新GRE阅读真题与解析（维C上校 编著）

“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

新阅读真题&解析维C上校·编著1

GRE“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

【Preface写在前面】发现，在那些日子里，

自己做了很多让自己想吐的事情...----那个，

还在学校的冬季，和金哥每天早上六七点，穿着羽绒服在操场上早读一个多小时直到要吐；

当年备考GRE的时候，每天五点起来，单词一直背到晚上，直到想吐的时候,很多个夜晚，做实验做得太晚，晚上回来，宿舍锁门，不得不从楼梯的阳台翻上宿舍。。。晚上健身跑步的时候，跑几公里，直到想吐的时候；在琴房练琴，练到想吐的时候。。。我清楚无论怎么练，自己这辈子都不会成为一个伟大的钢琴家，但我知道，无论做什么，是可以活在那种精神里的。。。无论在做什么，我都会提醒自己，是在练琴。。。日子久了，慢慢懂得，生命里，快乐是一种能力。

很多事，有些人就有能力把那些大多数人感到痛苦、煎熬的事情，做得津津有味，乐在其中。每一件事，似乎都有它本身的快乐点，于是，似乎我们在这一路的备考过程中，得去快乐去备考。永远不要轻易的去和别人比较考试后的结果，分数。而是努力的学会去让这个自己已经选择的路上，更加的快乐，无论是和自己的过去相比，还是和别人相比，那么我愿意相信，最终的某天，暮然回首，你会看到属于你自己的，幸福的泪水。。。当年备考GRE的时候，我很想一份这样的阅读资料，可是发现一直没有发现，有些有吧，可是偏偏打上那些irritating的水印！！！讨厌！！于是，我萌生了自己去弄的念头，而且绝无任何水印的痕迹（如果某天你发现有的话，肯定是出问题了。。。要么是你有问题，要么是我出问题了，哈哈哈。。。）。于是，你现在看到的这份资料。

如今，暮然回首，一直很想为那些还在追梦，考G的你们做点事情--因为我曾经也走过这条路。。。希望可以能为你们做点事情。在此，祝你们备考快乐，我相信，你会的。

2013·夏季维C上校

维多利·广州

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

目录：

Part1新GREOG阅读部分................................................3Part2新GREPracticebook阅读部分...............................36Part3新GREPPII阅读部分................................................55Part4新GRE阅读解析.......................................................72【注】

由于ppII中，第二部分的内容会取决于你做第一部分的正确率，于是大家的第二部分的内容可能不同。

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Part1新GREOG阅读部分SampleQuestionSet

Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Revivingthepracticeofusingelementsofpopularmusicinclassicalcomposition,anapproachthathadbeeninhibernationintheUnitedStatesduringthe1960s,composerPhilipGlass(born1937)embracedtheethosofpopularmusicwithoutimitatingit.GlassbasedtwosymphoniesonmusicbyrockmusiciansDavidBowieandBrianEno,.butthesymphonies’soundisdistinctivelyhis.PopularelementsdonotappearoutofplaceinGlass’sclassicalmusic,whichfromitsearlydayshassharedcertainharmoniesandrhythmswithrockmusic.YetthisuseofpopularelementshasnotmadeGlassacomposerofpopularmusic.Hismusicisnotaversionofpopularmusicpackagedtoattractclassicallisteners;itishighartforlistenerssteepedinrockratherthantheclassics.

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Selectonlyoneanswerchoice.1.ThepassageaddresseswhichofthefollowingissuesrelatedtoGlass’suseofpopularelementsinhisclassicalcompositions?

AHowitisregardedbylistenerswhopreferrocktotheclassicsBHowithasaffectedthecommercialsuccessofGlass’smusic

CWhetherithascontributedtoarevivalofinterestamongothercomposersinusingpopularelementsintheircompositions

DWhetherithashadadetrimentaleffectonGlass’sreputationasacomposerofclassicalmusic

EWhetherithascausedcertainofGlass’sworkstobederivativeinqualityreadingConsidereachofthethreechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.2.ThepassagesuggeststhatGlass’sworkdisplayswhichofthefollowingqualities?AAreturntotheuseofpopularmusicinclassicalcompositions

BAnattempttoelevaterockmusictoanartisticstatusmorecloselyapproximatingthatofclassicalmusic

CAlong-standingtendencytoincorporateelementsfromtwoapparentlydisparatemusicalstyles

3.SelectthesentencethatdistinguishestwowaysofintegratingrockandclassicalMusic.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

ReadingComprehensionQuestions:Easy

ForeachofQuestions1to9,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.

1.Apersonwhoagreestoserveasmediatorbetweentwowarringfactionsattherequestofbothabandonsbysoagreeingtherighttotakesideslater.Totakesidesatalaterpointwouldbetosuggestthattheearlierpresumptiveimpartialitywasasham.

Thepassageaboveemphasizeswhichofthefollowingpointsaboutmediators?

ATheyshouldtrytoformnoopinionsoftheirownaboutanyissuethatisrelatedtothedispute.BTheyshouldnotagreetoserveunlesstheyarecommittedtomaintainingastanceofimpartiality.

CTheyshouldnotagreetoserveunlesstheyareequallyacceptabletoallpartiestoadispute.

DTheyshouldfeelfreetotakesidesinthedisputerightfromthestart,providedthattheymaketheirbiasespubliclyknown.

ETheyshouldreservetherighttoabandontheirimpartialitysoasnottobeopentothechargeofhavingbeendeceitful.

Questions2to5arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

WasFelixMendelssohn(1809–1847)agreatcomposer?Onitsface,thequestionseemsabsurd.Oneofthemostgiftedprodigiesinthehistoryofmusic,heproducedhisfirstmasterpieceatsixteen.Fromthenon,hewasrecognizedasanartistofpreternaturalabilities,notonlyasacomposerbutalsoasapianistandconductor.ButMendelssohn’senduringpopularityhasoftenbeenatodds—sometimesquitesharply—withhiscriticalstanding.Despitegeneralacknowledgmentofhisgenius,therehasbeenanoticeablereluctancetorankhimwith,say,SchumannorBrahms.AsHagginputit,Mendelssohn,asacomposer,wasa“minormaster...workingonasmallscaleofemotionandtexture.”

2.SelectasentenceinthepassagewhosefunctionistoindicatetherangeofMendelssohn’smusicaltalents.

3.ThepassagesuggeststhatanyoneattemptingtoevaluateMendelssohn’scareermustconfrontwhichofthefollowingdichotomies?

AThetensionbetweenMendelssohn’scareerasacomposerandhiscareerasapianistandconductor

BThecontrastbetweenMendelssohn’spopularityandthatofSchumannandBrahmsCThediscrepancybetweenMendelssohn’spopularityandhisstandingamongcritics

DTheinconsistencybetweenMendelssohn’sreputationduringhislifetimeandhisreputationsincehisdeath

EThegapbetweenMendelssohn’sprodigiousmusicalbeginningsandhisdeclineinlateryears4.Itcanbeinferredthatthe“reluctance”mentionedinthepassageisbeingascribedtoAmostcomposerssinceMendelssohnBSchumannandBrahms

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Cthemusic-listeningpublicDmusiccriticsgenerallyEHagginexclusively

5.TheauthormentionsSchumannandBrahmsprimarilyinorderto

AprovideexamplesofcomposerswhoareoftencomparedwithMendelssohnBidentifycertaincomposerswhoaremorepopularthanMendelssohnCidentifycomposerswhomMendelssohninfluencedDestablishthemilieuinwhichMendelssohnworked

EestablishastandardofcomparisonforMendelssohnasacomposerQuestions6and7arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Whilemostscholarshiponwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesrecognizesthattheSecondWorldWar(1939–1945)dramaticallychangedtheroleofwomenintheworkforce,thesestudiesalsoacknowledgethatfewwomenremainedinmanufacturingjobsoncemenreturnedfromthewar.Butinagriculture,unlikeotherindustrieswherewomenwereviewedastemporaryworkers,women’semploymentdidnotendwiththewar.Instead,theexpansionofagricultureandasteadydecreaseinthenumberofmalefarmworkerscombinedtocausetheindustrytohiremorewomeninthepostwaryears.Consequently,the1950ssawagrowingnumberofwomenengagedinfarmlabor,eventhoughrhetoricinthepopularmediacalledforthereturnofwomentodomesticlife.

6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemanufacturingandagriculturalsectorsintheUnitedStatesfollowingtheSecondWorldWardifferedinwhichofthefollowingrespects?ATherateofexpansionineachsector

BThepercentageofemployeesineachsectorwhoweremenCThetrendinthewagesofmenemployedineachsector

DTheattitudeofthepopularmediatowardtheemploymentofwomenineachsector

ETheextenttowhichwomenineachsectorweresatisfiedwiththeirjobs

7.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutwomen’semploymentintheUnitedStatesduringandaftertheSecondWorldWarismostclearlysupportedbythepassage?

AMostwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwantedtoreturntodomesticlifewhenthewarended.

BThegreatmajorityofwomenwhojoinedtheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarwereemployedinmanufacturingjobs.

CTheendoftheSecondWorldWarwasfollowedbyalarge-scaletransferofwomenworkersfrommanufacturingtoagriculture.

DTheincreaseinwomen’semploymentthataccompaniedtheSecondWorldWarwaslongerlastinginagriculturethanitwasinmanufacturing.

EThepopularmediaweremoreforcefulincallingforwomentojointheworkforceduringtheSecondWorldWarthanincallingforwomento

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

returntodomesticlifeafterthewar.

Questions8and9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

SincetheHawaiianIslandshaveneverbeenconnectedtootherlandmasses,thegreatvarietyofplantsinHawaiimustbearesultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds,aprocessthatrequiresbothamethodoftransportandanequivalencebetweentheecologyofthesourceareaandthatoftherecipientarea.

Thereissomedisputeaboutthemethodoftransportinvolved.SomebiologistsarguethatoceanandaircurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii.Yettheresultsofflotationexperimentsandthelowtemperaturesofaircurrentscastdoubtonthesehypotheses.Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidentalattachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitandsubsequentexcretionoftheseeds.WhileitislikelythatfewervarietiesofplantseedshavereachedHawaiiexternallythaninternally,morevarietiesareknowntobeadaptedtoexternalthantointernaltransport.

8.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

AdiscussingdifferentapproachesbiologistshavetakentotestingtheoriesaboutthedistributionofplantsinHawaii

BdiscussingdifferenttheoriesaboutthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii

CdiscussingtheextenttowhichaircurrentsareresponsibleforthedispersalofplantseedstoHawaii

Dresolvingadisputeabouttheadaptabilityofplantseedstobirdtransport

Eresolvingadisputeabouttheabilityofbirdstocarryplantseedslongdistances

9.Theauthormentionstheresultsofflotationexperimentsonplantseeds(lines7–8)mostprobablyinorderto

AsupporttheclaimthatthedistributionofplantsinHawaiiistheresultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds

BlendcredibilitytothethesisthataircurrentsprovideamethodoftransportforplantseedstoHawaii

Csuggestthatthelong-distancedispersalofseedsisaprocessthatrequireslongperiodsoftimeDchallengetheclaimthatoceancurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaiiErefutetheclaimthatHawaiianfloraevolvedindependentlyfromflorainotherpartsoftheworld

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

ReadingComprehensionQuestions:Medium

Questions1and2arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

IenjoyedADreamofLight&Shadow:PortraitsofLatinAmericanWomenWritersforthesamereasonsthat,asachild,Iavidlyconsumedwomen’sbiographies:thefascinationwithhowthebiographicaldetailsofanotherfemale’slifearerepresentedandinterpreted.

ADreamoffersarichread,variedinboththelivesandtextsofthewomenportrayed,andtheperspectivesandstylesofthesixteenessayists.Yet,asanadult,Ihavecometodemandofanyreally“great”bookaself-consciousnessaboutthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality,acriticalcontextualizationoffloriddetail,andaself-awarenessoftheroleofideologyinourlives.Inthesecriticalsenses,ADreamisinadequate.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.1.TheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatADreamfallsshortinwhichofthefollowingrespects?AItdoesnotappeartorecognizethatrepresentationsofrealitycanbeunreliable.BItseemstofocusonstylisticvarietyattheexpenseofaccuracyofdetail.

CItoffersawealthofdetailwithoutsufficientcriticalexaminationofthatdetail.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefunctionofthesecondsentence(“ADream...essayists”)inthecontextofthepassageasawhole?

ATogiveexamplesofhowADreampresentsfascinatingportraitsthatdisplayawarenessofthetenuousnatureofrepresentationsofreality

BToelaborateonhowADreamfulfillstheauthor’schildhoodcriteriaforapleasurablebook

CTosuggestthattheauthorenjoyedADreamforreasonsmoresophisticatedthanthereasonssheenjoyedcertainbooksasachild

DToillustratewaysinwhichtheauthorfindsADreamtobeinadequateincertaincriticalsensesEToimplythatADreamistoovariedinfocustoprovideapropercontextualizationofthebiographicaldetailsitoffers

3.DuringthedayinLakeConstance,thezooplanktonD.hyalinadepartsforthedepthswherefoodisscarceandthewatercold.D.galeataremainsnearthewarmsurfacewherefoodisabundant.EventhoughD.galeatagrowsandreproducesmuchfaster,itspopulationisoftenoutnumberedbyD.Hyalina.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldhelpresolvetheapparentparadoxpresentedabove?

AThenumberofspeciesofzooplanktonlivingatthebottomofthelakeistwicethatofspecieslivingatthesurface.

BPredatorsofzooplankton,suchaswhitefishandperch,liveandfeednearthesurfaceofthelakeduringtheday.

CInordertomakethemostofscarcefoodresources,D.hyalinamaturesmoreslowlythanD.galeata.

DD.galeataclustersundervegetationduringthehottestpartofthedaytoavoidtheSun’srays.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

ED.galeataproducestwiceasmanyoffspringperindividualinanygivenperiodoftimeasdoesD.Hyalina.

Questions4and5arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Tocqueville,apparently,waswrong.JacksonianAmericawasnotafluid,egalitariansocietywhereindividualwealthandpovertywereephemeralconditions.Atleastso

arguesE.PesseninhisiconoclasticstudyoftheveryrichintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850.

Pessendoespresentaquantityofexamples,togetherwithsomerefreshinglyintelligiblestatistics,toestablishtheexistenceofaninordinatelywealthyclass.Thoughactiveincommerceortheprofessions,mostofthewealthywerenotself-madebuthadinheritedfamilyfortunes.Innosensemercurial,thesegreatfortunessurvivedthefinancialpanicsthatdestroyedlesserones.Indeed,inseveralcitiesthewealthiestonepercentconstantlyincreaseditsshareuntilby1850itownedhalfofthecommunity’swealth.Althoughtheseobservationsaretrue,PessenoverestimatestheirimportancebyconcludingfromthemthattheundoubtedprogresstowardinequalityinthelateeighteenthcenturycontinuedintheJacksonianperiodandthattheUnitedStateswasaclass-ridden,plutocraticsocietyevenbeforeindustrialization.

4.Accordingtothepassage,PessenindicatesthatallofthefollowingweretrueoftheverywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850EXCEPT:ATheyformedadistinctupperclass.

BManyofthemwereabletoincreasetheirholdings.CSomeofthemworkedasprofessionalsorinbusiness.DMostofthemaccumulatedtheirownfortunes.

EManyofthemretainedtheirwealthinspiteoffinancialupheavals.

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor’smainpoint?

APessen’sstudyhasoverturnedthepreviouslyestablishedviewofthesocialandeconomicstructureofearly-nineteenth-centuryAmerica.

BTocqueville’sanalysisoftheUnitedStatesintheJacksonianeraremainsthedefinitiveaccountofthisperiod.

CPessen’sstudyisvaluableprimarilybecauseitshowsthecontinuityofthesocialsystemintheUnitedStatesthroughoutthenineteenthcentury.

DThesocialpatternsandpoliticalpoweroftheextremelywealthyintheUnitedStatesbetween1825and1850arewelldocumented.

EPessenchallengesaviewofthesocialandeconomicsystemsintheUnitedStatesfrom1825to1850,buthedrawsconclusionsthatareincorrect.

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Questions6to9arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Theevolutionofintelligenceamongearlylargemammalsofthegrasslandswasdueingreatmeasuretotheinteractionbetweentwoecologicallysynchronizedgroupsof

theseanimals,thehuntingcarnivoresandtheherbivoresthattheyhunted.Theinteractionresultingfromthedifferencesbetweenpredatorandpreyledtoageneral

improvementinbrainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewereimprovedfarmorethanothers.

Thekindofintelligencefavoredbytheinterplayofincreasinglysmartercatchers

andincreasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattention—thataspectofmindcarryingconsciousnessforwardfromonemomenttothenext.Itrangesfromapassive,free-floatingawarenesstoahighlyfocused,activefixation.Therangethroughthesestatesismediatedbythearousalsystem,anetworkoftractsconvergingfromsensorysystemstointegratingcentersinthebrainstem.Fromthemorerelaxedtothemorevigorouslevels,sensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.Theorganismismoreawake,morevigilant;thisincreasedvigilanceresultsintheapprehensionofevermoresubtlesignalsastheorganismbecomesmoresensitivetoitssurroundings.Theprocessesofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentionitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneral,withafloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstem;thengraduallytheactivationischanneled.Thusbeginsconcentration,theholdingofconsistentimages.Onemeaningofintelligenceisthewayinwhichtheseimagesandotheralertlysearchedinformationareusedinthecontextofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentandpermitstheintegrationofdetailswithperceivedendsandpurposes.

Theelementsofintelligenceandconsciousnesscometogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorandprey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescapingorchasing.Althoughinbothkindsofanimal,arousalstimulatestheproductionofadrenalineandnorepinephrinebytheadrenalglands,theeffectinherbivoresisprimarilyfear,whereasincarnivorestheeffectisprimarilyaggression.Forboth,arousalattunestheanimaltowhatisahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowit,buttheanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive,inner-directed,tunedbythenervoussystemandtheadrenalhormones,butawareinasenseclosertohumanconsciousnessthan,say,ahungrylizard’sinstinctivesnapatapassingbeetle.Usingpasteventsasaframework,thelargemammalpredatorisworkingoutarelationshipbetweenmovementandfood,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsounds—andyesterday’sunforgottenlessons.Theherbivorepreyisofadifferentmind.Itsmoodofwarinessratherthansearchinganditsattitudeofgeneralexpectancyinsteadofanticipatingaresilk-thinveilsoftranquillityoveranexplosiveendocrinesystem.

6.Theauthorreferstoahungrylizard(line29)primarilyinorderto

AdemonstratethesimilaritybetweenthehuntingmethodsofmammalsandthoseofnonmammalsBbroadentheapplicationoftheargumentbyincludinganinsectivoreasanexampleCmakeadistinctionbetweenhigherandlowerlevelsofconsciousness

DprovideanadditionalillustrationofthebrutalitycharacteristicofpredatorsEofferanobjectiontosuggestionsthatallanimalslackconsciousness

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Question4isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvastquantitiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingEarth’

produced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.

4.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?AThefirstisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofacertainposition;thesecondisthatposition.

BThefirstisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;thesecondisthatexplanation.

CThefirstexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontothepositionitseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatposition.

DThefirstsumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoacertainhypothesis;thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatposition.

EThefirstisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;thesecondpresentsthatpositioninamodifiedform.ForeachofQuestions9to13,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Animalsignals,suchasthecomplexsongsofbirds,tendtobecostly.Abird,bysinging,mayforfeittimethatcouldotherwisebespentonotherimportantbehaviorssuchasforagingorresting.Singingmayalsoadvertiseanindividual’slocationtorivalsorpredatorsandimpairtheabilitytodetecttheirapproach.Althoughthesetypesofcostmaybeimportant,discussionsofthecostof5

singinghavegenerallyfocusedonenergycosts.Overalltheevidenceisequivocal:forinstance,whileEberhardtfoundincreasesinenergyconsumptionduringsingingforCarolinawrens,Chappellfoundnoeffectofcrowingonenergyconsumptioninroosters.

Toobtainempiricaldataregardingtheenergycostsofsinging,Thomasexaminedtherelationshipbetweensongrateandovernightchangesinbodymassofmalenightingales.Birdsstoreenergyassubcutaneousfatdepositsor“bodyreserves”;

changesinthesereservescanbereliablyestimatedbymeasuringchangesinbodymass.Ifsinginghasimportantenergycosts,nightingalesshouldlosemorebodymass

onnightswhentheirsongrateishigh.Thomasfoundthatnightingalesreachedasignificantlyhigherbodymassatduskandlostmoremassovernightonnightswhentheirsongratewashigh.Theseresultssuggestthattheremaybeseveralcostsofsingingatnightassociatedwithbodyreserves.Theincreasedmetaboliccostofpossessinghigherbodymasscontributestotheincreased

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

overnightmassloss.Thestrategicregulationofeveningbodyreservesisalsolikelytoincuradditionalcosts,asnightingalesmustspendmoretimeforaginginordertobuilduplargerbodyreserves.Themetaboliccostofsingingitselfmayalsocontributetoincreasedlossofreserves.Thismetaboliccostmayarisefromthemuscularandneuralactivityinvolvedinsingingorfrom5

behaviorsassociatedwithsinging.Forexample,birdsmayexpendmoreoftheirreservesonthermoregulationiftheyspendthenightexposedtothewindonasongpostthaniftheyareinashelteredroostsite.Thomas’sdatathereforeshowthatwhetherornotsingingpersehasanimportantmetaboliccost,metaboliccostsassociatedwithsingingcanhaveanimportantmeasurableeffectonabird’sdailyenergybudget,atleastinbirdswithhighsongratessuchasnightingales.

9.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

AcomparethedifferenttypesofcostinvolvedforcertainbirdsinsingingBquestionahypothesisregardingtheenergycostsofsingingforcertainbirds

CpresentevidencesuggestingthatsinginghasanimportantenergycostforcertainbirdsDdiscussthebenefitsprovidedtoanorganismbyabehaviorthatiscostlyinenergyEdescribeanexperimentthatsupportsanalternativemodelofhowbirdsongfunctions

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.10.Thepassageimpliesthatduringthedaybeforeanightonwhichamalenightingale’ssongrateishigh,thatnightingaleprobablydoeswhichofthefollowing?

AExpendslessofitsreservesonthermoregulationthanonotherdaysBStoresmoreenergyasbodyreservesthanonotherdaysCHidestoavoidpredators

11.Selectthesentenceinthefirstorsecondparagraphthatpresentsempiricalresultsinsupportofahypothesisabouttheenergycostsofsinging.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.12.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatcomparedwithothercostsofsinging,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheenergycostsofsinging?

ATheyarethesinglegreatestcosttoanindividualbird.

BTheyhavegenerallyreceivedmoreattentionfromscientists.CTheyvarylessfromonebirdspeciestoanother.Question13isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenseveralimprovementsinmountain-climbingequipment.Theseimprovementshavemadethesportbothsaferandmoreenjoyableforexperiencedclimbers.Despitetheseimprovements,however,therateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasdoubledinthepasttenyears.

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13.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancypresentedinthepassage?

AManyclimbers,lulledintoafalsesenseofsecurity,usethenewequipmenttoattemptclimbingfeatsofwhichtheyarenotcapable.

BSomemountain-climbinginjuriesarecausedbyunforeseeableweatherconditions.

CMountainclimbing,althoughadangeroussport,doesnotnormallyresultininjurytotheexperiencedclimber.

DInthepasttenyearstherehavebeenimprovementsinmountain-climbingtechniquesaswellasinmountain-climbingequipment.

EAlthoughtherateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasincreased,therateofmountain-climbingdeathshasnotchanged.

ForeachofQuestions18to20,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Theconditionofscholarshipdevotedtothehistoryofwomeninphotographyisconfounding.RecentyearshavewitnessedtheposthumousinflationoftheroleofthehobbyistAliceAustenintothatofapioneeringdocumentarianwhiledozensofnotableseniorfigures—MarionPalfi,whosephotographsofcivil-rightsactivitiesintheSouthservedasearlyevidenceoftheneedforprotectivelegislation,tonameone—receivedscantattentionfromscholars.And,whileNaomiRosenblum’ssynopticHistoryofWomenPhotographerscoversthesubjectthrough1920inagenerallyusefulfashion,onceshereachesthe1920s,whenthevenues,forms,applications,andmovementsofthemediumexpandedexponentially,sheresortstoanincreasinglyterselistingofunfamiliarnames,withapproachesandcareerssummarizedinasentenceortwo.18.TheauthorofthepassagecitesRosenblum’sbookmostlikelyinorderto

Asuggestthattheworksdocumentedmostthoroughlybyhistoriansofwomeninphotographyoftendonotwarrantthatattention

Bofferanexplanationfortheobservationthatnotallaspectsofthehistoryofwomeninphotographyhavereceivedthesamelevelofattention

Cprovideanexampleofawayinwhichscholarshiponthehistoryofwomeninphotographyhasbeenunsatisfactory

Dsuggestthatemployingastrictlychronologicalapproachwhenstudyingthehistoryofwomeninphotographymaybeunproductive

Eprovidesupportforthenotionthatcertainpersonalitiesinwomen’sphotographyhaveattainedundueprominence

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.19.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMarionPalfiissupportedbythepassage?

AMarionPalfi’sphotographswouldhavereceivedgreaterrecognitionfromhistorianshadherworkbeendoneinanerawhenmostaspectsofphotographywerestaticratherthaninastateoftransition.

BAliceAustenhasachievedgreaternotorietythanhasMarionPalfiprimarilybecausethe

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subjectsthatAustenphotographedweremorefamiliartohercontemporaries.

CInadditiontoprovidingarecordofcertainhistoricalevents,MarionPalfi’sphotographsplayedaroleinsubsequentevents.

20.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“inflation”(line2)mostnearlymeansAexaggerationBacquisitionCevaluationDdistortionEattenuation

Thisistheendofsection319

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Section4阅读部分

ForeachofQuestions5to9,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.

Questions5and6arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Whenmarineorganismscalledphytoplanktonphotosynthesize,theyabsorbcarbondioxidedissolvedinseawater,potentiallycausingareductionintheconcentrationofatmosphericcarbondioxide,agasthatcontributestoglobalwarming.However,phytoplanktonflourishonlyinsurfacewaterswhereironlevelsaresufficientlyhigh.Martinthereforehypothesizedthataddingirontoiron-poorregionsoftheoceancouldhelpalleviateglobalwarming.Whileexperimentssubsequentlyconfirmedthatsuchaprocedureincreasesphytoplanktongrowth,fieldtestshaveshownthatsuchgrowthdoesnotsignificantlyloweratmosphericcarbondioxide.Whenphytoplanktonutilizecarbondioxideforphotosynthesis,thecarbonbecomesabuildingblockfororganicmatter,butthecarbonleaksbackintotheatmospherewhenpredatorsconsumethephytoplanktonandrespirecarbondioxide.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatMartin’shypothesisincludeswhichofthefollowingelements?

AAcorrectunderstandingofhowphytoplanktonphotosynthesisutilizescarbondioxide

BAcorrectpredictionabouthowtheadditionofirontoiron-poorwaterswouldaffectphytoplanktongrowth

CAnincorrectpredictionabouthowphytoplanktongrowthwouldaffecttheconcentrationofatmosphericcarbondioxide

6.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionspredators(line9)primarilyinordertoAhelpexplainwhyMartin’shypothesisisincorrectBidentifyoneeffectofaddingirontoiron-poorwaters

Cindicatehowsomecarbondioxideisconvertedtosolidorganicmatter

Dhelpaccountfordifferencesinthedensityofphytoplanktonbetweendifferentregionsoftheocean

Epointoutafactorthatwasnotanticipatedbythescientistswhoconductedthefieldtestsmentionedinthepassage

Question7isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Sparva,unlikeTreland’sotherprovinces,requiresautomobileinsurerstopayforanymedicaltreatmentsoughtbysomeonewhohasbeeninvolvedinanaccident;intheotherprovinces,insurerspayfornonemergencytreatmentonlyiftheypreapprovethetreatment.Clearly,Sparva’slessrestrictivepolicymustbetheexplanationforthefactthataltogetherinsurerstherepayforfarmoretreatmentsafteraccidentsthaninsurersinotherprovinces,eventhoughSparvadoesnothavethelargestpopulation.

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9.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

Aexplainingwhycertainresearchfindingshavecreatedcontroversy

BpointingouttheflawsinaresearchmethodologyandsuggestingadifferentapproachCpresentingevidencetochallengeanexplanationandofferinganalternativeexplanationDelucidatingthemeansbywhichcertaingroupshaveadaptedtotheirenvironmentEdefendingalong-heldinterpretationbypresentingnewresearchfindings

10.Whichofthefollowingfindingswouldmoststronglysupporttheassertionmadebythearchaeologistsmentionedinline3?

AApopulationremainedinacertainregionatleastacenturyaftererosionworeawaymuchofthetopsoilthatsustainedgrassfortheirgrazinganimals.

BTherangeofacertaingroup’sagriculturalactivityincreasedoveracenturyofgradualdecreaseinannualrainfall.

CAswintersgrewincreasinglymildinacertainregion,thenomadicresidentsoftheregioncontinuedtomovebetweentheirsummerandwinterencampments.

DAnagriculturalpopulationbegantotradeforsuppliesofagraininsteadofproducingthegraininitsownfieldsasithadinthepast.

EAhalfcenturyofdroughtandfallinggroundwaterlevelscausedacertainpopulationtoabandontheirsettlementsalongariverbank.

11.Thefactthat“adjacentagriculturalfieldscanproducesignificantlydifferentyields”(lines15–16)isofferedasevidenceofthe

AunpredictabilityoftheclimateandenvironmentofthesouthwesternUnitedStates

BdifficultyofproducingaconsistentfoodsupplyforalargepopulationintheWesternPuebloregion

ClackofwaterandlandsuitableforcultivationincentralArizona

DlocalclimaticvariationintheenvironmentofthesouthwesternUnitedStates

Ehigh-frequencyenvironmentalprocessesatworkinthesouthwesternUnitedStates

12.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingactivitiesisNOTanexampleofapopulationrespondingtohigh-frequencyenvironmentalprocesses?

ADevelopingwatertightjarsinwhichtocollectandstorewaterduringtherainyseason

BBuildingmultistorydwellingsinlow-lyingareastoavoidtheflashfloodingthatoccurseachsummer

CMovingavillagebecausegroundwaterlevelshavechangedoverthelastgenerationDTradingwithothergroupsforfursfromwhichtomakewinterclothes

EMovingone’sherdsofgrazinganimalseachyearbetweensummerandwinterpastures

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arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Questions13and21414are

Arcticseaicecomesintwovarieties.Seasonaliceformsinwinterandthenmeltsin

summer,whileperennialicepersistsyear-round.Totheuntrainedeye,allseaicelookssimilar,butbylickingit,onecanestimatehowlongaparticularpiecehasbeenfloatingaround.Whenicebeginstoforminseawater,itforcesoutsalt,whichhasnoplaceinthecrystalstructure.Astheicegetsthicker,therejectedsaltcollectsintinypocketsofbrinetoohighlyconcentratedtofreeze.Apieceoffirst-yearicewilltastesalty.Eventually,iftheicesurvives,thesepocketsofbrinedrainoutthroughfine,veinlikechannels,andtheicebecomesfresher;multiyearicecanevenbemeltedanddrunk.

Considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.13.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasbeingacharacteristicofseasonalice?AItissimilarinappearancetoperennialice.

BItistypicallyfilledwithfine,veinlikechannels.CIttastessaltierthanperennialice.

14.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“fine”(line7)mostnearlymeansAacceptableBelegantCpreciseDpureEsmall

Foreachofquestions19to25,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.

to20arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.Questions1919to

HistorianscreditrepeatedlocustinvasionsinthenineteenthcenturywithreshapingUnitedStates

agriculturewestoftheMississippiRiver.Admonishedbygovernmententomologists,farmersbegantodiversify.Wheathadcometonearlymonopolizetheregion,butitwasparticularlyvulnerabletothelocusts.In1873,justbeforethelocusts’mostwitheringoffensive,nearlytwo-thirdsofMinnesotafarmlandwasproducingwheat;bytheinvasions’lastyear,thatfractionhaddroppedtolessthanone-sixth.Farmerslearnedthatpeasandbeanswerefarlessvulnerabletotheinsects,andcornwasamorerobustgrainthanwheat.Inadditiontoplantingalternativecrops,manyfarmersturnedtodairyandbeefproduction.Althoughpastureswereoftendamagedbythelocusts,theselandswerealmostalwaysleftinbettershapethanthecropswere.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.19.Accordingtothepassage,beforetherecommendationsbythegovernmententomologists,whichofthefollowingwastrueaboutfarmingwestoftheMississippiRiver?

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AFarmersfocusedprimarilyongrowingwheat.

BPeasandbeanshadnotyetbeenplantedintheregion.

CArelativelysmallportionoffarmlandwasdevotedtocropsotherthanwheat.20.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“robust”(line7)mostnearlymeansAcrude

BdemandingCproductiveDvigorousErich

Question21arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

In1998theUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportationreceivednearly10,000consumercomplaintsaboutairlines;in1999itreceivedover20,000.Moreover,thenumberofcomplaintsper100,000passengersalsomorethandoubled.Inbothyearsthevastmajorityofcomplaintsconcernedflightdelays,cancellations,mishandledbaggage,andcustomerservice.Clearly,therefore,despitetheUnitedStatesairlineindustry’sseriouseffortstoimproveperformanceintheseareas,passengerdissatisfactionwithairlineserviceincreasedsignificantlyin1999.

21.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

AAlthoughthepercentageofflightsthatarrivedontimedroppedslightlyoverall,from77percentin1998to76percentin1999,someUnitedStatesairlines’1999on-timeratewasactuallybetterthantheir1998on-timerate.

BThenumberofpassengersflyingonUnitedStatesairlineswassignificantlyhigherin1999thanin1998.

CFewerbagsper1,000passengersflyingonUnitedStatesairlineswerelostordelayedin1999thanin1998.

DTheappearancein1999ofmanynewInternetsitesthatrelaycomplaintsdirectlytotheDepartmentofTransportationhasmadefilingacomplaintaboutairlinesmucheasierforconsumersthaneverbefore.

EAlthoughthenumberofconsumercomplaintsincreasedforeverymajorUnitedStatesairlinein1999,forsomeairlinestheextentoftheincreasewassubstantial,whereasforothersitwasextremelysmall.

Questions22to24arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Nineteenth-centuryarchitectEugène-EmmanuelViollet-le-DuccontendedthatParis’s

Notre-Damecathedral,builtprimarilyinthelatetwelfthcentury,wassupportedfromtheverybeginningbyasystemofflyingbuttresses—aseriesofexteriorarches(flyers)andtheirsupports(buttresses)—whichpermittedtheconstructionoftallervaultedbuildingswithslimmerwallsandinteriorsupportsthanhadbeenpossiblepreviously.Othercommentatorsinsist,however,thatNotre-Damedidnothaveflyingbuttressesuntilthethirteenthorfourteenthcentury,whentheywereaddedtoupdatethebuildingaestheticallyandcorrectitsstructuralflaws.Although

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post-twelfth-centurymodificationsandrenovationscomplicateeffortstoresolvethiscontroversy—allpre-fifteenth-centuryflyershavebeenreplaced,andthebuttresseshavebeenrebuiltand/orresurfaced—itisneverthelesspossibletotellthatboththenaveandthechoir,thechurch’stwomajorparts,havealwayshadflyingbuttresses.Itisclear,nowthatnineteenth-centurypaintandplasterhavebeenremoved,thatthenave’slowerbuttressesdatefromthetwelfthcentury.Moreover,thechoir’slowerflyershavechevron(zigzag)decoration.Chevrondecoration,whichwascharacteristicofthesecondhalfofthetwelfthcenturyandwasoutoffavorbythefourteenthcentury,isentirelyabsentfrommodificationstothebuildingthatcanbedatedwithconfidencetothethirteenthcentury.22.ThepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithAtracingthedevelopmentofacontroversy

BdiscussingobstaclestoresolvingacontroversyCarguinginsupportofonesideinacontroversy

DanalyzingtheassumptionsunderlyingtheclaimsmadeinacontroversyEexplainingwhyevidencerelevanttoacontroversyhasbeenoverlooked

23.Theclaimofthe“othercommentators”(line5)suggeststhattheybelievewhichofthefollowingaboutNotre-Dame?

AItwastheinspirationformanyvaultedcathedralsbuiltinthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies.BItsdesignflawswerenotapparentuntilflyingbuttresseswereaddedinthethirteenthorfourteenthcentury.

CItsflyingbuttressesareembellishedwithdecorationcharacteristicofthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies.

DIthadbeenmodifiedinsomerespectsbeforeflyingbuttresseswereaddedinthethirteenthorfourteenthcentury.

EItwasoriginallyconstructedinanarchitecturalstylethatwasconsideredoutmodedbythethirteenthorfourteenthcentury.

24.Theauthor’sargumentconcerningNotre-Dame’sflyingbuttressesdependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptionsaboutthechoir’slowerflyers?

ATheyaccuratelyreproducethedecorationonthechoir’soriginallowerflyers.BTheyhaveatypeofdecorationusedexclusivelyforexteriorsurfaces.CTheywerethemodelsforthechoir’soriginalupperflyers.DTheywerethemodelsforthenave’soriginallowerflyers.ETheywereconstructedafterthenave’sflyerswereconstructed.Question25arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.

Theaveragetemperatureofthelobster-richwatersoffthecoastofFoerklandhasbeen

increasingforsomeyears.Inwarmerwater,lobstersgrowfaster.Inparticular,lobsterlarvaetakelesstimetoreachthesizeatwhichtheyarenolongervulnerabletopredationbyyoungcod,thechiefthreattotheirsurvival.Consequently,thesurvivalrateoflobsterlarvaemustbegoingup,andthelobsterpopulationinFoerkland’scoastalwatersisboundtoincrease.

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25.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheargument?

AThereareindicationsthatinrecentyearsthefishingfleetoperatingoffthecoastofFoerklandhasbeentakingcodatanunsustainablyhighrate.

BTheincreaseinwatertemperaturesoffFoerklandhasnotbeenaspronouncedastheincreaseinaveragesoiltemperaturesinFoerkland.

CBecauseoftheirspeeded-upgrowth,lobstersnowgetlargeenoughtobelegalcatchbeforetheyreachreproductivematurity.

DEventhoughlobstersgrowfasterinwarmerwaters,warmerwatershavenoeffectonthemaximumsizetowhichalobstercaneventuallygrow.

ECodareacold-waterspecies,andtheincreasingwatertemperatureshavecausedanorthwardshiftinFoerkland’scodpopulation.

Thisistheendofsection49texstand10arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.TxtTxt935

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activity”(lines10-11)wouldbelikelyAdeflectawayfromeachother

Bchangetheshapeofeachother’sorbit

CaffecttheorbitsofanyneighboringplanetsQuestion11isbasedonthispassage.

Evenafternumerousproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersbecameavailable,sugarconsumptionpercapitacontinuedtorise.Nowmanufacturersareintroducingfat-freeversionsofvariousfoodsthattheyclaimhavethetasteandtextureofthetraditional

high-fatversions.Evenifthemanufacturers’claimistrue,giventhattheavailabilityofsugar-freefoodsdidnotreducesugarconsumption,itisunlikelythattheavailabilityofthesefat-freefoodswillreducefatconsumption.

11.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheargument?

ASeveralkindsoffatsubstituteareavailabletomanufacturers,eachofwhichgivesanoticeablydifferenttasteandtexturetoproductsthatcontainit.

BTheproductsmadewithartificialsweetenersdidnottastelikeproductsmadewithsugar.

CThefoodsbroughtoutinsugar-freeversionsdidnotgenerallyhavereducedlevelsoffat,butmanyofthefat-freeversionsabouttobeintroducedarelowinsugar.

DPeoplewhoregularlyconsumeproductscontainingartificialsweetenersaremorelikelythanotherstoconsumefat-freefoods.

ENotallfoodscontainingfatcanbeproducedinfat-freeversions.

Questions12to15arebasedonthispassage.

RecentstudiesofsedimentintheNorthAtlantic’sdeepwatersrevealpossiblecyclicalpatternsinthehistoryofEarth’sclimate.Therockfragmentsinthesesedimentsaretoolargetohavebeentransportedtherebyoceancurrents;theymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationsbytravelinginlargeicebergsthatfloatedlongdistancesfromtheirpointoforiginbeforemelting.GeologistGerardBondnoticedthatsomeofthesedimentgrainswerestainedwithironoxide,evidencethattheyoriginatedinlocaleswhereglaciershadoverrunoutcropsofredsandstone.Bond’sdetailedanalysisofdeep-watersedimentcoresshowedchangesinthemixofsedimentsourcesovertime:theproportionofthesered-stainedgrainsfluctuatedbackandforthfromlowsof5percenttohighsofabout17percent,andthesefluctuationsoccurredinanearlyregular1,500-yearcycle.

Bondhypothesizedthatthealternatingcyclesmightbeevidenceofchangesinocean-watercirculationandthereforeinEarth’sclimate.Heknewthatthesourcesofthered-stainedgrainsweregenerallyclosertotheNorthPolethanweretheplacesyieldingahighproportionof“clean”grains.Atcertaintimes,apparently,moreicebergsfromtheArcticOceaninthefarnorthweretravelingsouthwellintotheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltingandsheddingtheirsediment.

Oceanwatersareconstantlymoving,andwatertemperatureisbothacauseandaneffectofthismovement.Aswatercools,itbecomesdenserandsinkstotheocean’sbottom.Duringsomeperiods,thebottomlayeroftheworld’soceanscomesfromcold,densewatersinkinginthefarNorthAtlantic.ThiscausesthewarmsurfacewatersoftheGulfStreamtobepullednorthward.Bondrealizedthatduringsuchperiods,theinfluxofthesewarmsurfacewatersintonorthern

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regionscouldcausealargeproportionoftheicebergsthatbearredgrainstomeltbeforetravelingveryfarintotheNorthAtlantic.Butsometimestheocean’sdynamicchanges,andwatersfromtheGulfStreamdonottravelnorthwardinthisway.Duringtheseperiods,surfacewatersintheNorthAtlanticwouldgenerallybecolder,permittingicebergsbearingred-stainedgrainstotravelfarther5

southintheNorthAtlanticbeforemeltinganddepositingtheirsediment.

Theonsetoftheso-calledLittleIceAge(1300-1860),whichfollowedtheMedievalWarmPeriodoftheeighththroughtenthcenturies,mayrepresentthemostrecenttimethattheocean’sdynamicchangedinthisway.Ifongoingclimate-historystudiessupportBond’shypothesisof1,500-yearcycles,scientistsmayestablishamajornaturalrhythminEarth’stemperaturesthatcouldthenbeextrapolatedintothefuture.BecausethemidpointoftheMedievalWarmPeriodwasaboutA.D.850,anextensionofBond’scycleswouldplacethemidpointofthenextwarmintervalinthe

twenty-fourthcentury.

12.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrueoftherockfragmentscontainedinthesedimentsstudiedbyBond?

AThemajorityofthemarecomposedofredsandstone.

BTheymusthavereachedtheirpresentlocationover1,500yearsago.CTheywerecarriedbyicebergstotheirpresentlocation.

DMostofthemwerecarriedtotheirpresentlocationduringawarmperiodinEarth’sclimatichistory.

ETheyareunlikelytohavebeencarriedtotheirpresentlocationduringtheLittleIceAge.13.Inthefinalparagraphofthepassage(lines30-37),theauthorisconcernedprimarilywithAansweringaquestionaboutEarth’sclimatichistoryBpointingoutapotentialflawinBond’shypothesis

CsuggestinganewfocusforthestudyofoceansedimentsDtracingthegeneralhistoryofEarth’sclimate

EdiscussingpossibleimplicationsofBond’shypothesis

14.Accordingtothepassage,Bondhypothesizedthatwhichofthefollowingcircumstanceswouldallowred-stainedsedimentgrainstoreachmoresoutherlylatitudes?AWarmwatersbeingpullednorthwardfromtheGulfStreamBClimaticconditionscausingicebergstomeltrelativelyquicklyCIcebergscontainingahigherproportionofironoxidethanusualDTheformationofmoreicebergsthanusualinthefarnorthEThepresenceofcoldsurfacewatersintheNorthAtlantic

15.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinsedimentcoresfromtheNorthAtlantic’sdeepwaters,theportionsthatcorrespondtotheLittleIceAge

AdifferverylittleincompositionfromtheportionsthatcorrespondtotheMedievalWarmPeriodBfluctuatesignificantlyincompositionbetweentheportionscorrespondingtothe1300sandtheportionscorrespondingtothe1700s

Cwouldbelikelytocontainaproportionofred-stainedgrainscloserto17percentthanto5

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percent

Dshowamuchhigherproportionofred-stainedgrainsincoresextractedfromthefarnorthoftheNorthAtlanticthanincoresextractedfromfurthersouth

EwereformedinpartasaresultofGulfStreamwatershavingbeenpullednorthwardForeachofQuestions20to25selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwisedirected.

Question20isbasedonthispassage.

Asanexampleofthedevastationwroughtonmusicpublishersbythephotocopier,oneexecutivenotedthatforarecentchoralfestivalwith1,200singers,thefestival’sorganizingcommitteepurchasedonly12copiesofthemusicpublishedbyhercompanythatwasperformedaspartoftheFestival.

20.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakensthesupporttheexamplelendstotheexecutive’scontentionthatmusicpublishershavebeendevastatedbythephotocopier?

AOnlyathirdofthe1,200singerswereinvolvedinperformingthemusicpublishedbytheexecutive’scompany.

BHalfofthesingersatthefestivalhadalreadyheardthemusictheyweretoperformbeforetheybegantopracticeforthefestival.

CBecauseofshortagesinfunding,theorganizingcommitteeofthechoralfestivalrequiredsingerstopurchasetheirowncopiesofthemusicperformedatthefestival.DEachcopyofmusicthatwasperformedatthefestivalwassharedbytwosingers.

EAsaresultofpublicitygeneratedbyitsperformanceatthefestival,thetypeofmusicperformedatthefestivalbecamemorewidelyknown.Questions21and22arebasedonthispassage.

Atalltreecantransportahundredgallonsofwateradayfromitsrootsdeepundergroundtothetreetop.Isthismovementpropelledbypullingthewaterfromaboveorpushingitfrombelow?Thepullmechanismhaslongbeenfavoredbymostscientists.Firstproposedinthelate1800s,thetheoryreliesonapropertyofwaternotcommonlyassociatedwithfluids:itstensilestrength.Insteadofmakingacleanbreak,waterevaporatingfromtreetopstugsontheremainingwatermolecules,withthattugextendingfrommoleculetomoleculeallthewaydowntotheroots.Thetreeitselfdoesnotactuallypushorpull;alltheenergyforliftingwatercomesfromthesun’sevaporativepower.

Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?AThepulltheoryisnotuniversallyacceptedbyscientists.

BThepulltheorydependsononeofwater’sphysicalproperties.CThepulltheoryoriginatedearlierthandidthepushtheory.

22.ThepassageprovidesinformationoneachofthefollowingEXCEPTAwhenthepulltheoryoriginated

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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

Btheamountofwateratalltreecantransport

Cthesignificanceofwater’stensilestrengthinthepulltheoryDtheroleofthesuninthepulltheory

Ethemechanismunderlyingwater’stensilestrength

Questions23to25arebasedonthispassage.

WhiletheinfluenceofBritishmagazinesinshapingpublicopinionpredatesthenineteenthcentury,itwasduringthe1800sthatmassdistributionbecamepossibleandanexplosioninperiodicalreadershipoccurred,vastlyincreasingmagazines’opinion-shapingpowers.Theroleofmagazinesasarbitersofnineteenth-centurytasteisseenintheirdepictionsoftheLondontheater.ThemagazinesaccordedsomelegitimacytoEastEndworking-classtheatersthatmirroredtheformatofthefashionableWestEndtheatersservingmiddle-andupper-classaudiences.However,themagazinesalsodepictedmusichalls—whichcompetedforpatronagewithalltheaters—asplaceswherecrassentertainmentcorruptedspectators’tasteandmorals.Finally,theysuggestedthatpopulardemandforsubstandardfarecreatedamarketunfriendlytohigherexpressionsofdramaticart.

23.TheauthorofthepassageattributestheinfluenceofBritishperiodicalsinshapingpublicopinioninthenineteenthcenturyinpartto

Aagrowingpublicinterestinreadingopinionpieces

BanincreaseintherelativenumberofreadersfromthemiddleandupperclassesCchangesinthewayinwhichmagazinesweredistributed

Dmagazines’increasedcoverageoftheaterandpopularentertainmentEchangesinmagazineformatthatattractedawiderreadership

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24.TheauthorofthepassagementionsEastEndworking-classtheatersprimarilyinordertoAillustrateapointabouttheabilityofmagazinestoswaypublicopinion

BcontrastthekindsofentertainmentpresentedinEastEndandWestEndtheaters

Cmakeapointabouthowspectators’tastesinfluencedtheofferingsatdifferentkindsoftheatersDexplainhowmagazineschosewhichkindsofentertainmenttocoverEidentifyfactorsthathelpedmakecertaintheatersfashionable

25.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“accorded”(line5)mostnearlymeansAreconciledBrevealedCgrantedDverifiedEmaintained

Thisistheendofsection4.44

“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博

PracticebookEdition2SECTION3阅读部分

ForeachofQuestions9to14,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwisedirected.Questions9to11arebasedonthispassage.

HistorianF.W.Maitlandobservedthatlegaldocumentsarethebest—indeed,oftentheonly—availableevidenceabouttheeconomicandsocialhistoryofagivenperiod.Why,then,hasittakensolongforhistorianstofocussystematicallyonthecivil(noncriminal)lawofearlymodern(sixteenth-toeighteenth-century)England?Maitlandofferedonereason:thesubjectrequiresresearchersto“masteranextremelyformalsystemofpleadingandprocedure.”YetthecomplexitiesthatconfrontthosewhowouldstudysuchmaterialsarenotwhollydifferentfromthoserecentlysurmountedbyhistoriansofcriminallawinEnglandduringthesameperiod.Anotherpossibleexplanationforhistorians’neglectofthesubjectistheirwidespreadassumptionthatmostpeopleinearlymodernEnglandhadlittlecontactwithcivillaw.Ifthatwereso,thehistoryoflegalmatterswouldbeoflittlerelevancetogeneralhistoricalscholarship.Butrecentresearchsuggeststhatcivillitigationduringtheperiodinvolvedartisans,merchants,professionals,shopkeepers,andfarmers,andnotmerelyanarrow,propertied,maleelite.Moreover,thelatersixteenthandearlyseventeenthcenturiessawanextraordinaryexplosionincivillitigationbybothwomenandmen,makingthisthemostlitigiouserainEnglishhistoryonapercapitabasis.9.ThepassagesuggeststhatthehistoryofcriminallawinearlymodernEnglanddiffersfromthehistoryofcivillawduringthatsameperiodinthatthehistoryofcriminallaw

A.isofmoreintellectualinteresttohistoriansandtheirreadersB.hasbeenstudiedmorethoroughlybyhistoriansC.ismorerelevanttogeneralsocialhistory

D.involvesthestudyofalargerproportionofthepopulation

E.doesnotrequirethemasteryofanextremelyformalsystemofprocedures

10.TheauthorofthepassagementionstheoccupationsofthoseinvolvedincivillitigationinearlymodernEnglandmostlikelyinorderto

Asuggestthatmosthistorians’assumptionsabouttheparticipantsinthecivillegalsystemduringthatperiodareprobablycorrect

BsupportthetheorythatmorepeopleparticipatedinthecivillegalsystemthanthecriminallegalsysteminEnglandduringthatperiod

Ccountertheclaimthatlegalissuesrevealmoreaboutacountry’sordinarycitizensthanaboutitselite

DillustratethewiderangeofpeoplewhousedthecivillegalsysteminEnglandduringthatperiodEsuggestthatrecentdataonpeoplewhoparticipatedinearlymodernEngland’slegalsystemmaynotbecorrect

11.Theauthorofthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“widespread

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