一篇短文中多次重复使用某一基本句子结构或某一类型句子，句式缺乏多样性，读起来就会枯燥乏味。我们在写作时应运用多种句式，及借助于修辞、长短句交替、变换句型、变换句子成份的位置等使文章的句是丰富多样，内容的表达饶有兴趣。

1) Against the wishes of her husband, she joined the cult----Falungong. (介词短语提至句首起强调作用)

2) Driving to work on Monday, Helen saw a terrible accident. (现在分词短语作时间状语)

3) Angered by what I said, Charles slammed the door behind him. (过去分词短语作原因状语)

4) To make our city greener, the government launched a campaign of afforestation. (不定式短语)

5) Tired of study, I took a short break. (形容词短语) Exercise

指出下列各句中的错误，并加以改正：

1) Our host entertained us with many interesting stories of adventure, he had been a member of an exploration team working in the Arctic.

2) Lin looks like Li, however, they are not related. 3) When I woke up I saw him asleep in bed, I had not heard him when he came back. Because I had been sleeping soundly.

4) I lost some important documents and found them three days later. The police had helped me.

5) Listening attentively, a faulty sound was heard. 6) He returned back home after he graduated from college. 7) These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste. 8) We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.

常见错误

1. 中式英语

由于文化、传统和习惯的不同以及语言本身的差异，英汉两种语言对同一事物或同一概念的表达有时大相径庭。例如： 1) His body is very healthy. 2) He is very healthy.

1) We’re difficult to finish all the work tonight. 2) It is difficult for us to finish all the work tonight. We have difficulty finishing all the work tonight. 1) He is much better after the operation. He is no longer dangerous.

2) He is much better after the operation. He is no longer in danger.

改正下面的中式句子：

1) He only said a few sentences. He made us very disappointing.

2) College students should touch the society. 3) Money can buy many things.

4) Why bicycles are so popular in China?

5) There are many people like to go to the movies.

2. 语言结构问题

a) 残缺句

把句子的某一部分当作了完整的句子。

1) Many people who were delivering bricks in the sun. 2) Many people who were delivering bricks in the sun witnessed the terrible accident.

1) He staggered along the trail. Without taking a rest or eating anything.

2) He staggered along the trail, without taking a rest or eating anything. 改错：

1. How to work the machine?

2. He walked over to the library. And borrowed the history book he needed.

3. Although he was tired. b) 逗号错接句

逗号错接是指两个句子之间错误地用逗号加以连接，最典型的是用逗号连接两个并列句。例如：

1) She cleaned the room, he prepared the lunch. 2) She cleaned the room. He prepared the lunch. (分成两句)

She cleaned the room; he prepared the lunch. （改用分号）

She cleaned the room and he prepared the lunch. （使用并列连词）

When she cleaned the room, he prepared the lunch. （改成主从关系） c) 不合乎逻辑的句子

不合乎逻辑的句子主要有两种：一种是错误地省略了句中某些必要的词语，使句子语法结构及意义失去了完整性；另一种是句中的人称、数、语气、时态和语态没有保持一致，使句子逻辑混乱、意义含糊不清。例如： 1) I waited much longer for you than Tom. 2) I waited much longer for you than for Tom. I waited much longer for you than Tom did. 1) Parents always have confidence and ambition for

their children.

2) Parents always have confidence in and ambition for their children.

1) The government has already and will continue to make every effort to solve the problem.

2) The government has already made and will continue to make every effort to solve the problem.

d) 修饰语位置错置

除了主语和谓语之外，英语句子往往还需要一些修饰语（单词、短语、从句等都可以充当修饰语）。修饰语一般要紧靠修饰语的词语，即“修饰语临近”原则。违背了这条原则，有时会使句子产生歧义、破坏其连贯性或使其含义荒诞。例如：

1) At length he wrote to her. He wrote to her at length.

2) On the counter there are some yellow babies’ boots.

On the counter there are some babies’ boots that tare yellow in colour.

1) He wanted a cold glass of water. He wanted a glass of cold water.

e) 平行结构错误

1) Our new car is not only more economical but also

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