定语从句不及物动词以及特殊情况的被动语态

vi:work,live,study,stand ，agree,talk,disagree,stay,appear,come,go,get,fall,look,remain,rise,seem,turndie,end,last,happen,fail,lie,sit,spread,appear, apologize,arrive, come，如果定语从句中出现此类词，直接选副词做状语来连接。注意。若这些词后已经接了相应的介词，就变成及物动词了，即选代词连接。

vt: visit,take,give,tell,say,do,keep,have,see,watch,feel,read,buy,want,need,raise,seat， buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say， supply, select,

vi,vt: stand，visit, work

二 动词使用的建议：

当使用动词时，一定要分清楚这个动词属于哪一类 [动词分类]，然后再根据不同的使用规则使用不同动词。

主动形式表示被动意义

1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好。

This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。

2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build

I was to blame for the accident.

Much work remains.

3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.

This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。

This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。

众所周知，英语的被动语态是由be＋及物动词的过去分词构成。有人认为似乎所有的及物动词都可转换成相应的被动语。其实不然，至少在某种意义上，有些及物动词不能用于被动语态。 一、当句子的谓语是表示“拥有”、“容纳”、“缺少”概念的及物动词时。例如： 1．The millionaire possesses great wealth．这位百万富翁拥有大量的财富。 不能说：Great wealth is possessed by the millionaire． 2．The newly-constructed reservoir holds a lot of water．新水库蓄水量很大。 不能说：A lot of water is held by the newly-constructed reser-voir． 3．The house comprises five rooms．这幢房子有五个房间。 不能说：Five rooms are comprised by the house． 4，John Smith always lacks confidence．约翰·史密斯总是缺乏自信心。 不能说：Confidence is always lacked by John Smith． 二、当句子的谓语是表示“适合”的及物动词，如suit，become，fit等时，没有相应的被动语态。 1．The blue skirt becomes Mary very well．这条蓝裙子玛丽穿上去很合适。 不能说：Mary is become very well by the blue skirt． 2．Will the date suit you？这个日子对你合适吗？ 不能说：Will you be suited by thedate？ 3．We should fit our deeds to our words．我们应该言行一致。 不能说：Our deeds should be fitted to our words by us． 三、当句子的谓语是表

示“相互作用”的及物动词，如：equal，mean，resemble等时。 1．No one equals him in intelligence．他的智力是无与伦比的。 不能说：He is equaled by no one in intelligence． 2．Revolution means liberating productive force．革命就是解放生产力。 不能说：Liberating productive force is meant by revolution． 3．The two boys resemble each other in appearance．这两个男孩长得相似。 不能说：Each other is resembledby the two boys in appearance． 四、当句子的谓语是表示“明白”意义的及物动词，如：get，catch，take时，也没有相应的被动语态。 1．The boy said，“I didn’t catch the last two words．”这个男孩说：“我没听清楚最后两个词。” 不能说：The boy said，“The last two words weren’t caught by me．” 2．I don’t take you at all．你说的我一点也不懂。 不能说：You aren’t taken by me at all． 五、动词have作“有、接受、度过、吃、经历”解时，没有被动语态。 1．I have five good dictionaries．我有五本好词典。 不能说：Five good dictionaries are had by me． 2．I had three letters from Mr．Green．我收到过格林先生三封信。 不能说：Three letters were had by me from Mr．Green． 3．We shall have a good Spring Festival．我们将过一个愉快的春节。 不能说：A good Spring Festival will be had by us．

4．I usually have breakfast at half past six．我通常六点半吃早饭。 不能说：Breakfast is usually had by me at half past six． 六、当及物动词last表示“持续”、“经久”的含义时，也没有相应的被动语态。 This coat has lasted me five years．这件外衣我已穿了五年。 不能说：I have been lasted five years by this coat． 七、及物动词cost表示“价值”、“花费”意义时，没有被动语态。 That project cost them too much in man-power，material and money．那项工程耗费了他们大量的人力、物力和财力。 不能说：They were cost too much in manpower，material and money by the project． 八、及物动词“befall”表示“临到……头上”，“发生于”之意时，没有被动语态。 A succession of misfortunes befell the poor little girl．这个可怜的女孩遭受了种种不幸。 不能说：The poor little girl was befallen by a succession of misfortunes． 综上所述，并非所有的及物动词都可用于被动语态。所以我们要仔细辨析，以免用错。

介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句是我们学习定语从句的重点，也是高考的常考点。学习这种从句应注意以下几点： 1. 用于这种情况的关系代词一般为which（指物）和whom（指人）。在这种结构中，介词的选择非常关键，可以遵循以下四个原则： （1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词与介词搭配，构成动词短语。例如： Is this the car for which you paid ahigh price? （pay for）这是你花大价钱买的车吗？ In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help. （turn to sb. for help）在黑暗的街上，她找不到一个人来帮助她。 The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. （shake hands with sb. ）刚才你和他握手的那个人是我们的英语老师。 （2）根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。例如： The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about）马克思没有把握的两件事是：语法和习惯用

法。 The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular isMr Wang, our English teacher. （be popular with）在我们班，深受学生欢迎的是王老师－－我们的英语老师。 （3）根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。当“介词＋关系代词”在定语从句中充当时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用when, where, why替换。例如： I’ll never forget the day on which （= when ）I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。 The factory in which （= where）his father works is far away from my hometown. 他父亲工作的那家工厂离我们家乡很远。 I don’t know the reason for which （＝why）he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。 This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。 （4）根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。例如： This is the pilot for whom I boughta camera. （意思是：I bought a camera for the pilot. ）这就是我给他买相机的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. （意思是：My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years. ）这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. （意思是：My son was saved by this pilot. ）这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 2. 介词若与从句中的动词词组有关，可前置于关系代词前，也可置于动词后，但若此介词与动词为固定词组，则此介词一般不前置。例如： Yesterday we paid a visit to the house in which Lu Xun lived. →Yesterday we paid a visit to the house which Lu Xun lived in. 昨天，我们参观了鲁迅的故居。 This is the very pen that I’m look for. （look for为固定词组，则介词for不可前置。）那就是我正在找的那支钢笔。 3. 限定性定语从句中，介词前置时，关系代词不能用that，且不能省略；若介词后置，则可以用that，也可以省略。例如： This is the school in which I studied 3 years ago. →This is the school（which / that）I studied in 3 years ago. 这就是三年前我学习的那所学校。 4. 表示所属关系时，介词应用of，关系代词为which / whom, 即n. + of+ which / whom，可转换为whose+ n. 。例如： He lives in a room, the window of which faces west. →He lives in a room, whose window faces west. 他住的房间，窗子向西开着。 The child was saved by a man, the name of whom was not known. →The child was saved by a man, whose name was not known. 这个孩子被一位不知姓名的男子所救。 5. 表示整体中的一部分或……中最……的，介词一般也用of。例如： The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students.

定语从句中。

一注意关系代词的替换．

介词in，on，at，for等与关系代词which一起引导定语从句时，可与相关的关系副词when，where，why等替换。如：(1)America is the country in which George

Washington was born。美国是乔治 华盛顿出生的国家。(in which用where替换)(2)I have forgotten the exact date on which this small country becameindependent。我忘了这个国家独立的确切日期了。(on which用when替换)(3)The reason for which he refused to go to the party was that they had not invited him to。他拒绝去赴宴的原因是他没受到他们的邀请。(for which用why替换)

二“名词+of +关系代词”引导定语从句时，可与相关的关系副词“ whose +名词”替换。如：(1)I will talk to those students the homework of whom hasn””t been done。我要和没完成作业的同学谈话。(the homework of whom用whose homework替换)(2)She lives in the house the windows of which face to the east。她住在一栋窗户朝东的房子里。(the windows of which用whose windows替换)

三注意不能拆开的动词短语

并不是所有的动词短语都能拆开，要注意有些动词短语不能拆开使用。这样的动词短语常用的有：lookafter，look for，turn in，pay attention to，take care of，depend on，listen to等。如：1。The babies (whom)the nurses are looking after are very healthy。保育员照看的婴儿都很健康。2。Is this the book (which/that)she was looking for？这是她正在找的那本书吗？3。Where is the wallet (which/that)you turned in yesterday？你昨天上交的钱包哪去了？4。These are the words (which/that)you should pay attention to。这些是你应该注意的单词。 四注意“介词+where ”引导的定语从句 有时我们可以见到“介词+where”引导的定语从句，此时要和“介词+which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

如：1。His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees。他的头很快从窗口露出来，从那儿除了树木他什么也看不见。(from where相当于from out of the window。而不是from the window)2。They stood on the top of the building，from where they could see the whole city。他们站在楼顶上，从那儿能看到整个城市。(from where相当于from the top of the building，而不是from the buiding

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