2018牛津高中英语语法大全集（1至模块10语法）

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2018高考牛津高中英语－模块一至模块十语法 牛津高中英语－模块一 第一单元 一 定语从句：定语从句的介绍

? 就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。

形容词：The green team 介词短语：The team in green

定语从句：The team who were wearing green

? 定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引导，如when, where, why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.

做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner

in our school.

做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.

做定语She has a brother whose name I can?t remember. 做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.

二 定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose ? 在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。

如：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.

? 在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

如：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.

? 当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。

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如：I don?t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.

? 当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

如：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.

? Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

如：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.

The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.

第二单元

一 定语从句：介词提前的定语从句 （preposition＋which; preposition＋whom）

? 当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。

如：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.

? 在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。

如：Art is the subject which I know little about.

? 如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。

如：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to. ? 当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。

如：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.

Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.

? 当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which或that 可以被省略。

如：I didn?t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 二 定语从句：关系副词：when，where， why

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1．我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day， season，year 等的定语从句。

如：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge? I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.

2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。

如：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed. This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished. 3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。

如：I don?t know the reason why the house is so dirty.

4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。

如：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.

This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.

It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.

第三单元

一 定语从句：非限制性定语从句

1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。

如：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.

My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them. 2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。

如：He missed the show, which was a great pity.

3．我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。

如：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite

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helpful to my health.

Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.

二 附加疑问句

1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。

当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。 2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：

1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。

如：We can still be friends, can?t we?

He doesn?t like ice cream, does he?

? 当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。

如：Neither of you will have coffee, will you?

No one has found my CD, have they? Nobody understood his speech, did they?

His sister seldom argues with people, does she?

? 人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。

如：I was pretty silly, wasn?t I?

Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven?t you? ? 助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。

如：You like traveling, don?t you? There is something wrong, isn?t there? You can?t speak Italian, can you? ? 祁使句后用will you， Let?s后用shall we

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如：Post a letter for me, will you? Let?s have a break, shall we?

牛津高中英语－模块二

第一单元

一 现在完成时态

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1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。

如：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy. 2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。

如：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.

? 当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短 语有：already ever for just lately never recently since yet

already 用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。

如：The boy has already come home. I haven?t heard anything from him yet.

for+一段时间 since+点时间

如：We haven?t seen him for two years. We haven?t seen him since 2002.

注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。

? 我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。

如：The police have just finished searching the area. ? 我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。

如：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times. ? 现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词 二 现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。

如：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.

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2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。

如：--- Sorry I?m late. Have you been waiting long? --- Yes, I?ve been waiting for an hour.

3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing 注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。

如：I have been waiting for a long time. He has been waiting since nine o?clock. 三 现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态

1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。

如：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)

Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)

2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。

如：I have visited Egypt twice this month.

I have been touring Egypt for two months.

现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答how long的提问。

如：How many times have you swum in the lake?

How long have you been swimming in the lake?

3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。

如：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)

I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词） I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动

词）

注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like， know，exist

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4．当 never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。

如：I?ve never visited Paris.

I?ve already been to Paris.

第二单元

一 将来进行时态

1．我们用将来进行时态来：

1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。

如：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week 2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。

如：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.

3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。

如：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.

在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。 4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。

如：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania? 2．将来进行时态的构成： 1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing

如：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco. 2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面

如：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15 July?

th

3）回答：will（not）

如：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won?t) 二 过去将来时态

1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来： 1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。

如：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 2) 暗指一个过去的目的。

如：I was going to leave, but then it rained. 3) 暗指一个过去的安排。

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如：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.

4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

如：The journey that was to change Toby?s life started in July that year.

2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成： 1）would +动词原形

如：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling. 2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to

如：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn?t have time.

It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next

morning.

Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran

towards him.

第三单元

一 过去完成时态

1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。

如：Upon entering the tomb, Carter?s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.

2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。

如：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------

Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it

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contained.

3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。

如：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.

4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.

如：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died. 5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed

如：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before

he made his most amazing discovery.

二 现在完成时态还是过去完成时态

当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。 如：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.

当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。

如：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter?s team began to fall ill and die strangly.

牛津高中英语－模块三

第一单元

一 名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍

名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。 ? 我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。

如：That I can pay back the help people give me makes me happy.

Whether he?ll be able to come is not yet known. Why they have not left yet is unclear. 我们可以用it来做形式主语。

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 如：It was good news that everyone got back safely. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。 如：she sensed that she was being watched. I wonder if/whether that?s a good idea. Polly didn?t know which way she should go. 我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。 如：I?m interested in who that tall man is.

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There was a discussion about whether Polly had found the blind man.

我们可以用it来做形式宾语。 如：we all thought it good news that the fog had finally gone. The conductor has made it clear that no buses will be running. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。

如：the truth is that the fog is too think for the bus to run that far. My question is whether Polly can find her way home. The problem is how Polly is going to find us in the crowd. ? 我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。

如：the fact that Polly didn?t ask for the man?s name is a pity. The news that the plane had crashed made us sad. Whatever gave you the idea that I can sing?

? 我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。 如：I hope that Polly will be OK.

No one knew if/whether he lost his sight because of an accident.

She couldn?t imagine how the blind man had found her.

二 名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句 1．我们用that 来引导名词性从句。

1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。

如：She sensed that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark coat.

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在现在进行时态中，be是is/am/are+being；在现在完成时态中，be是have/has+been；在一般将来时态中，be是will+be。

如：Right now the new product is being developed in the laboratory.

An agreement has been put forward.

3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：

1）我们通常用by来引导动作的发出者，但当没必要提及动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者可以省略不提。

如：he believes that VR films will be accepted by viewers. Both the headsets and the gloves are connected to the RealCine computer system.

? 动词give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些

动词用做被动语态的时候，我们通常把动词后面接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。

如：They are offered headsets and gloves in the cinema. Headsets and gloves were offered to them in the cinema.

3）在主动语态中，一些动词后面往往接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。

如：I saw him go there. He was seen to go there.

4) 有时候，在被动语态中，get可以替换be。如：get changed, get dressed, get hurt

如：Please wait a while. I?ll just go and get changed. ? 有些动词主动形式表被动含义。

如：This kind of computer sells well in China. Your article reads well.

? 状态动词不能用于被动语态。

如：I have many science books.

VR films belong to the latest wave of new technology. ? 被动语态的其它特殊形式：

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 ? it+动词的被动语态+that从句

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如：It is said that the technology behind RealCine is virtual reality. ? 主语+动词的被动语态+to do

如：The technology behind RealCine is said to be virtual reality.

类似的动词还有：believe, report, suppose, know, prove 等。 二 情态动词和被动语态

1．在被动语态中用情态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，允诺等。

如：Firefighter could be trained using RealCine.

2．情态动词被动语态的形式是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词 如：The position of the viewer can be calculated at any time. 注意其它情态动词被动语态的用法： 主动语态 被动语态

Can touch can be touched May feel may be felt

Might not impress might not be impressed Could use could be used Should use should be used

Ought to develop ought to be developed Must wear must be worn 被动语态通常被用在科学报告中。 三 经常被用做被动语态的动词

1．一些经常被用做被动语态的动词可以充当形容词的作用.如：be bored with be born in/on be disappointed at /by be fascinated by be impressed at /by/with be interested in be set up by be situated in /on be surprised at/by

如：Andy was bored with listening to the same CD every day.

I was born on a Wednesday.

My dad was disappointed by my test results.

People have always been fascinated by new technology. She was impressed at the number of points I scored.

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 Some of my friends are interested in studying abroad. This new exhibition was set up by the Students?Union. Our school is situated in a quiet area.

They were surprised at the possibilities of the Internet. 这里的be都可以用become来取代。

牛津高中英语－模块五

第一单元

一 动词不定式：带to的动词不定式

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带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，to do, to work.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。 如：I was determined to be cheerful. 1．带to-的动词不定式可以做： 1）句子的主语

如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.

2）句子的宾语

如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night. ? 宾语不足语

如：I asked him to come over. ? 定语

如：I have a very important meeting to attend. ? 同位语

如：His intention was to cheer me up. ? 状语

如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me. 2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态

如：Things seem to be getting better. John pretended not to have seen me.

二 动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式 1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有：

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 1）let make have（有时候）

如：I let her borrow my book.

She made me promise to write every day.

The teacher often has his students read aloud in class. 2)感官动词：feel hear see watch 如：I saw her talk to her new friends. 3）would rather had better why not 如：I would rather go swimming. You had better tidy your bedroom Why not visit your cousin in Japan? 注：感官动词后可以接v-ing

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如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (见证谈话的整个过程)

I saw her talking to her new friend. (见证谈话正在发生，但不

一定见证整个谈话过程)

2．当有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。

如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side. Do you want to go shopping or watch a film? We had nothing to do but watch TV? I decided to write rather than phone.

三 V-ing 作名词

1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做： 1）做主语（指一般性的动作）

如：Swimming is good for your health. 2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）

如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer. 3) 介词之后

如：I keep fit by swimming every day. 4）物主代词之后

如：Her swimming has improved since she started training every

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注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。

如：Thank you for coming. 5）组成复合名词

如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool. 2．以下动词后面接v-ing

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Admit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest 3．以下常用词组后面接v-ing

Would you mind cannot help look forward to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on 如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?

I cannot help wondering why she does not like me. I look forward to seeing you at the party. I don?t feel like doing anything now. She cannot stand seeing that boy.

I think it is no use crying about your exam results now. I had to put off shopping for a while.

He kept on asking me for my phone number.

4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上几乎没有区别。Continue prefer begin hate like start

5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forget regret remember mean try go on

forget+ to do (事情还没做)

如：He forgot to close the door when he left. Forget+ doing (事情已经做了)

如：I?ll never forget winning my first gold medal.

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第二单元

一 V-ing 充当形容词或副词 1．v-ing可作： 1）定语

v-ing 可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。

如：This will have a lasting effect. 有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。

如：That was an extremely interesting speech. v-ing 可以和副词或名词构成复合词。

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如：The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems.

A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.

v-ing 可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。

如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=

People who run these factories are very concerned about

the environment. 2）表语

如：This destruction is frightening. ? 宾语补足语

如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting. 2．v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示动作同时发生。

如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.

3．v-ing有完成时态，如，having worked

如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and stable economy should be possible at the same time. 二V-ing 短语

v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 如：They sat there smiling.

They sat there smiling at each other. 1．v-ing短语可以表示： 1）时间

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如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.

Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. 2）原因

如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. 3）结果

如：The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty. 4)条件

如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.

2．连词+v-ing 也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：when whenever while once until

如：We have to take environmental protection into consideration when developing the economy.

3．v-ing 从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。

如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.

名师讲义 直通清华北大 名师讲义 直通清华北大 4．否定形式是： not+v-ing

如：He sat there, not knowing what to say.

第三单元

一 V-ed形式

v-ed在句中可以充当形容词和副词的用法。 1．v-ed可以被用作： 1）定语

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v-ed放在名词的前面，像形容词一样修饰名词。V-ed可以改成定语从句。 如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned. 大部分名词前的v-ed表达被动的含义。但有些v-ed 表达过去的含义，如，escaped retired fallen。比较下面的短语：

表被动：the highly praised scientist ( The scientist has been highly praised.)

表过去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.) 有时候可以把副词放在v-ed之前。

如：well-trained teachers

v-ed 可以和副词或名词连用构成复合词。

如：underdeveloped region handmade furniture v-ed可以像定语从句一样放在名词后修饰名词。

如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I think the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.

2）表语

如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams. 3）宾语补足语

如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken. 2．v-ed可以接在动词后面表示动作同时发生。如：stand sit lie

如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She lay

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二 V-ed短语

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v-ed短语可以是v-ed单独使用，也可以后面接宾语和/或状语。

如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.

She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.

1．表被动的v-ed短语可以表示： 1）时间

如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science. 2）原因

如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article. 3) 条件

如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts. 2．v-ed形式有一个逻辑主语。在上述例子中，逻辑主语都是主句的主语。

如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical science

the woman who was shocked by the article the cell tissue which is treated with electricity 所有这些主语都跟主句的主语一致。 三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容词

1．v-ing形式用来描述某人或某物给人造成某种感觉，在意义上通常是主动的。

如：I noticed an amazing difference.

Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of

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themselves in the future. 2．v-ed形式用来表达我们对某人或某事的感觉，在意义上通常是被动的，因为它表示我们被一个动作所影响。

如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell. The boy was more frightened than hurt.

牛津高中英语－模块六

第一单元

时态的概要1：现在时态

现在时态可以用来谈论现在的时间，包括一般现在时态，现在进行时态，现在完成时态和现在完成进行时态。 1．我们用一般现在时态来谈论： 1）现在或一直是正确的事情。

如：I am at a comedy show. The sun rises in the east.

2）经常发生的事情。

如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year. Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she uses a

thing, called a prop.

2．我们用现在进行时态来谈论： 1）现在正在发生或正在进行的动作

如：The audience is laughing at the joke.

I don?t understand why I am not losing weight!

2）现在正在被计划，但在将来发生的动作。

如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.

They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.

3）重复发生的动作，和always一起使用，通常带有否定的附加含义

如：You are always making the same mistakes!

Sue is always changing her mind.

3．我们用现在完成时态来谈论过去和现在是如何联系起来的。它用于：

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