学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点总结

Part ? Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）

Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing

1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.

（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲 或宣读）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分

(1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）

3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）

(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not

(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式）

例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few

(3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法）

例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials). （避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.

(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not. （使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs?

改为： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.

(6) Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.

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(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式） 例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇） 例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题：

（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。

改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities.

错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。 改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.

（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly. 错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。

改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.

（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.

错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。

改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.

（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.

错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。

改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining

the initial trust of individual.

（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material. 错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。

改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used

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than it is now as a construction material.

（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc. 错误：使用了etc。

改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.

（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.

错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。

改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in

the production of concrete.

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Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing

（专业写作的两个基本结构）

1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）

(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(GS)结构） (2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）

2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）

(1) A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义） (2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义） (3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述） (4) A statement of fact. （事实陈述）

3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）

4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词

A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息

C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息 例题：p23

(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used (2). device that is capable of —> device capable of (3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of

(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from (5). This sentence cannot be reduced.

(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave higher

(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process involving the selective transport

(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a celestial body with approximately the same mass

5、考题类型：句子排序 例题：P27 6、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义） （1）比较定义基本上有两类：

1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。 2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。

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7、Participle（分词） 例题：P39

（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.

（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.

（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any

imperfections. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.

8、词和词型的变换 P23-P25

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（3）Karen dropped calculus. Which she had dropped severall times before. 改为：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before. （4）Working together to save our environment. We can leave the world a better place than wo found it.

改为：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.

（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. Proving that she is an honest person. 改为：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person.

（6）Some errors in writing are serious. For example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences.

改为：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences. 12、练习题 P147 修改流水句

（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.

改为：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.

（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received a full scholarship.

改为：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has just received a full scholarship.

（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home. 改为：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went home.

（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take my usual nap.

改为：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; I could not take my usual nap. 13、练习题 P147 改正句子

（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds. 改为：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache. （2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats. 改为：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.

（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.

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改为：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer. （4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was saved by a passer-by.

改为：Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning in the icy river.

（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner. 改为：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his owner.

（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.

改为：I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.

（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier hearts completely to her.

改为：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open his heart completely to her.

（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access. 改为：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet access.

（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are enthusiastic about my proposal.

改为：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is enthusiastic about my proposal.

（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long. 改为：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.

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Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英语段落写作）

1、Paragraph Structure （段落结构）

（1）主题句（the topic sentence）具有三个重要功能： P149

① 通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。 ② 显示段落内容。

③ 控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必

须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。

（2）练习题： 1 / P151

2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（写作精彩段落）

精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开：段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲，一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先，该段落必须只讨论一个主体，即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一，主题思想通常用一个主题句表达；第二，它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容，即该段落语义必须完整；第三，段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理；第四，段中句子必须表现出连贯性：前后衔接自然，使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路，而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。 3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法：） P160

（1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息） （2）Parallelism. （使用排比结构）

（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重复重述关键 词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换）

（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代词替换主要名词） （5）Transition words and phrases.（使用过渡词和词组） 4、合理排序 P161 （P161-P167例子全看）

（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order （从一般到具体——演绎法） （2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order （从具体到一般——归纳法） （3）Emphativ order---order of importance （按照重要性排序） （4）Spatial order---order of space （空间顺序） （5）Chronological order---order of time （时间顺序）

考点：五种排序法的英文要会；要会进行排序

5、练习题：1/P180 3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）

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Chapter 5 English Essay Writing（文章写作）

1、Structure of english essays （文章结构）

一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主体段（body paragraph）；最后是结尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主题和中心，首尾呼应，总结全文。

2、列提纲 （outline） ※考点 P199

（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. 提纲分为两种形式：主题式提纲和句子式提纲。

（2）主题式提纲简洁明了，通常由名词及其修饰语组成，或由动名词短语、动 词不定式短语组成；句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。 （3）下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例，列举两种不同的提纲：

① Topic outline:

Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle I. Relatively inexpensive A. To buy B. To operate

II. Healthy

A. A lot of exercise B. No pollution III. Personally satisfying A. To enjoy the scenery B. To become part of nature

IV. Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful

② Sentence outline:

Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure

Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle. I. Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive A. It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle. B. It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle. II. Riding a bicycle is healthy.

A. Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise B. Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.

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III. Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.

A. Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery. B. Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.

IV. Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.

3、There are four types of English essays: narration（记叙文），description（描写文）， expositon（说明文） and argumentation（议论文）。

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