【免费】初中英语语法大全
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英语语法大全
初中英语语法
学习提纲
一、词类、句子成分和构词法:
1、词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .
4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,
here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.
8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans
the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名
词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:
He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接
宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了
一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾
语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually
keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)
3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。
1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。
2、派生法:
(1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如:
inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge
(2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥
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Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious
(3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible
→possibly等等。
3、转换法:
(1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等
等。
(2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。
(3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。
(4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。
(5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。
(6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。
二、名词:
1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:
1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。
专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)
姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。
2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.
普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如:box, child, orange;
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .
2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:
①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map →maps,boy→boys,horse→horses, table→tables.
②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes,
bench→benches.
[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.
③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party →parties.
④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→
lives, knife→knives.
2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
3、名词所有格:
1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(儿童节), my
sister‘s book(我姐姐的书)
(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加?。如:Teachers‘ D ay(教师节)
(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加‘s. 如:
today‘s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes‘ break(十分钟的课间休息),
China‘s population(中国的人口).
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(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。
如:
a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).
2、[注解]:
①?s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所)
②两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B‘s的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和丽
丽合住的卧室)
③“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我
父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:
1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词
用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,
①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三
班有张中国地图)
3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复
数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)
4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.
(这个消息令人兴奋)
5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:
The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)
6、a lot of后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of
students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)
7、and连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,
谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)
8、there be句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs
in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are
required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)
10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a
7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)
11、either…or…或者neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:
Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not
a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距
离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)
13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名
词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)/ A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)
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但是,population一词又有特殊情况:What‘s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数)/ Three quarters of population city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)
5、部分名词用法辨析:
1、sport、game、match、race的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较
大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;
match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)/ Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)
2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的
文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)
3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅
行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)/ Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)/ Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)
4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人
的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)
5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes指许多种类的鱼;
fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)
三、代词:
1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、
疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。
2
1I often go shopping on Sundays.
购物) / Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪
儿去了?)/ That‘s it.(就那么回事)/ It‘s he!(是他!)
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2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年
谁教你们的英语?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给
他写信)
3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可
以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Who is it?(是谁?)–It‘s I/me.(是我。)
4、三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如:
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –You and me.(你和我)
5、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”
等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词
或者名词性从句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)—It‘s
fine.(天气晴好) / --What‘s the time?(几点啦?)–It‘s 12:00.(12点) / It‘s a long way to
go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他
三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into
space.(很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空) / We found it very difficult to
learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)
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Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经
常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)
2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主
语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?)/ Your
classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)
3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋
友中有一个来看我。)
[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个
特定的朋友来看我。)
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Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)
2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:
The story itself is good. Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)
6、指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。
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What‘s this?(这是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飞机是塑料做的)(被动句) / Remember never to do such things.(记得永远不要做这样的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老师说的做)/ ---Who is it?(是谁?) ---It‘s me!(是我!)
6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。
1、关系代词who 、which、that 、whom 等,将定语从句和主句连接起来。英语中的
关系代词一方面在从句中担任一定的成分,另一方面又起连接作用。
如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在画画的学生是一年级的)
2、关系代词who / whom指人,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat? (你认识那个戴着红帽子的男人吗?)
3、关系代词which指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Have you found the book
which you lost several days ago?(你找到几天前丢失的那本书了吗?)
4、关系代词that既可指人也可指物,如果作从句的宾语,则有时省略。如:Can you see the
man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得见顺着河跑的男人/狗了吗?)
7、连接代词:用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词。
英语中连接代词主要有:what(什么),who(谁),whom(谁),which(哪个),whose(谁的)。详见相应从句。
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anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no
one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
(1)some和any 的用法:
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They
will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)
some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗?)
any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如:They didn‘t have any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋
友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗?)
any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。)
(2)no和none的用法:
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no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no
reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)
none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,
表示复数或单数。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教
室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣
的)
(3)all和both的用法:
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词;也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校
里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要这
个还是那个?两个都要。)
all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are
naughty.(是男孩都调皮)
(4)every和each用法:
every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;
each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be
动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前
every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class
studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功)/ They are very busy. Each of
them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:I don‘t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个
都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐
公车去还是坐轿车去?一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法:
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another 意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass
talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话) / You have had
several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的
还要一块?)/ I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。如:This is one of your socks. Where is the
other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢?)/ I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still
want another.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)
others与the others的主要区别:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are
watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) / Two of the ten boys are
standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都
围着他们坐着。)
(7)many和much的用法:
many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用;much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连
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用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如:I don‘t have many friends here.(在
这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧
失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多) many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如:There are a lot of people on the
playground.(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven‘t got much work to do.(他们没有多
少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有
几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思;few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、
a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。)/ Don‘t worry.
There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In that polar region there
live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / Y ou can get a few sweets from him.(你
可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
(9)复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由
some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使
用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。
如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。) /Di(每个人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)
(10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、
which等。如:Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件?/ I don‘t like the green ones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些)
(11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如:I don‘t think so.(我认为不是这样的。)
/ He lost a book. So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的区别:五
个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many;plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。
如:A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。)/ I don‘t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的区别:no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟
of短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式;none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的)/ Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)
9、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。
each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式each other‘s ,one another‘s。如:We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
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10、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊
疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能
用whom。如:
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的?)
/ What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么?)
2、who和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom
只能作谓语动词的宾语;而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语
和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如:Who is that man?(那男的是谁?) / What
colour are their hats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色?)/ Which car was made in
Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的?)(被动句)
注意这个提问:The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
→Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲?)
3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜
色、大小、状况等进行提问。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄
惨)→Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨?)/ --Which hotel have you
booked for your holiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆?)—The biggest one in
Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)
4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数;如果修饰
名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里?)
/What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those?(那些是什么?) / What colours do
they have?(它们有哪些颜色?)
四、数词:
1、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
2、基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。
1
thousand ,1000000→one million,10000000→ten million, 100000000→one hundred
million,
108→one hundred and eight, 146→one hundred and forty-six, 500→five hundred ,
1001→one thousand and one, 1813→one thousand eight hundred and thirteen.
2、[注]:(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。
(2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一
个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号
之前要用billion表示。
(3) hundred、thousand、million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …
等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以
加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千
的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的)
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3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1、英语的序数词基本变法:
(1) 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊
词。
2、序数词如下:
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th ※first
※
second
※third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeent
h
eighteenth
nineteenth
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
70th
80th
90th
100th
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
one
undredth
21st
22nd
23rd
35th
101st
twenty-first
twenty-second
twenty-third
thirty-fifth
one hundred and
first
1000th→one thousandth, 1000000th→one millionth., 第703→the seven hundred and third,
第5480→the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.
3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,
(2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I‘m in the third grade.
(3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→two thirds ;
4/7→four sevenths ; 1/2→a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→three quarters ;
50%→fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
4、数词的用法:
1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
2、表示日期:12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
3、表示时刻:5:15→five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→eight thirty或half past
eight ; 10:45→ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page
Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
5、小数的读法:5.7→five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.
6、“半”的表达:1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one
hour and a half.
7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather
difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)
五、冠词
1、冠词分类及读法:
英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读[T i:],在句子中常发[T i ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);
不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读[ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发[[]/[[n]。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
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不定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the
ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
(2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than a
man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
(2)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
(4) 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那
个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
(5)几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind
of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an
hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈
杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
定冠词的基本用法:
(1)表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵
花的男人是杰克)
(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called
Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。)
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze
River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。)
(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去?) / Of
all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始
拉小提琴)
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya
Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他
来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个
月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最
后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
4、一些不用冠词的情况:
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large
country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive
than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
(3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他
出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
(4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than
monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
(5)三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,
在校吃午饭)
(6)节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children‘s Day the boys often get presents from their
parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
(7)球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星
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期六下午踢足球)
(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People‘s Cinema.(他们此
刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。如:?at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ?in / to /
for / after class; ?in / to / out of / into bed; ?after / at/ from / out of / to work;?
at / to sea;?in / from / down / to town;?at / from home;?at / for / to
breakfast/lunch/supper; ?at night/noon/midnight;?on foot;⑴go to
school/bed; ⑵on top of;⑶in front of;⑷on show/display/duty/watch;⑸in /
out of hospital;⑹at all; ⑺on/in time;⑻at first/last/once;⑼in
Chinese/English,etc.;⑽take care of
六、形容词、副词:
1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
2、形容词在句子中的位置:
?作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow
wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
?作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
?作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment
clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
?后置的情况:
①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to
him.(他发生了严重的事故)
②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He‘s 1.8 metres
tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月
球离地38万公里)
3、有关形容词的用法辨析:
?whole与all:记住两个词序:①the whole + 名词;②all (of) the + 名词。如:He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)
?tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high 与low。如:He‘s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
?real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it‘s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵)/ --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗?
是的,我亲耳所听)
?interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣)
?such用法:such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。如:I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)
?good与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”
时用well.如:Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好吗?
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我很好。)
?nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let‘s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气!)/He‘s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错)
?too much与much too:too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)
?quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)
?lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone 可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn‘t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)
⑴other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else 修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如:The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?)/ This is nobody else‘s money. It‘s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。)/ Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗?
⑵special与especial的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special 较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如:She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子)
⑶gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽)/ The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子)/ My dictionary is missing.Who‘s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?)/ For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)
⑷living、alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。
living读[…livi N]有三个意思:①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;
live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;
alive读[[…laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面;
lively读[…laivli]有三个意思:①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。
例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子)/ This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)
⑸sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能
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做表语。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / V ets help treat sick pets and most of the pets‘ owners like them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)
⑹the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人
物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)
2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程
度的词叫做副词。
1、
2
?作状语:
①时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放
在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall
tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他
们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩
子找到了回家的路)
②频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、
often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、
three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The
workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this
medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
③方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。
如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走
得和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑
黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)
④地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:There you can see
thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万
的自行车朝各个方向流动)/ The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开
了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返
回)
⑤程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副
词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比
较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not
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tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了)/ It was so strange
that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵)/
She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上
了首班车)
⑥疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问,位置总是在句首。如:When and where
were you born?(你何时何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小
爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!)
⑦连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。How I
am going to kill the cat is still a question.(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/
That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因) / He
wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事)
⑧关系副词:用来引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。如:This is the place where Mr
Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方)/ Please tell me the way how
you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得这么好的方法)
⑨其它副词:too“也”,用在句尾;also放在动词前;either“也不”,放在句尾;
nor“也不”,放在句首;so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前;on/off“开/
关”放在动词之后;not放在be之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前;
maybe/perhaps放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:He went to the
Palace Museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫博物院,我也去了)/ Maybe
your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就在你的里边衣袋里)/ --Tom
doesn‘t have a computer. –Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机,我也没有。)
(2)作表语:地点副词一般可以作表语,放在be等连系动词之后,说明人物所处的位置。
如:I‘m very sorry he isn‘t in at the moment.(很抱歉,他此刻不在家)/ I have been
away from my hometown for nearly 20 years.(我离开家乡有将近20年了) / Jim
is over there.(吉姆就在那边)
(3)作定语:时间副词(如now、then)以及许多地点副词都可以作名词的定语,放在名词
的后面。如:People now often have their festival dinners at restaurants.(现在的
人们经常在餐馆里吃节日晚宴) / Women there were living a terrible life in the
1920s.(在二十世纪20年代那儿的女人过着可怕的日子)
(4)作宾语补足语:地点副词一般可以作宾语补足语。如:Put your dirty socks away, Jim!
They are giving out bad smell!(吉姆,把你的脏袜子拿开!它们在散发着臭气。) /
Father kept him in and doing his lessons.(父亲把他关在家里做作业)
[注意] “动词+副词”的宾语如果是代词,则该副词应该放在代词之后。如:He wrote down the word.(他写下了那个词。)→He wrote it down.(他把它写了下来。)
3、有关副词的重要注释:
?as…as…常构成一些词组:as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能……地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。)
[注释]“as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多达…”的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。)
?later、after、ago、before的用法:①“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久)以后/以前”,主要用于过去时态。②“after/before+某个时刻”分别表示“在某时刻之后/之前”,此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。)
?above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over 和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over
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quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。)
当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。
?too、also、either、nor的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also(“也”)用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(“也”)用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(“也不”)用于倒装句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn‘t watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。)
?enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法:enough(“足够,十分”)放在形容词或副词之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”)放在动词之后。如:It‘s too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I don‘t like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果)
[注意] very与much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much 修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I don‘t like him much.(我不太喜欢他)
?sometimes、sometime、some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。)
?how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what.如:What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀!)
?already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?)/ I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。)
?hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰)
?like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、“更喜欢”、“最喜欢”。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best.
⑴“quite/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法:记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;
②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词= a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子)
⑵how的几个短语:how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语
进行提问;how soon“多久以后”,用于将来时态;how long“多久”,用于过去时、完成时或其他时态;how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;how much“多么,多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:How long have you been like this?(你这样已经多久了?)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸?)
⑶much、more与mos t的用法:这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程
度副词,much表示“很”,修饰原级形/副,more表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much也可以修饰比较级形/副。如:This park is much more beautiful than that one.(这个公园比那个漂
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亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影)
⑷no more、no longer、not...any more、no...any longer的用法:表示时间,可以用no longer、not...ny more、no...any longer,而且no longer只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可以用no more、not...any more.如:He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里) / Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕)/ He did n‘ t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟)
⑸被动语态中,方式副词一般放在be与谓语动词之间。如:The runner was badly hurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛)
⑹too...to...与so...that...的问题:副词too/so后面跟形容词或副词,to后面跟动词,that
后面跟从句。Too...to...(“太.……以致不……”)是否定的结构,用于简单句;so...that...(“如此…以致…”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:The child is too young to join the army.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他这么强壮,搬得动那个重箱子。)
⑺既是形容词也是副词的单词有:early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, slow, high, low, straight等等。如:It was a long holiday.(那是个长假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那儿呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到办法)/ He is a very hard(难对付的) person.(他是个难玩的
家伙)
⑻farther与further的用法区别:表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更
远、较远”,但是further还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思,此时不能换为farther.
如:They decided to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论)/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修)
⑼rather与quite的用法区别:同very一样,两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite
表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather比quite更接近very的含义,含有令人惊讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘:
not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice
如:It‘s quite a nice film.(这是部好片子)。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) / It‘s rather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。)(意味着比大多数电影都好)
[注意]注意quite与rather后面的次序词序。
⑽maybe、possibly、perhaps的区别:maybe“可能、也许”,比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定句和疑问句中表示“无论如何”;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式,可能性也不大。如:You could put it over there,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边)/ I couldn‘t possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件)
(21)most、mostly的区别:most作为形容词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,
作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很”;mostly仅为副词,意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地”。如:I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)Most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家)
(22) (be) worth、(be) worthy of的区别:worth一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词,用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词well修饰;worthy of表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡
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第18页,总共53页 是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ¥300,000.(房子价值30万元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(这本书值得好好读几遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being seen.(这是一个值得看的东西)
(23)almost 、nearly 的区别:两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用almost 不用nearly . almost no 相当于hardly any (几乎没有)。如:He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我们几乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words .(几乎没有人懂他的话)
(24) a bit 与a little 的区别:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原
级或比较级,可以互换,语气比rather 弱。如:This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨
天冷了点)
另外,a little 可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数)”的形式。如:I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)/ Go and get a little water for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来)
[注意] not a bit (=not at all )意为“根本不”,而 not a little 则意为“非常,不是一点”。
3、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级
1、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
2、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er,est 构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er,est :
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er,est :
c)以辅音字母+y 结尾的,先把y 改为i 再加上er,est :
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.
(1) 如:He is very old now.(他现在很老了) / They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快) / The
weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟) / I am so happy!(我是如此的快
乐)
如:He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)/ Lily rode her bike
as slowly as an old lady .(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)/ They picked as many apples
as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)
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He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.
not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady . (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢) /
They didn‘t pick s o / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如
农民多)
A modern train is much faster than a car.didn‘t cost me
more than that one .(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
如:I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要
吗?)
(3) The Changjiang River is the longest in China.) / He
jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)
4、关于比较等级的重要注释:
1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。如:This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)
2、“比较级+and +比较级”表示“越来越……”。如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)
3、“the +比较级…,the +比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。如:The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is .(你越是努力,进步就越大)
4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still ,而表示数量的more 之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot 等词。如:It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗?)/He did not eat any more .(他没有再吃)
5、more than / less than 分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=under .如:I lived in New York for more than four months .(我在纽约生活了四个多月)
6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。如:One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire .(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)
7、“Which / Who +动词+形/副,□,□or □?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。如:Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多?)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant ?(猪、马、象哪个最重?)
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins 等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the ;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗?一个都不喜欢)/ --Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个?全部。)
七、介词:
1、介词的主要用法:
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格..
)或相当于名词的其
他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如:out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever since(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。
2
)
above在…前, about在…附近, across在…对面, after在…后面,
…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at 在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by 在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前,
close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the
across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环
向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on 向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/
朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
about大约..., after在…以后, at在…(时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止,
期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...
开始时,at the end of
在...当中,at the time of在...时
as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/
(收音机/电视机), over
通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/没有…
about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方
,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言
其它介词:
【目的介词】for为了..., from防止…,to为了…
【原因介词】for因为..., with由于…, because of因为...
【比较介词】as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同
【伴随/状态介词】against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起
3、介词短语的句法作用:
介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如:The man came
4、介词短语在句子中的位置:
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾;介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后;介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如:He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗?)
5、重要注释:
?this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如:Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外
的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒)
第20页,总共53页
?for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如:It‘s t oo hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太
难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住) ?of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如:It‘s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了)
?介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。
①当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁?)
②宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger brother who he must take good care
of.(他有一个需要他照顾的小弟。)/ Do you know who our teacher is talking
with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗?)
③动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally found a chair to sit
on.(我最终找到了一张椅子坐。)
(5) 记住一些固定词组:arrive at/in(到达…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north
of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充满/ 装满….),be filled with(充满/ 装满….),be good/bad for(对…
有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于…/到…末为止),with the help of或with one‘s help(在…的帮助下),look after(照料…),look for(寻找…),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做…),get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介词的用法辨析:
?时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院)
?after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:He said that he would be here after 6:00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)
?since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态;如:Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)
?by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let‘s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)
?about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如:Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)
?through与across、over的用法区别:through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”;across 和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over. 如:Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there
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