2-参考文献格式（APA格式）

References (in APA style papers)

In an APA style paper, the citation sources are listed in References on a separate page, which follows the final page of the text. Entries appear alphabetically according to the last name of the author; two or more works by the same author are listed in chronological order by the date of publication. All entries in the References page must correspond to the sources cited in the main text. The writers are supposed to observe the following rules:

(1) All lines after the first line of each entry in the reference list should have one-half-inch (2)

(3) (4)

(5) (6)

(7) (8)

hanging indentation from the left margin.

Authors’ names are inverted (last name first). If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author’s name. After the ellipses, list the last author’s name of the work.

Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest. All major words in journal titles are capitalized.

When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.

Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

1. Single-Author Book

Aitchison, J. (1987). Words in the mind: An introduction to the mental lexicon. Oxford: Basil

Blackwell Ltd.

Bach, K. (1987). Thought and reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2. Book with Two or More Authors

Fodor, J., & Lepore, E. (2002). The compositionality papers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hatch, E., & Brown, C. (1995). Vocabulary, semantics, and language education. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

3. An Edited Volume

Cole, P. (Ed). (1981). Radical pragmatics. New York: Academic Press. 4. Book without Author or Editor Listed

Webster’s new collegiate dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. 5. Secondary Resources

Sperber, D. (1994). The modularity of thought and the epistemology of representation. In L. A.

Hirschfeld, & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp.39-67). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

6. Journals

Barsalou, L. W. (1982). Context-independent information and context-dependent information in

concepts. Memory & Cognition, 10, 82-93.

Hu, Y., Wood, J. F., Smith, V., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining

the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(1), 38-48.

7. Dissertation

Marunowski, K. R. (2006). The Euro: a multimodal study in presence. Unpublished doctoral

dissertation, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.

8. An Entry in an Encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).

Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

9. Conference Proceedings

Richardson, J. F., & Richardson, A. W. (1990). On predicting pragmatic relations. In

Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, Parasession on the Legacy of Grice (pp. 498-508). Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.

10. Article in a Magazine

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31. 11. Article in a Newspaper

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country

Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

12. Article From an Online Periodical

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A list apart: For people who make

websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Sample References

References

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).

Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A list apart: For people who make

websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

Carston, R. (1998). Informativeness, Relevance and Scalar Implicature. In R. Carston & S. Uchida

(Eds.), Relevance theory: applications and implications (pp. 179-236). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Carston, R. (2002). Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford:

Blackwell.

Castle, G. (2007). New millennial Joyce [Review of the books Twenty-first Joyce, Joyce’s critics:

Transitions in reading and culture, and Joyce’s messianism: Dante, negative existence, and the messianic self]. Modern Fiction Studies, 50(1), 163-173. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/toc/mfs52.1.html Green, G. (1989). Pragmatics and natural language understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax & semantics:

speech acts (vol.3) (pp. 41-58). New York: Academic Press.

Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31. Hirschberg, J. (1985). A theory of scalar implicature. Doctoral dissertation, University of

Pennsylvania.

Horn, R. (1984). Towards a New Taxonomy for Pragmatic Inference: Q-based and R-based

Implicature. In D. Schiffrin (Ed.), Meaning, form, and use in context: linguistic applications (pp. 11-42). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Horn, R. (1989). A nature history of negation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Huang, Y. (2004). Neo-Gricean Pragmatic Theory: Looking Back on the Past; Looking Ahead to

the Future. Journal of Foreign Languages, 149, 2-25.

Huang, Y. (2007). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jiang, W. Q. (2000). Pragmatics: Theories and applications. Beijing: Beijing University Press. Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.

Levinson S. C. (1991). Pragmatic Reduction of the Binding Conditions Revisited. Journal of

Linguistics, 27, 107-61.

Levinson, S. C. (1987 a). Minimization and Conversational Inference. In J. Verschueren & M.

Bertuccelli-Papi (Eds.), The pragmatic perspective (pp. 61-129). Amsterdam: John

Benjamins.

Levinson, S. C. (1987 b). Pragmatics and the Grammar of Anaphora: a Partial Pragmatic

Reduction of Binding and Control Phenomena. Journal of Linguistics, 23, 379-434. Matsui, T. (1993). Bridging reference and the notions of “topic” and “focus”. Lingua, 90, 49 - 68. Matsui, T. (2000). Bridging and relevance. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Mey, J. L. (1993). Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Morgan, J. L. (1978). Two types of convention in indirect speech acts. In P. Cole (Ed.), Syntax and

semantics, vol. 9 (pp. 261-280). New York: Academic Press.

Neale, S. (1992). Paul Grice and the Philosophy of Language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 15,

509-559.

Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New York Times.

Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Recanati, F. (1989). The pragmatics of what is said. Mind and Language, 4, 295-329.

Recanati, F. (2002). Does linguistic communication rest on inference? Mind and Language, 17,

105-26.

Recanati, F. (2004). Literal meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Richardson, J. F., & Richardson, A. W. (1990). On predicting pragmatic relations. In Proceedings

of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society, Parasession on the Legacy of Grice (pp. 498-508). Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society.

Sadock, I. (1986). Remarks on the Paper by Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber. Chicago Linguistics

Society, 22, 85-90.

Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country

Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1998). Relevance theory. In L. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), Handbook of

pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.

Welker, K. (1994). Plans in the common ground: toward a generative account of conversational

implicature. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.

Yuan, Y. L. (1993). On the valence of nouns in Mandarin. Linguistics, 3, 137-206.

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