英语读书笔记电子版 - 图文

Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

Contents

Contents ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Unit 1 Education ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Reading Focus .............................................................................................................. 2

1.1.1 New Words ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.2Phrases................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Reading Focus .............................................................................................................. 6

1.2.1 New Words ........................................................................................................ 8 1.2.2Phrases............................................................................................................... 10

Unit 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 24

2.1 Reading Focus ............................................................................................................ 28

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

Unit 1 Education 1.1 Reading Focus

We Should Cherish Our Children's

Freedom to Think

--Kie Ho Americans who remember \good old days\are not alone in complaining about the educational system in this country. Immigrants, too, complain, and with more up-to-date comparisons. Lately I have heard a Polish immigrant express dismay that his daughter's high school has not taught her the difference between Belgrade and Prague. A German friend was furious when he learned that the mathematics test given to his son on his first day as a freshman included multiplication and division. A Lebanese boasts that the average high-school graduate in his homeland can speak fluently in Arabic, French and English. Japanese businessmen in Los Angeles send their children to private schools staffed by teachers imported from Japan to learn mathematics at Japanese levels, generally considered at least a year more advanced than the level here.

But I wonder: If American education is so tragically inferior, why is it that this is still the country of innovation? I think I found the answer on my short trip to the Laguna Beach Museum of Art, where the work of schoolchildren was on exhibit. Equipped only with colorful yarns, foil paper, felt pens and crayons, they had transformed simple paper lunch bags into, among other things, a waterfall with flying fish, Broom Hilda the witch and a house with a woman in a bikini hiding behind a swinging door. Their public school had provided these children with opportunities and direction to fulfill their creativity, something that people in this country tend to take for granted.

When I was 12 in Indonesia, where education followed the Dutch system, I had to memorize the names of all the world's major

珍惜孩子思考的自由

--Kie Ho

不只是那些怀念“美好往日”的美国人在抱怨美国的教育制度，移民们也在抱怨，使这种抱怨有了更多的当代式的对比。最近我听到一个波兰移民的沮丧地说，女儿的高中不再教贝尔格莱德和布拉格的区别。一位德国朋友很生气，因为他听说儿子大一第一天的数学考试里有乘法和除法。一个黎巴嫩人夸耀说自己祖国一般的高中毕业生都能流利讲阿拉伯语、法语和英语。在洛杉矶的日本商人把孩子送到私立学校，那里有来自日本的教师以日本的水平教数学，那通常被认为本洛杉矶当地学校教的数学高出一学年的水平。

但是我惊讶的是：如果美国的教育如此悲惨地低劣，为什么美国还是一个创新的国度呢？在拉古纳滩艺术博物馆进行了短暂访问后，我想我找到了答案。这个博物馆里展览着学生们的作品。只用彩色纱线、铝箔纸、毡笔和蜡笔，学生们就把简单的午餐袋做成缀以飞鱼的瀑布、扫帚希尔达巫婆，或是一座房子，一位穿着比基尼的妇女藏在弹簧门后。公立学校为孩子们提供了机会去实现创造力，而这恰恰是人们总是认为理所当然的事。

我１２岁时在印度尼西亚，那里的教育制度仿照荷兰，我不得不记住全部世界主要城市的名字，从喀布尔到卡拉奇。而同样年纪时，我那

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

cities, from Kabul to Karachi. At the same age, my son, who was brought up a Californian, thought that Buenos Aires was Spanish for \his age in Asia and Europe, my son had studied creative geography. When he was only 6, he drew a map of the route that he traveled to get to school, including the streets and their names, the buildings and traffic signs and the houses that he passed.

American parents forget that in this country their children are able to experiment freely with ideas; without this they will not really be able to think or to believe in themselves.

In my high school years, back in Indonesia, we were models of dedication and obedience; we sat to listen, to answer only when asked, and to give the only correct answer. Even when studying word forms, there were no alternatives. In similes, pretty lips were always as red as cherries, and beautiful eyebrows were always like a parade of black clouds, like children in many other countries in the world, I simply did not have a chance to choose, to make decisions. My son, on the contrary, told me that he got a good laugh—and an A—from his teacher for creating his own simile \as Richard Pryor at a Ku Klux Klan* convention.\

There's no doubt that American education does not meet high standards in such basic skills as mathematics and language. And we realize that our youngsters are ignorant of Latin, put Mussolini in the same category as Dostoevski, can not recite the Periodic Table by heart. Would we, however, prefer to stuff the developing little heads of our children with hundreds of geometry problems, the names of rivers in Brazil and 50 lines from \want to retard their impulses, frustrate their opportunities for self-expression?

When I was 18, I had to memorize Hamlet's \In his English class, my son was assigned to

个在加利福尼亚长大的宝贝儿子还以为布宜诺斯艾利斯是西班牙语中的一种食品，或许是炸玉米饼之类的东西。但是，与他那些亚洲、欧洲的同伴不同，我儿子在运用地理知识方面已经有了创造性的进展。他才６岁时，就画出了一张从家到学校的路线图，包括街道及其名称、大楼、交通标志和他经过的房子。

美国的父母们忘记了，在这里他们的孩子可以自由实践自己的想法，如果没有这些，孩子们将不能思考，并缺乏自信。

高中时代，我们是奉献和服从的模范。我们规规矩矩，坐着听课，被动地回答问题，而且只能给出唯一正确的答案。即使学习句型时也没有例外，例如学比喻句，漂亮的嘴唇总是像樱桃一样红，美丽的眉毛总像排排黑云。和世界上很多其他国家的孩子一样，我完全没有机会去选择、去做决定。我儿子恰好相反，他告诉我，他开怀大笑，因为造了这样的句子：“那个人和在三Ｋ党集会上的理查德·普赖尔一样紧张。”老师给了他一个Ａ。

毫无疑问，美国教育在数学、语言等基本技能方面的培训水平不高，我们也意识到，美国青年不懂拉丁语，会把墨索里尼和陀斯妥耶夫斯基归为一类，也不会背诵元素周期表。但是无论怎样，我们真的要把数百道几何题和巴西河流的名字以及《坎特伯雷故事》中的５０行诗句一起都塞进孩子们的小脑袋里吗？我们真的要扼杀他们的冲动、欲望和自我表现的机会吗？

我１８岁时必须准确无误地记住哈姆雷特的“生存还是死亡”的独白，而我儿子上英语课时，则被要求给朱丽叶写一封情书，可以用莎

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

write a love letter to Juliet, either in Shakespearean or modern language. (He picked the latter; his Romeo would take it Juliet to an arcade for video games).

Here in America a history student can take the role of Lyndon Johnson in an open debate against another student playing Ho Chi Minh. But it is unthinkable that a youngster in Japan would dare to do the same regarding the role of their Hirohito in World War II.

Critics of American education in this country cannot grasp one thing, something that they don't truly understand because they take it for granted: freedom. This most important measurement has been omitted in the studies of the quality of education in this century, the only one, I think, that extends even to children the license to freely speak, write and be creative. Our public education certainly is not perfect, but it does have its advantages.

士比亚风格的语言，也可以用现代语言。（他选择了后者；在他笔下，他的罗密欧把朱丽叶带到拱廊上打电脑游戏。）

在美国，历史系的学生可以扮演林德.约翰逊，同另一个扮演胡志明公开辩论。但是难以想像日本的年轻人敢于扮演二战中裕仁天皇的角色这么做。

美国教育的批评者不能忽视的一点是有些他们不能真正理解的东西，因为他们视之为理所当然，那就是自由。在教育质量的研究中，人们已经忽略了本世纪最重要的衡量标准，这个标准，我想就是给孩子自由讲话、书写、创造的权力。当然我们的公共教育并不完美，但确有自身的优势。

1.1.1 New Words

1. up-to-date adj. 最新的,现代的 例句：

Up-to-date technology; up-to-date fashions. 最新技术，最近时尚

2. multiplication n. 乘法,增加,乘法表 例句：

My son began to study multiplication when he was six. 我儿子六岁的时候开始学习乘法。

3. division n. 区分,分开,除法,公司,部门，师（军队里） 例句：

Addition and division are forms of computation. 加法和除法都是计算方法. 4. staff vt. 配备员工 例句：

Most of our offices are staffed by volunteers. 在我们大多数办公室任职的是志愿人员。 5. tragically adv. 悲剧地, 悲惨地 例句：

Let the strivings of us all, prove Martin Luther King Jr. to have been correct, when he said that humanity can no longer be tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

and war.

我们要用我们所有人的努力证实马丁·路德·金的话是正确的。他说，人类再也不能悲惨地走向种族歧视和战争的黑暗之夜。 6. witch n. 女巫,巫婆 例句：

The witch turned the princess into a swan. 巫婆把公主变成了一只天鹅。 7. alternative n. 替换物,取舍 例句：

Please find alternative means of transport. 请另外找一个运输方法。 8. stuff v. 填满,塞满 例句：

He stuffed the apples into the bag. 他把苹果塞进袋子里。

9. unthinkable adj. 不能想的,想像不到的,过份的 例句：

It is unthinkable that we shall allow a nuclear holocaust to occur. 我们若竟让核武器大屠杀的惨剧发生，简直是匪夷所思。

1.1.2Phrases

1. take for granted vi. 想当然(认为理当如此,对作主观估计) 例句：

It is taken for granted that everyone is equal before the law. 法律面前人人平等是被认为理所当然的。 2. bring up 教育,培养 例句：

Her parents died when she was a baby and she was brought up by her aunt. 她出生後不久父母双亡，是由姑母抚养大的。 3. believe in 相信,信任 例句：

I fervently believe in our eventual victory. 我坚信我们最后会胜利。

4. ignorant of adj. 不知道(无知) 例句：

To say you were ignorant of the rules is no excuse. 说自己不知道规则是不能成为藉口的. 5. by heart 牢记,凭记忆 例句;

Everyone in the class has to learn Lincoln's Gettysburg Address by heart. 班上每个学生都必须默诵林肯葛底斯堡演说词。

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

1.2 Reading Focus

Angels on a Pin

--Alexander Calandra

Some time ago, I received a call from Jim, a colleague of mine, who teaches physics. He asked me if I would do him a favor and be the referee on the grading of an examination question. I said sure, but I did not quite understand why he should need my help. He told me that he was about to give a student a zero for his answer to a physics question, but the student protested that it wasn't fair. He insisted that he deserved a perfect score if the system were not set up against the student. Finally, they agreed to take the matter to an impartial instructor. And I was selected.

I went to my colleague's office and read the examination question. It said: \how it is possible to determine the height of a tall building with the aid of a barometer.\The student had answered: \the barometer to the top of the building, tie a long rope to it, lower the barometer to the street, and then bring it up and measure the length of the rope. The length of the rope will be the height of the building.\

I laughed and pointed out to my colleague that we must admit the student really had a pretty strong case for full credit since he had indeed answered the question completely and correctly. On the other hand, I could also see the dilemma because if full credit were given to him it could mean a high grade for the student in his physics course. A high grade is supposed to prove competence in the course, but the answer he gave did not show his knowledge on the subject. \what would you do if you were me?\

I suggested that the student have another try at answering the question. I was not surprised that my colleague agreed, but I was surprised that the student did, too.

针尖上的天使

--亚历山大·卡兰德

不久前，我接到一个教物理的同事的电话，问我是否愿给一考题的打分作一个仲裁。我说可以，但我不明白为什么需要我帮忙。他说他要给一个学生做的物理题答案判零分，而学生认为这不公平，声称如果该评分体制的建立不是与学生作对的话，他就该得满分。导师和学生同意将此争议交给一位无私的裁决者，于是选择了我。

我去了那位同事的办公室，看了那道考题：“说明怎样才能用气压表来测定一栋高层建筑物的高度。”那考生答道：“把气压表拿到此楼顶，在表上系一根长绳，将气压表降至街上，然后提起来，测量绳子的长度。绳子的长度就是该楼房的高度。”

我大笑，告诉同事必须承认这个学生确实有得满分的强有力的证据，因为他完全正确地回答了问题。另一方面，如果给他满分，就可能陷入两难的处境，因为如果给该生满分，这意味着该生在物理课程取得了高分。而高分就应证明该生在物理学习方面的能力，但答案却无法证实这点。“那么，如果您是我，您会怎么做呢？”吉姆问我。

我建议这个学生再次尝试回答这个问题。我的同事同意了我的建议，对此我并不感到意外，令我感到意外的是，那个学生也同意了。

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

I told the student that I would give him six minutes to answer the question. But I warned him that this time his answer should show some knowledge of physics. He sat down and picked up his pen. He appeared to be thinking hard. At the end of five minutes, however, I noticed that he had not put down a single word. I asked him if he wished to give up, but he said no. He had not written anything down because he had too many possible answers to this problem. He was just trying to decide which would be the best one. I excused myself for interrupting him and asked him to go on. In the next minute, he dashed off his answer, which read: \the barometer to the top of the building and lean over the edge of the roof. Drop the barometer and time its fall with a stopwatch. Then, using the formula S = 1 /2 at2, calculate the height of the building.\

At this point, I asked my colleague if he would give up. He nodded yes, and I gave the student almost full credit.

When I left my colleague's office, I recalled that the student had said that he had other answers to the problem. I was curious, so I asked him what they were. \yes,\said the student. \are many ways of getting the height of a tall building with the aid of a barometer. For example, you could take the barometer out in a sunny day and measure the height of the barometer, the length of its shadow, and the length of the shadow of the building, and by the use of a simple proportion, determine the height of the building. The beauty of this method is that you don't have to drop the barometer and break it.\

\

\said the student. \is a very basic measurement method that people will like, because it is so simple and direct. In this method, you take the barometer and walk up the stairs. As you climb the stairs, you mark off the length of the barometer along the wall. You then count the number of marks, and this will give

我给了他六分钟的时间回答这个问题，并提醒他必须用一些物理知识。他坐下来，拿起笔。显然在努力思考，但是五分钟过去了，他还一个字没写。我问他是否放弃，他说不。什么都没写是因为：他对这个问题有很多答案，他只是在想最佳答案。我道歉说打扰了他，并请他继续。在最后一分钟里，他匆匆写出了他的答案：把气压表拿到建筑物最顶层，倚着楼扔下表，用跑表计算其降落时间，然后用公式计算建筑高度。

这时，我问我的同事他是否愿放弃。他让步了，我给了那学生几乎一个满分。

在离开同事办公室的时候，我想起那个学生说他还有其它解法，便感到好奇。于是我问他还有哪些解法。“啊，有，”他说，“有很多种方法，都可以利用这只表得出一栋高楼的高度。例如，你可以在一个大晴天把它拿到户外并测量表高和影长，还有该大楼的影长，使用一个简单的比率，就可以测定该楼的高度。这个方法的好处是不用把气压计扔下去而摔碎。”

“好，”我说道“还有其它方法吗？” “有，”那学生说道，“有一种人们会喜欢的非常基本的测量方法，因为它很简单直接，该方法是，你拿着气压表开始爬楼梯。在你爬楼梯时，你在墙上标出气压表的长度，然后再数这些记号，你会以气压表为单位得到楼高，一种非常直接的方法。这个方法的唯一缺

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you the height of the building in barometer units. The only trouble with this method is that it doesn't require much knowledge of physics.\

\course, if you prefer a more sophisticated method, a method that will really show some knowledge of physics, you can tie the barometer to the end of a rope, swing it as a pendulum and determine the value of 'g' at the street level and at the top of the building. From the difference between the two values of 'g' the height of the building can, in principle, be worked out.”

Finally, he concluded that while there are many ways of solving the problem, \the best and the most practical in a real-life situation is to take the barometer to the basement and knock on the superintendent's door. When the superintendent answers, you speak to him as follows: Mr. Superintendent, I have here a fine barometer. If you will tell me the height of this building, I will gladly give you this barometer!\

At this point, I asked the student if he really didn't know the expected answer to this question. He smiled and admitted that he did, but said he was fed up with standard answers to standard questions. He couldn't understand why there should be so much emphasis on fixed rules rather than creative thinking. So he could not resist the temptation to play a little joke with the educational system, which had been thrown into such a panic by the successful launching of the Russian Sputnik. At that moment I suddenly remembered the question: How many angels can dance on the head of a pin? We teachers are always blaming the students for giving wrong answers. Perhaps we should ask ourselves whether we are always asking the right questions.

点是用不了太多物理知识。”

“当然，如果你想用一种更复杂的、真正用物理学知识的方法，可以把表系到绳子的一端，让他像个钟摆一样，然后确定街面上和楼顶的摆值。通过两个摆值的差别，原则上可以算出楼高。”

最后，他推断道：“还有很多其它办法来解题。也许，现实生活中最好最实用的办法是把表拿到地下室并敲主管人的房间。等他开门后，你对他说：‘我这儿有一个精致的气压表。如果你告诉我这栋高楼的高度，我就把它送给你！”

这时，我问那个学生是否真不知道这个问题的常规答案。他笑了笑，承认他知道，但是他说他已厌倦了标准问题和标准答案，他不知道为什么总是强调那些固定的规则而不是创造性的思考。因此忍不住对那些对苏联人造卫星惊慌失措的美国课堂开个小玩笑。那一刻，我突然想起了一个问题：一根大头针上可以放几个跳舞的天使？我们老师们总是责备学生回答错误。或许我们应该反问自己，我们是否一直在寻求正确的答案。

1.2.1 New Words

1.academic adj. 学院的,理论的,学术性的

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例句：

She already has good academic qualifications under her belt. 她已获得良好学历.

2.barometer n. 气压计,晴雨表 例句：

The barometer began to fall. 气压计的读数开始下降。 3.basement n. 地下室 例句：

In the basement water streams down the walls. 在地下室里，水顺着墙不断地流下来。 4.calculate v. 计算,考虑,计划 例句：

The scientists calculated when the spacecraft would reach the moon. 科学家推算出宇宙飞船抵达月球的时间。 5.deserve vi. 应该得到 vt. 应受,值得 例句：

You've been working all morning---you deserve a rest. 你已经干了一个上午了，该休息一下了。 6.dilemma n. 困境,进退两难 例句：

Faced with the dilemma, he opted for soldiering on. 面临着进退两难的困境，他决定顽强地坚持下去。 7.impartial adj. 公平的,不偏不倚的 例句：

People in the city held the impartial judge in high regard. 这个城市的人们都很尊敬这位公正的法官。 8.inner adj. 内部的,里面的,内心的 n. 里面,内部 例句：

He has no inner resources and hates being alone. 他没有内在的精神寄托，因而害怕孤独。 9.pendulum n. 摆,钟摆 例句：

The pendulum of the clock in my room is a bear. 我房间的钟摆是小熊形状的。

10.superintendent n. 监督人,管理人,所长 例句：

His brother is appointed superintendent of the security force. 他哥哥被任命为安全力量的负责人。 11.temptation n. 诱惑,引诱 v. 引,诱 例句：

She yielded to temptation and had another chocolate. 她禁不住诱惑, 又吃了一块巧克力.

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1.2.2Phrases

1.dash off vt. 匆忙完成(匆匆写) 例句：

She dashed off two letters in thirty minutes. 她在30分钟内写好了两封信。

2.with the aid of 借助于, 通过...的帮助 例句：

We may travel with the aid of a good map. 我们可以靠一幅好地图旅游。 3.point out v.指出 例句：

No matter who point out our shortcoming, we will correct them. 不管谁指出我们的缺点，我们都改正。 4.at the end of 在...结尾,在....末端 例句：

The town lies at the end of the valley. 这个镇坐落于河谷的尽头。

5.put down v.放下, 拒绝, 镇压, 羞辱, 削减, 记下, 制止, 取缔 例句：

Put down your address here. 请在这里写下你的地址。 6.mark off v.划分出 例句：

The boundaries are clearly marked off on the map. 边界的划分在地图上标得很清楚。 7.be fed up with 饱受, 厌烦 例句：

I'm fed up with all those nonsense. 所有那些胡言乱语我真听腻了。 8.emphasis on 强调 例句：

The teacher laid emphasis on the precision of the translation from the outset. 老师从一开始就强调翻译准确性。

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Unit 2 Against All Odds 2.1 Reading Focus

Against All Odds

When Stephen Hawking returned to St. Albans for the Christmas vacation at the end of 1962, the whole of southern England was covered in a thick blanket of snow. In his own mind, he must have known that something was wrong. The strange clumsiness he had been experiencing had occurred more frequently. At the party he threw on New Year's Eve, he had difficulties pouring a glass of wine, and most of the liquid ended up on the tablecloth .

After a series of examinations, he was told that he had a rare and incurable disease called ALS. The disease affects the patient's nerves in the spinal cord and the parts of the brain which control motor functions. The body gradually wastes away , but the mind remains unaffected . Hawking just happened to be studying theoretical physics, one of the very few jobs for which the mind is the only real tool needed. This, however, gave little comfort to the twenty-one-year-old who, like everyone else, had seen a normal life ahead of him rather than a death sentence. The doctors had given him two years.

Hawking was deeply shocked by the news and experienced a time of deep depression. He

不计成败

1962年年底，当史蒂芬.霍金返回圣.奥尔本过圣诞假期时，整个英国南部已被厚厚的大雪覆盖。在他的意识里，他一定知道有什么东西出问题了。在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。新年前夕的聚会上，他艰难地倒了一杯酒，大部分都倾到桌布上了。

经过一系列体检，他被告知得了一种罕见、不可治愈的疾病，叫肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）。这种疾病可以影响病人的脊髓神经和大脑内控制运动功能的区域。身体会慢慢衰弱，而大脑丝毫不受影响。霍金当时正在研究理论物理，这是仅有的少数真正只需大脑思考就可以进行的研究。然而，这几乎不能给这个21岁的年轻人任何安慰，像其他每个人一样，渴望的是正常的生活，而不是死刑。医生认为他只能再活两年。

霍金被这一消息深深震撼了，一度陷入深度抑郁中。他把自己关起来，听大量喧闹的音

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shut himself away and listened to a great deal of loud music. He kept thinking, 'How could something like this happen to me? Why should I be cut off like this?' There seemed very little point in continuing with his research because he might not live long enough to finish his PhD. For a while he quite naturally believed that there was nothing to live for. If he was going to die within a few years, then why bother to do anything now? He would live out his time span and then die. That was his fate.

It was not long, however, before he dragged himself out of his depression and back to work. In the hospital, he had seen a boy die of leukemia in the bed opposite him, and it had not been a pretty sight. He realized that clearly there were people who were worse off than him. At least, his condition didn't make him feel ill. Whenever he felt like pitying himself, he remembered that boy.

He had had some recurring dreams. He dreamt that he was going to be put to death, which made him realize that there were a lot of worthwhile things he could do if he were to be set free. In another frequently occurring dream, he thought he could give up his life to save others: 'After all, if I were going to die anyway, it might as well do some good.'

There is little doubt that the appearance on the scene of a young woman was a major

乐。他不停地想：为什么这样的事会落在我头上？我怎么能摆脱掉呢？由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天，他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。当时他当然相信没有什么值得活下去了。如果几年后就要死去，为什么还要自寻麻烦做事呢？干脆坐等死亡来临好了。这是他的命运。

然而，不久他就摆脱抑郁重返工作中了。在医院，他看到对面病床的男孩死于白血病，这不是一个微不足道的场景。霍金清楚地意识到，世上还有比自己更不幸的人。至少，他的病并不让他感到不舒服。不管什么时候想自怜时，他就想起这个男孩。

他做了很多相同的梦，梦见自己被杀，这让他意识到，如果活着，他还有很多值得做的事情。在另一个经常做的梦中，他想以自己的生命去挽救别人：“不管怎样，总之我是要死的，不妨去做些好事。”

无可怀疑的是，一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点，她就是简·王尔德，首

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turning point in Hawking's life. This was Jane Wilde, whom he had first met at the party. After he came out of the hospital, the two of them began to see a lot more of one another, and a strong relationship developed. It was finding Jane that enabled him to break out of his depression.

As predicted, during his first two years at Cambridge, the effects of the disease rapidly worsened. He was beginning to experience great difficulty in walking and was forced to use a stick in order to cover just a few feet. With the support of walls and objects, as well as sticks, he would manage, painfully slowly, to move across rooms and open areas.

There were many times when these supports were not adequate, and he would turn up in the office with a bandage around his head, having fallen heavily and received a nasty bump. Meanwhile, his speech rapidly became first slurred, and then very hard to follow, and even those close to him were having difficulty understanding what he was saying.

Nothing slowed him down, however; in fact, he was just hitting his stride. Work was progressing faster and better than it ever had before. Crazy as it may seem, ALS is simply not that important to him. Of course he has had to suffer the humiliations and obstructions facing all those in society who are not able-bodied, and

次见到她是在一个聚会上。出院后，两人开始越来越频繁地见面并发展了深厚的关系。遇到简以后，他走出了抑郁。

正如预料中的那样，他在剑桥大学的前两年，病情急剧恶化。他走路开始困难起来，要想走几步，必须得用拐杖。只有撑着墙、物体和拐杖，他才能痛苦缓慢地在房间和空地上走动。

很多时候，这些支撑物根本不够用，出现在办公室的时候，他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上，头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。同时很快，他开始言语不清，很难听懂，甚至周围的人也很难听懂他在说什么。

然而，什么都没有让他停下来。事实上，他正渐入佳境。工作比以前任何时候都进展得又快又好。看起来有点儿疯狂，ALS对他来说不是很重要了。当然，和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样，他必须忍受羞耻和障碍，自然地，他必须调整状态，以适应特别环境下的生活。但是，疾病没有影响他的大脑，因此也

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naturally he has had to adapt to his condition and to live under exceptional circumstances. But the disease has not touched his mind, and so it has not affected his work. More than anyone else, Hawking himself would wish to downplay his disability and to give his full attention to science, for that is what is really important to him.

Having come to terms with ALS and found someone in Jane with whom he could share his life on a purely personal level, he began to blossom. The couple became engaged, and the frequency of weekend visits increased. It was obvious to everyone that the two of them were truly happy and highly important to each other. Jane recalls, 'I wanted to find some purpose to my existence, and I suppose I found it in the idea of looking after him. But we were in love. 'For Hawking, his engagement to Jane was probably the most important thing that had ever happened to him: it changed his life and gave him something to live for. Without the help of Jane he almost certainly would not have been able to carry on or had the will to do so.

From this point on, his work went from strength to strength, and Sciama, his supervisor, began to believe that Hawking might, after all, manage to pull together the different threads of his PhD research. It was still touch and go, but a wonderful chance was just around the corner.

没有影响他的工作。比其他人要好的是，霍金本人希望淡化看待自己的残疾，将全部精力投入到科学中去，因为这对他来说才是真正重要的。

霍金接受了患上 ALS这一事实，并在六月份遇到了一个可以与之纯粹私人地分享生活的人，他开始高兴起来。两人订了婚，周末相见的次数频繁起来。显然，所有的人都觉得两人真正很幸福，在对方心目中都很重要。简回忆说，“我本想追求生活的目标，我想，我发现照顾他就是我的目标。但是我们已经相爱的了。”对霍金来说，和简订婚可能是有生以来最重要的事：这改变了他的生活，赋予他生活的意义。没有简的帮助，他几乎难以坚持下去，达到自己的愿望。

从此以后，他的工作日益壮大，他的督学Sciama开始相信，霍金可能会完成博士论文。危险在即，但是奇迹即将出现。

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2.1.1 New Words

1.blanket n. 毛毯 例句：

The traveler wrapped himself with a blanket. 旅行者用毯子把自己裹上。

2.clumsiness n. 笨拙,粗陋,不漂亮 例句：

Pardon me my clumsiness. 原谅我的笨拙。 3.end up 结束,告终 例句：

If you continue to steal you'll end up in prison. 你要是继续行窃终归得进监狱. 4.tablecloth n. 桌布,台布 例句：

I'll dust the table before putting the tablecloth on. 我要在铺台布以前先把桌上的灰掸干净。

5.incurable adj. 不能医治的,不能矫正的,无救的 例句：

The child has an incurable habit. 那孩子有个无法矫正的习惯。

6.recurring 反复出现的，反复发生的 例句：

recurring decimal 循环小数 7.worthwhile adj. 值得(做)的 例句：

Thank you for making my visit so worthwhile. I shall treasure your friendship and kindhospitality you have given me.

感谢你们使我的访问如此有价值。我将珍惜我们之间的友谊及你们给予我的盛情款待。 8.break out of 冲出,逃出;摆脱(束缚等) 例句：

I should like to break out of this meaningless way of life. 我想摆脱这种无聊的生活。 9.bump n. 撞击,隆起物 例句：

She got a bump on her head. 她头上撞起了一个包。

10.slur v. 草率地看过,忽略,含糊地念 例句：

When a man is drunk his speech is slurred. 当一个人喝醉时, 他说话就口齿不清。 11.stride n. 大步,一跨步

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例句：

She found the job difficult at first, but now she's really getting into her stride. 起初她觉得这工作很难，但现在已驾轻就熟了。 12.downplay v. 不予重视,轻描淡写,低调处理 例句：

The chairman downplayed the question of your appointment. 主席轻描淡写地谈及你任命一事。

2.1.2 Phrases

1.spinal cord 脊髓 例句：

To kill(cattle) by cutting the spinal cord. 杀牛用将脊柱砍断的方法杀（牛等） 2.waste away 日益消瘦, 日渐衰弱 例句：

He is wasting away from disease. 他因病消瘦不少。

3.unaffected adj.自然的, 不娇揉造作的; 未被感动的, 未受影响的; 例句：

The house was unaffected by the strong wind. 那楝房子未被强风吹动。 4.shut away 关起来 例句：

She shut herself away in her country house. 她把自己关在别墅里。 5.live out vt. 活过 例句：

I doubt if she'll live out the winter. 我看她活不过今年冬季。 6.drag out of 把…从…中拉出 例句：

The newspaper reporters wanted to know why I had resigned form the cabinet but wildhorses wouldn't drag it out of me.

新闻记者想知道我为什么辞去内阁职务，但是他们休想从我这里探到口风。 7.come to terms 妥协,和解 例句：

He seems to have come to terms with losing his sight. 他好象已经接受了自己将失明这个事实。 8.go from strength to strength 不断壮大 例句：

Since her appointment the department have go from strength to strength. 自从她任职以来,这个部门越办越好了。

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9.engagement n. 诺言,约会,婚约 例句：

Their engagement was announced in the papers. 他们订婚的消息登报了。

2.1.3 Grammar

1.The strange clumsiness he had been experiencing had occurred more frequently. 【参考译文】在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。

【结构分析】该句的主语是“The strange clumsiness he had been experiencing”，谓语是“had occurred ”。

2.There seemed very little point in continuing with his research because he might not live long enough to finish his PhD. 【参考译文】由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天，他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。 【结构分析】这里的“very little point in doing...”是个固定搭配，意思是“做某事没有意义”。类似的表达还有：there is no point doing sth. 做某事无意义。 3.There is little doubt that the appearance on the

scene of a young woman was a major turning point in Hawking's life.

【参考译文】无可怀疑的是，一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点。

【结构解析】句中that引导的从句是一个同位语从句，对\做进一步的解释。 4.There were many times when these supports were not adequate, and he would turn up in the office with a bandage around his head, having fallen heavily and received a nasty bump.

【参考译文】很多时候，这些支撑物根本不够用，出现在办公室的时候，他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上，头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。 【结构解析】\是介词短语做状语，修饰“turn up”，\heavily and received a nasty bump\做原因状语，修饰“turn up in the office with a bandage around his head”。

5.Of course he has had to suffer the humiliations and obstructions facing all those in society who are not able-bodied。

【参考译文】当然，和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样，他必须忍受羞耻和障碍。 【结构解析】句中“ facing all those in society who are not able-bodied”是定语，修饰前面的“the humiliations and obstructions”。

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2.2 Reading More

1. “We all have our own life to pursue, our own kind of dream to be weaving, and we all have the power to make wishes come true, as long as we keep believing.”

– Louisa May Alcott, Novelist

「我们都有自己要追求的人生，自己要编织的梦想，我们都有能力实现愿望，只要我们持续相信。」– 露意莎?梅?奥尔柯特 (小说家)

2. “But when you really believe – in yourself, in your dream – you just have to do everything you possibly can to take control and make your vision a reality. No great achievement happens by luck.”

– Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks

「当你真正相信 – 你自己、你的梦想 – 你必须尽一切可能来主导并使你的愿景成真，没有伟大的成就是偶然发生的。」– 霍华?萧兹 (星巴克执行长)

3. “It’s fine to celebrate success but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure.”

– Bill Gates, Microsoft Co-founder

「庆祝成功是好事，但记取失败的教训更重要。」– 比尔?盖兹 (微软创办者)

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4.“A little more persistence, a little more effort, and what seemed hopeless failure may turn to glorious success. There is no failure except

in no longer trying. There is no defeat except from within, no really insurmountable barrier save our own inherent weakness of purpose.”

– Elbert Hubbard, Publisher

「多一点坚持，多一点努力，看似没希望好转的失败，可能转为光荣的胜利。除非不愿继续尝试，没有所谓的失败；除非内心先承认，没有所谓的战败；除非达成目标的固有意志薄弱，没有真正无法克服的困难。」– 阿尔伯特?哈伯德 (杂志发行人)

5. “Believe in yourself and there will come a day when others will have no choice but to believe with you.”

– Cynthia Kersey, Motivational Author

「相信自己，有一天人们将不得不与你一同相信。」– 辛西亚?克尔西 (励志作家)

6. “You have to believe in yourself when no one else does – that makes you a winner right there.”

– Venus Williams, Tennis Player

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「你必须在没有人相信你时相信自己 – 它能使你成为赢家。」– 大威廉丝 (网球选手)

7. “Getting ahead in a difficult profession requires avid faith in yourself. That is why some people with mediocre talent, but with great inner drive, go so much further than people with vastly superior talent.”

– Sophia Loren, Actress

「在一个困难的职业中进步领先，对自己需有强烈的信念，那就是为何一些才智

平庸，但内在动力强的人，比起才智优越很多的人能够走得更远许多。」– 索非娅?罗兰 (女演员)

8. “Nobody grows old by merely living a number of years. People grow old by deserting their ideals. You are as young as your faith, as old as your doubt; as young as your self-confidence, as old as your fear; as young as your hope, as old as your despair.”

– Douglas MacArthur, General

「没有人只因活很多年而变老，人们因放弃理想而变老。你如同你的信念般年轻，如你的疑虑般年老；如同你的自信般年轻，如你的恐惧般年老；如同你的希望般年轻，如你的绝望般年老。」– 道格拉斯?麦克阿瑟 (五星上将)

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9. “Just trust that everything is unfolding the way it is supposed to. Don’t resist. Surrender to what is, let go of what was, and have faith in what will be. Great things are waiting for you around the corner.”

– Sonia Ricotti, Motivational Speaker

「相信所有事都在以正常的方式发生，不要抗拒。接受眼前的，放下过去的，对未来要有信心，很棒的事正等著即将发生。」– 索尼娅?瑞克蒂 (励志演说家)

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Unit 3 I Love You 3.1Reading Focus

\the English language. It's the signal that a romantic relationship is serious, an indication of closeness for a sibling, parent, or child, and a constant refrain for pop songs.

I love you可能是英语中三个词组成的最重要的一句话了。它是认真对待恋爱关系的标志，它是兄弟姐妹、父母或孩子之间亲密程度的象征，它也是流行歌曲副歌部分的常见内容。

In Mandarin, \我爱你” (Wo ai ni), but the way it's used in China might be a little different, and Chinese state media is wondering why.

I love you译为中文是“我爱你”，但是这句话在中国的用法可能有点儿不同，中国的官方媒体也想知道原因。

The Global Times reports that two online videos showing children telling their parents \love you\have gone viral in China. The first, filmed by an Anhui TV station, shows a number of college students telling their parents they love them. The response are mixed. \by a Shanxi TV station, a father responded even more bluntly — \am going to a meeting, so cut the crap.\

《环球时报》报道，网上两个记录孩子告诉父母“我爱你”的视频在中国火了起来。第一个视频是由安徽卫视录制的，在视频里一群大学生告诉父母自己爱他们。父母们的反应各不相同。“你喝醉了吗？”一位家长问。另一个类似的视频是山西卫视录制的，有一名父亲的反应就更不客气了——“我要去开会去了，废话少说。”

Even the positive reactions make it clear that the words are expressed rarely: \am so happy you called to say that, it is the happiest thing that happened to me in

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2014,\

即使是正面的回应也清楚地表明这句话用得很少：“我很高兴你打电话说这句话，这是我2014年最开心的一件事了。” 有个家长这样回答。

Why don't Chinese families use those words? Theories revolve around the nature of Confucian teaching. \at expressing positive emotions,\told the Global Times. \

为什么中国家庭不说这句话呢？普遍的观点认为是受到儒家思想的影响。“父母们的反应表明大部分的中国人不擅长表达积极的情感，” 北京大学社会学家夏学銮对《环球时报》的记者说。“他们习惯用负面的语言来教育孩子。”

This isn't the first time that China has done some soul-searching about familial love — last year China Daily asked a cross-section of people if they said 'I love you' to their parents, spouses, and children. \and I don't think I will in the future,\is embarrassing for me.\

这不是中国第一次做关于亲情方面的自省——去年《中国日报》就各个阶层的人进行了采访，询问他们是否对父母、爱人和孩子说过“我爱你”。“我从来没对我的家人说过‘我爱你’，我觉得我以后也不会说，”一名56岁的被采访者回答《中国日报》的记者。“把这句话说出口，我会觉得很难为情的。”

Still, that doesn't mean that love can't be expressed. In a separate article, China Daily spoke to Zhao Mengmeng, a 31-year-old woman who said she had never told her father she loved him face-to-face (\louder than words, however — Zhao gave her father, a photo album featuring photographs of them together on almost every one of her birthdays in June 2012. The pictures went viral online, being forwarded hundreds of thousands of times on Weibo.

然而这并不是说爱无法表达出来。在另一篇文章中，《中国日报》采访了31岁的赵萌萌，她说她从来没当面对她爸爸说过她爱他。“我觉得那样会怪怪的”，但有时行动胜于言辞——赵萌萌在2012年6月送给了她爸爸一个相册，里面装满了他们两人在她几乎每个生日时的合影。照片在网上火了起来，在新浪微博上被转发了几十万次。

\sleep the night I heard about it,\story attracted mainstream attention. \

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on the collection of pictures.\

“当我知道时，我一晚上没睡，” 在这件事受到了主流媒体的关注后，她爸爸这样告诉《中国日报》的记者。“现在我还能记起一些有关这些照片的评论。”

3.2 Reading More

I Love You

Three letters I type In with tear With a mature voice Time and time again I caress a name dear.

I'm your girl,your pride

我用泪水

敲打出三个字

我用成熟的嗓音

一遍一遍

抚摸着一个称谓

我是你骄傲的小蹄子

紧紧拽着你的身影

Who grabbed onto your figure tight

背叛青小麦 She betrayed the green wheat Years lengthened her height. Leaving the bird's nest under the eave forgotten

With her whole humble childhood She abandoned March's willow whistle lemonade

岁月拉长了身高

闲置屋檐下的鸟巢

饱蘸卑微的童年

丢弃三月鹅黄的柳笛

两只羊角辫儿轻快

追随着水泥深处的花坛

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

Her two pigtails friskily

Chased the flowerbed deep in the cement.

With fresh flowers in hand She took over the change exchanged with eggs boiled in tea To exchange some color pens and candy

Leaving behind details for thanks-giving years later.

Oh,Grandma,grandma I'm your bulky gnarls Toggling your old age

At your home in ceaseless rain.

手捧着鲜花

接过茶蛋换来的零钱

置换一些彩笔和糖果

留下多年后感恩的细节

外婆，外婆

我是你粗大的骨节

在你阴雨绵延的家园

拨动你的暮年

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

The Last Love Letter

Darling, now that we must die, Please forgive my being selfish to leave you behind,

Let me die in your arms with a peaceful mind,

and warm up the bedding for you in the paradise.

亲爱的，既然避免不了死字

请原谅我的自私，先离你而去

就让我死时能安静躺在你怀里

然后在天堂焐好被窝，等你......

二十种语言对他（她）说：我爱你！

中文（Chinese）：我爱你 英语（English）：I love you

法语（French）：Je t'aime(to male), Je t'adore 日语（Japanese）：Aishiteru 德语（German）：Ich liebe dich 意大利语（Italian）：Ti amo

希伯莱语（Hebrew）：Ani ohev et otha, Ani ohev otah 韩语（Korean）：Sarang Heyo

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

俄语（Russian）：Ya tebya liubliu 希腊语（Greek）：S'agapo

西班牙语（Spanish）：Te quiero, Te amo 葡萄牙语（Portuguese）：Eu te amo 瑞典语（Swedish）：Jag alskar dig 保加利亚语（Bulgarian）：Obicham te 拉丁语（Latin）：Te amo 波兰语（Polish）：Kocham Cie

土耳其语（Turkish ）：Seni Seviyorum 荷兰语（Dutch）：Ik hou van jou 丹麦语（Danish）：Jeg Elsker Dig

阿拉伯语（Arabic）：Ana behibak(to male) , Ana behibek

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

Unit 4 Classical Lines 4.1 Reading Focus

\ The film \directed by Chinese professional rally driver and best-selling author Han han, is set to be released in China on 24th,July.It's the first time that Han han has directed a film. The film also stars Wang Luodan and Wallace Chung. It tells stories of several friends who grow up together set off for a somewhat reckless journey. The film's producer Fang Li stated that he was confident that the film would attract audiences of all ages from those in their late 60s through to those in their 30s or 20s.The audience must be impressed with the classic lines which follow a sharp style of Han’s works. Let’s look back

由中国职业赛车手兼畅销书作者韩寒执导的电影《后会无期》于7月24日起在国内上映。这是韩寒第一次执导拍摄电影。影片由王珞丹及钟汉良担当主演，讲述了几位共同长大的朋友一起出去开启一场自在之旅的故事。该片的制片人方励表示，他对这部电影十分自信，不论是六十多岁的老年人，还是二三十岁的年轻人，各个年龄段的人都会喜欢这部影片的。其中的经典台词更是句句犀利，引人回味。下面我们就来回顾一下电影中那些印在你脑海中的台词：

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

at them.

1. Now that I step on the stage, I’m not afraid of being ashamed to leave the stage.

2. You haven’t viewed the world. Where does your world view come from?

3. Things which cannot be taken away can’t be left. Things which are bound to leave is unworthy of concern.

4. Take a step forward and find a clearer situation.

5. Open your heart to me. Be at ease because of me.

6. As many as lessons I have heard, I

1、今天我上了这个台，就不怕让自己下不来台。

2、你连世界都没观过，哪来的世界观。

3、带不走的留不下，留不下的别牵挂。

4、进一步，海阔天空。

5、交心吧，放在我身上；放心吧，交在我身上。

6、听过很多大道理，依然过不好这一

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

can’t live like the lesson shows me.

7. I don’t even have a body and reputation for me to ruin.

8. Children like judgment, but adults only weigh the pros and cons.

9. To like someone is to run wild, but to love someone is to restrain.

10. You want to prove yourself to millions of people at times, but you get to know that one understood is enough eventually.

11. Learn to distinguish and then to believe.

12. A long journey often tells the tiredness of a horse. Long time past reveals the great changes of people.

生。

7、我哪来的身和名，让我去败和裂。

8、小朋友爱分对错，大人只看利弊。

9、喜欢就会放肆，但爱就是克制。

10、.有时候你想证明给一万个人看，到后来，你发现只得到了一个明白人，那就够了。

11、要先学会分辨，然后再去信任。

12、路遥知马力不足，日久见人心不古。

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Notes For Postgraduate English Integrated Course

13. However fucking a man is, there is a part you can believe in him.

14. When we say goodbye, we must try to express more. One more sentence may be the last sentence. One more stare may be the last stare.

13、再混蛋的人也可以局部信任。

14、告别的时候还是要用力一点，多说一句可能就是最后一句，多看一眼可能就是最后一眼。

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