工程管理专业外语英汉翻译

A

A bill of quantities allows each contractor tendering for a project to price the work using the same information.

一个账单量允许每个承包商为项目投标价格

A bill of quantities is a list of item are entered in the next column followed by the rate ($/meter,$/meter2,$meter3,etc).

比尔的数量是一个列表项进入下一列由率（美元/米，美元/平方米，美元/ 立方米，等）

A construction manager can provide such coordination and the leadership necessary to produce the work. 一个项目经理提供必要的生产等工作的协调和领导。

A contract can be a ‘simple contract’: specialty contracts are also commonly referred to as ‘contracts under seal’.

合同可以是一个简单的合同”：专业合同通常也被称为“盖印契约

A contract is agreement between two or more than two parties(individuals or organizations) to perform or not to perform certain acts.

合同协议的两个或更多的比之间的两方（个人或组织）执行或不执行某些行为。

A contract may be written or oral, but is only formed when there has an offer to do or provide something that is accepted by another party and is supported by consideration.

合同可以是书面的或口头的，但只有当有一个形成作出或提供的东西是由另一方的接受和支持的思考。 A contract under seal is a contract made by a ‘deed’. 在密封的合同是一种以“契约合同。

A designer and a construction consultant together would provide the owner with the right information. 一个设计师和工程顾问一起将向业主提供正确的信息

A fast-track approach leaves the option of holding back pieces of the project. 短平快的叶着作品的项目选择。

A general contractor typically marks up the subcontractors' work 10 percent. 总承包商的分包商的工作通常是百分之10

A general contractor who is pricing work usually includes work common to multiple trades in his or her own number.

一个总承包商定价工作通常包括在他或她自己的号码的多个行业共同工作。

A heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) subcontractor, for instance, may hire a sheet metal subcontractor to fabricate and instalJ the ductwork on the job.

加热，通风，空调（HVAC）的分包商，例如，可以雇佣一个金属片的分包商的制作和instalj管道在工作

A look at the organization, including employees' average years of experience, its retention record, its safety record, current projects, and the availability of specific staff members, will flesh out the specific characteristics of the firm.

在组织一看，包括雇员的平均年经验，其保留记录，它的安全记录，当前的项目，和具体的工作人员的可用性，将制定出公司的具体特点。

A materials supplier may provide materials to a general contractor in exchange for labor on another project.

一种材料的供应商可以提供材料，在另一个项目总承包劳务交换。

A pre-bid conference also allows contractors to ask questions, which will be followed up with a written response.

投标前会议还允许承包商要问的问题，这将是跟着一个书面答复

A pre-bid conference held early can be valuable to the owner. 投标前会议举行早期可业主价值。

A project that is unusual and can add variety to the company's portfolio will spark interest even if the profit margins look low.

一个项目，是不寻常的，可以添加多种公司的投资组合会引发兴趣，即使利润率很低。 A schedule of rates is very similar to bill of quantities with one major difference. 一个时间表的利率是一个主要的不同量的账单很相似。 A similar exercise is done for labor and equipment. 一个类似的运动是劳动力和设备做了。

A working knowledge of procedures involved in such a contract is an invaluable asset for all those employed, or aspiring to be employed, at management or senior supervisory level in the building industry. 一个参与这样的合同程序的工作知识是所有那些宝贵的资产，或有抱负的被聘用，管理或在建筑行业高级管理水平。

A young designer may supply architectural services in exchange for publicity and experience. 一个年轻的设计师可能会在宣传和交流经验，建筑服务供应。

Access to the site, amount of laydown area available, railroad locations, utility availability, and routes into the site are all factors that will affect how the design team formulates the documents.

访问该网站的可用数量，堆放区，铁路的位置，实用性，和路线进入网站都将影响如何设计团队制定的文件。 Addenda are competitively priced by the contractors who are bidding the job and are acknowledged on the bid form in the space provided.

附录的价格具有竞争性的招标工作的人是公认的在标书中所提供的空间商。

ADR is a voluntary process in which the parties are assisted in solving their disputes by a neutral third party without the need of a judge or arbitrator.

ADR是一个自愿的过程中，当事人是辅助解决纠纷的中立的第三方没有法官或仲裁员需要

ADR procedures unlike litigation and arbitration are not binding until a mutually agreed settlement is reached and is put in writing.

ADR程序不同于诉讼和仲裁不结合到双方同意达成和解，写。

After the documents are issued but before the bids are due, changes often need to be made. 文件发布后但在中标之前，往往需要作出改变。

All contracts must be supported by consideration. 所有的合同都必须支持的思考。

All through the design process, there will be costing of several alternatives. 在设计的过程中，会有几个备选方案的成本。

Also known as general conditions, they contain detailed clauses regarding payment to the contractor, mechanism for the application and the subsequent approval for extension of time(EOT), liquidated damages, defects liability, damage to public property, etc.

也被称为一般的条件下，它们包含了详细的条款支付给承包商，和时间的延长，随后的批准的应用机理（EOT），违约金，缺陷责任，公共财产损失，等。

Also, construction methods and materials can be worked out conceptually much earlier and be incorporated early enough to make an impact on the way in which the documents are assembled. 同时，施工方法和材料可以制定概念更早，可以使在该文档中组装的方式影响足够早的。

Also, the conciliator dose not have private meetings with the parties as in the case of mediation proceedings.

同时，调解人不与当事人有私人会议在诉讼调解案件。

Also, the evaluation of lump sum tenders is fairly simple and straightforward. 同时，总价投标的评价是相当简单和直接。

Also, the owner is often making a final review of the documents during the bid period. 同时，业主往往是投标期间制作的文件的最后审查。

Also, this procedure gives the impression of being fair since it allows virtually any contractor to bid for the job.

同时，本程序给出了因为它允许几乎任何承包商的投标工作的公正的印象。

Also, this procedure gives the impression of being fair since it allows virtually any contractor to bid for the job.

同时，本程序给出了因为它允许几乎任何承包商的投标工作的公正的印象

Also, under the “limitation ordinance’, for simple contracts the right to ‘sue’ (take legal action against another party) is within six years, whereas it is twelve years for contracts under seal. 同时，“条例”的限制下，简单的合同权利，“苏（”对另一方采取法律行动）是在六年以内，而这是十二岁，盖印契约。 Also, when a large number of contractors are asked to submit their tenders, a lot of time and effort is put into unsuccessful tenders and it proves to be a burden for the industry.

同时，当大量的承包商被要求提交标书，很多的时间和精力放在不成功的投标，这是该行业的负担。

Although examining project components according to how complex they are to build is part of value engineering, the analysis can be accomplished in a more proactive way.

虽然研究项目的组成部分，根据他们建有多么复杂是价值工程的一部分，该分析可以在一个更积极的方式完成。 Although many disputes end up in the courts, more and more parties are turning instead to alternative dispute resolution methods such as arbitration and mediation.

虽然许多纠纷最终在法庭上，越来越多的党派取而代之的替代性纠纷解决方法，如仲裁与调解。

Although not officially part of the specifications, it includes information that is relevant to the project: 虽然没有正式规范的一部分，它包括对项目相关信息：

Although the main purpose of the bill of the quantities is to assist the contractor in the preparation his

tender, it can be used for many other purposes such as preparation of interim valuations, valuations of variations and preparation of final accounts, etc.

虽然数量的账单的主要目的是协助承包商在编制招标，它可以用于许多其他用途，如临时估价的制备，变化和决算制备的估值，等。

Although the owner can devise his or her own general conditions, most prefer to use a standard version-often called the boilerplate.

虽然业主可以制定他或她自己的一般条件，最喜欢使用一个标准version-often称为样板。

Although there is always a lead designer, the product is a combination of the collaborative process and consultation with other experts.

虽然总是有一个首席设计师，该产品是由其他专家的协作过程和咨询。

Although they may repeat some of the information in the invitation to bid or on the bid form, the instructions are mostly concerned with the following:

虽然他们可能会重复一些信息在招标或招标的形式，说明主要关心的是如下：

Although tight budgets make cost reductions a fact of life, the owner needs to know exactly what he or she is buying.

虽然预算紧缩使成本降低的事实，业主需要确切地知道他或她是购买。

Although value engineering takes place throughout a project, even during construction, the most value is gained early in the process: change from one system to another will have little impact on the schedule, and the amount of redesign and redraw is minimized.

虽然发生在整个项目的价值工程，甚至在施工过程中，最有价值的过程中获得的早期：从一个系统转换到另一个会对进度的影响小，重新设计的量最小化和重绘。 Amount of the bond 债券的金额

An experienced engineer should be able to do it with a fair degree of accuracy, any tender that appears to be unusually low should be checked for error or the bidder’s misunderstanding of the contract; and the contractor selection process should lay emphasis on competence rather than price alone. 一位经验丰富的工程师应该能够以一定的精确度做，任何投标，似乎是非常低的应检查合同的错误或投标人的误解；和承包商的选择过程中应注重能力而不是单独的价格。

An offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a contract on certain terms and conditions and can be made orally, in writing, or by conduct.

要约是愿意进入某些条款和条件的合同来表达，可以口服，写作，或行为。 An offer is the first step to forming a contract. 要约是形成一个合同的第一步。

An organization usually has many competing needs for funds. 一个组织的资金通常有许多相互竞争的需求。

Another early criterion established by the owner is the required completion date. 另一个早期的准则制定由业主所需的完工日期。

Another factor that can reduce claims and disputes is adequate and proper conducted site investigations. 另一个因素，可以减少索赔和纠纷是足够的和适当的进行现场调查。

Another indicator is the makeup of the proposed team that presents itself to the owner. 另一个指标是该团队呈现给业主化妆。 Anxiety levels are high for all parties. 各方焦虑水平高。

Arbitration clause is included in the Hong Kong Standard From of Contract and provides a forum dispute resolution that is less expensive and time consuming than litigation.

仲裁条款是从合同包括在香港标准，提供了一个论坛，纠纷解决是不太昂贵的和非诉讼费时。 Arbitration is an alternative to litigation that is quite popular in the construction industry. 仲裁是一种替代诉讼，在建筑业中是很受欢迎的。

As an estimator or a scheduler, the constructor is an advisor to the team on cost issues and scheduling issues.

作为一个估计或调度，构造函数是一个顾问团队的成本问题和调度问题。

As an integral part of the design effort, the constructor examines, recommends, and researches alternatives for various materials as well as details and reviews the constructability of the project components.

作为设计工作的一个组成部分，构造函数的探讨，建议方案，研究各种材料以及详细回顾了项目施工。

As changes are made to the project, the development of the design should follow the procedure set up

during the design phase to evaluate the changes.

为使项目的变化，设计的发展应遵循建立设计阶段评估的过程中。

As far as organization choices are concerned, we have a range of contractual arrangements varying from the traditional or conventional contracts on one end of the spectrum to build-operate-transfer (BOT) contracts on the other end, which has been discussed in chapter four.

至于组织的选择有关，我们有一系列的契约安排不同于传统或常规的一端的频谱合同建设经营转让（BOT）在另一端的合同，这已经在四章介绍。

As the design becomes more detailed, however, the amount of money already invested increases; and any change has the potential to be costly.

作为设计变得更加详细，但是，钱已经投入量的增加而提高；任何改变都可能是昂贵的。

As their name implies, these conditions are general in nature and apply to any construction project. 顾名思义，这些条件是一般性的，适用于任何建筑工程。

Aside from being professionally discourteous and creating real liability concerns, interfering too much in design decisions can create mistrust among the project team members and affect how they interact with each other.

除了专业的无礼和建立真正的责任问题，干扰太多的设计决策，可以创建的项目团队成员之间的不信任和对它们如何相互作用。

Aside from the profit motive, companies may bid on projects for other reasons. 除了利润动机，公司可能会因其他原因项目的投标。

At a later date, family members may claim that the owner lacked capacity and, therefore, the contract cannot be enforced.

在以后的日子里，家庭成员可能会声称业主缺乏能力，因此，该合同不能强制执行。

At each of these points, the constructor produces a schedule, an estimate, and review comments that look specifically at construction-related and contractual issues.

在每一个点，构造函数产生一个时间表，估计，和评论，看看具体建设相关的合同问题。

At some point, too little layering of subcontractors affects both the price received from the contracting market and the ability to get the job done efficiently.

在一些点，太少的分层分包商的影响价格从承包市场接收和高效率地做好工作的能力。

At the end of schematic design, however, it is important to employ a construction professional to develop costs.

在原理图设计，然而最终，它是采用施工的专业开发成本的重要。

At the same time, the owner needs to understand fully the rationale for certain design choices so that, when the time comes for acceptance or rejection of a specific proposal, that rationale is weighed appropriately.

同时，业主需要充分了解一定的设计选择这样的理由，当时间来接受或拒绝特定的提议，理由是适当的，重。 At the time, the contractor notices that the owner is forgetful and perhaps eccentric, but thinks nothing of it.

同时，承包商通知业主很健忘，也许偏心，但认为这没什么。

At this stage alternate project configuration schemes (such as high-rise versus low-rise, steel versus concrete, rectangular versus square floor plate) are discussed along with alternatives for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.

在这一阶段交替的项目配置方案（如高层与低层，钢与混凝土，矩形和方形底板）一起讨论的机械，电气和管道系统的替代品。

At this stage, long-lead items are identified, and those that must be prepurchased to arrive on site in time are developed on an accelerated schedule.

在这个阶段，很长的项目，是确定的，和那些必须prepurchased现场及时到达是在加速计划。

Award of the contract can be as simple as accepting the lowest bidder, and in the end it often is this simple.

奖项的合同可以接受出价最低的承包商一样简单，最后它往往是简单的。

B

Based on terms of payment, construction contracts can being either ‘price-based’ or ‘cost-based’. 根据付款条款，施工合同可以是“价格”或“成本”。

Because contracts under seal need to be in writing, a form of contract is necessary. 因为盖印契约需要书面形式的合同是必要的。

Because costs are spread over a number of years, the value of money needs to be leveled to make the comparison accurate.

因为成本分摊在数年，钱的价值需要平整做出比较准确的。

Because different parties are assembling the plans and specifications, inconsistencies are possible. 因为不同的党派是装配计划和规格，不一致是可能的。

Because most complex projects run for several years, developing a schedule gives the funding agency a sense of how much money will have to be committed on a yearly basis.

因为最复杂的项目运行几年来，发展计划提供资助机构有多少钱，将上一年度的基础上，致力于。

Because the owner has to bear most of the risks (cost overruns, delays, claims, etc.) as there is no incentive for the contractor to perform in an efficient and effective manner, it can be said that this is one of the major disadvantages of such a type of contract. 因为主人要承担大部分的风险（成本超支，延期，索赔，等。）因为没有承包商在一个高效和有效的方式进行激励，可以说，这是一个这样的合同类型的主要缺点。

Before a commitment is made to a specific scope of work and a budget, the owner often does a feasibility study to look at several options.

在承诺了一个特定的工作范围、预算，业主经常做可行性研究，看看几个选项。

Before a company is awarded a job, even if it is the low bidder, it will likely be put through a qualification process.

在一个公司获得一份工作，即使是低的投标人，它可能会通过资格认证的过程。

Before an owner's organization makes a formal commitment to a project, the owner needs justification for the requested level of funding.

在业主的组织作出正式承诺项目，业主需要资金的要求水平的理由。

Before design can begin, the team must learn about conditions at the site. 设计开始之前，球队必须在现场了解情况。

Before this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made about the desired levels of quality in the building, the program constraints, and future projections of the cost of money.

在这之前的分析可以应用，假设的期忚的质量水平，在建设中，程序的限制，以及资金成本预测未来。 Best value is not an inherent property. 最有价值的不是一个固有的特性。

Between the time of the bid opening and the signing of an agreement, there should be no changes to the scope of work.

在开标和签订协议的时间之间，不应该有任何变化，工作范围。

Bid documents can usually be picked up at the architect's or construction manager's office, but there may be a centrally located plan room as well.

投标文件通常可以拿起在设计师或施工经理的办公室，但有可能是一个位于中心的计划，以及房间。 Bid due date 投标日期

Bidding can be an intense period in the project. 招标项目可以在激烈的时期。

Bids often come in with information missing: for example, receipt and acknowledgment of addenda, signatures, exclusions that mean they haven't addressed all the conditions.

常来与投标信息丢失的：例如，接受及承认补遗，签名，不意味着他们没有处理所有的条件。 Bonds. 债券。

Breaking work into individual bid packages is best done using the services of a construction manager. 工作分解成单独的投标是最好使用建筑经理的服务。

But if the bidding process is handled well, the probability of a successful project is good. 但如果招标过程处理的好，项目成功的概率是很好的。

But if the schedule is paramount, fast tracking can be of great benefit. 但如果计划是至关重要的，快速的跟踪可以有很大的好处。

But such a system may have a longer projected life than a conventional system, may burn fuel more efficiently, may not need as much maintenance, and may use a cheaper fuel source.

但是，这样的系统可能有一个更长的预期寿命比传统的系统，可以更有效地燃烧燃料，可能不需要太多的维修，并可以使用廉价的燃料源。

But this factor must be weighed with the ability to manage and coordinate a large number of subcontractors directly.

但这一因素必须与管理协调大量的分包商的能力直接称重。

By law the bidder is required to honor the price, no matter what; but nobody wants a contractor on the job who is not going to do well.

由法律规定投标人必须尊重价格，不管是什么；但没有人想要一个承包商工作的人不会做得很好。

By networking with like owners, he or she can find out who performed best on their projects. 通过网络，如业主，他或她可以找出谁表现最好的他们的项目。

By providing the traditional aspects of the work that a general contractor usually covers, the manager can minimize the risk associated with packaging while maximizing the savings in cost and perhaps time (that is, fast tracking) for the owner.

通过提供传统等方面的工作，总承包商通常包括，经理可以减少与包装在成本和时间可能最大的储蓄的风险（即，快速跟踪）的所有者。

By this the employer/owner knows exactly what to except as the end product and can also check to see if that is what his requirements are.

该业主/业主知道除了作为最终产品，也可以去看看，那是他的要求是什么。

C

Changers and variations during the execution of the project can be extremely costly and time consuming. 该项目的执行过程中的变化和变化是非常昂贵和费时的。

Circumstances sometimes arise which cause delays in the project but they cannot be attributed to any single party.

的情况下，有时会出现造成工程延误但不能归因于任何一方。(此处就是这样翻译的，别怀疑你的眼睛) Claim for direct loss and/or expense. 直接损失及/或费用索赔。

Claims for delays can be further split into three sections depending on the party responsible for causing the delay.

申请延迟可以进一步分为三个部分取决于导致延迟的方。

Claims from contractors generally arise when they feel that eligible for additional payments by the owner because of the occurrence of one or more certain factors.

承包商的索赔一般出现在他们觉得有资格由业主额外支付由于一个或多个特定因素的发生。 Conciliation is procedurally similar to mediation. 调解是调解程序类似于。

Conditions of contract include general conditions and special conditions. 合同条件包括一般条件和特殊条件。

Consideration is often money, but need not be. 考虑的往往是金钱，但不需要。

Consideration is something of value being exchanged on both sides of the transaction. 考虑的是价值在交易双方交换的东西。

Consideration may be defined as “one party providing some goods or services to the other party who in return pays for these goods services in monetary (financial) terms”.

对价可以被定义为“一方对另一方的人的回报支付这些商品服务的货币提供一些商品或服务（金融）条款”。

Construction management as a profession is a relatively new entry into the field of design and construction.

施工管理作为一个行业是一个相对较新的进入设计和施工领域。

Construction managers usually keep a current list of qualified contractors and subcontractors on file so that they can quickly produce a bidder's list for the owner.

施工经理通常保持目前的合格的承包商和分包商在文件列表，以便他们能迅速产生对业主的投标人的名单。

Contractors dig deeply into the documents and can spot things missed by the drafter or specification writer.

承包商进行深入的文献可以发现的东西的起草者或规范作家错过。

Contractors in such cases will tend to overprice the work, even in times of shortage of work, to cover the additional risks involved.

在这种情况下，承包商将趋于overprice工作，即使在时间的 缺乏努力，以支付额外的风险。

Contractors use these dates to gauge whether or not the applicable staff is available for the duration. 承包商使用这些数据来衡量是否适用人员可用时间。

Contracts define people’s relationships in a construction project. 合同定义人的关系在一个建设项目。

Conversely, if large subcontractors are available for the job, the construction manager might package pieces together to make the job more attractive and get better prices.

相反，如果大的分包商提供的工作，项目经理可能包拼在一起，使工作更具吸引力和得到更好的价格。 Coordination necessary between the different trades must be incorporated into the project. 协调必要的不同行业之间必须纳入项目。

Cost of the work + % for overhead and profit =Total cost to the owner 工作成本+ %的开销和利润=总成本的主人

Cost reduction, on the other hand, considers only initial cost. 降低成本，另一方面，只考虑初始成本。

Cost reductions become necessary when value engineering is not enough. 降低成本成为必要的价值工程是不够的。

Cost-based contracts on the other hand include cost-reimbursable and target cost contracts. 基于成本的合同的另一方面包括成本补偿和目标成本合同。

Current practice is to bind all the narrative pieces into one document that accompanies the drawings to form the complete package.

目前的做法是将所有叙事作品为一个文件，伴随着图纸构成完整的包装。

D

Deciding to bid on a project is not a trivial matter for a construction company since significant time and costs are incurred in preparing a bid.

决定投标一个项目，是不是一件小事，为一家建筑公司以来，大量的时间和成本都在准备投标费用。 Delays caused by neither party. 既不方造成的延误。

Delays caused by the main contractor. 由主承包商造成的延误。

Delays caused by the owner. 由业主造成的延误。

Delays due to extra/additional work, late issuance of drawings and specifications, and unreasonable and uncalled for inspection of works are some of the factors that are responsible for delays caused by an owner.

由于额外的/额外的工作延误，图纸和规格晚发行，和不合理的、不必要的检查工作中的一些负责人造成延误的因素。

Depending on the expertise in the company, one firm can turn a good profit on a project while another may only get by.

根据公司的专长，单一公司可以打开一个项目的一个很好的利润而另一只可能得到的。

Designers are concerned that their design meet the budget, and contractors are concerned about submitting a bid too high and losing the job or submitting too low and losing money on the job. 设计师而言，其设计符合预算，和承包商关注提交出价太高而失去工作或提交的太低而失去对工作的钱。

Designers have traditionally left methods of installing building components to construction professionals. 设计师通常将安装建筑构件专业施工方法。

Different types of projects attract different contractors. 不同类型的项目吸引不同的承包商。

Direct costs + Indirect costs = Cost of the work 直接成本+间接成本=成本的工作

Disadvantages include the lack of opportunity for the client to participate in the management of the project, and there is a tendency on the part of the contractor to resort to cost cutting and trivial claims if he feels that he has been burdened with considerable risk.

缺点包括客户参与项目管理缺乏机会，也对承包商部分倾向于采取削减成本和琐碎的声称，如果他觉得他一直背负着相当大的风险。 Document location. 文件位置。

During construction, value engineering efforts continue. 在施工过程中，价值工程继续努力。

During the bidding period the design work is launched into the construction arena. 设计工作是进入施工现场招标期间。

During the construction documents phase, bid packages are assembled, and all required state, local, and federal permits are identified.

施工图阶段，投标包组装，和所需的所有国家，地方和联邦政府的许可，确定。

During the design period, a series of tasks falls outside the design activities themselves. 设计过程中，一系列的任务落在自己的设计活动。

During the scheduling exercise, items are identified that have to be bought early to arrive at the site in time for installation.

调度的运动过程中，项目的确定，必须要买，早期及时到达现场进行安装。

During the working drawings, the big ideas are already in place, and most ideas generated are in the details of the documents.

在施工图，大思想已经到位，和大多数的想法所产生的文件细节。

E

Early in the design process, this is a reasonable strategy since the costs are more conceptual. 在设计过程的早期，这是一个合理的策略，因为成本概念。

Early in the project, the construction team along with the designer and the owner should establish overall project milestones.

在项目早期，随着设计师和业主的施工队应建立全面的项目里程碑。

Early on, these alternatives are system-level, exploring different options for roofing, cladding, foundation systems, and so on.

在早期，这些替代品的系统级，探索不同的选择屋顶，覆层，基础系统，等等。

Early schedules will be in bar chart formats that show very simple relationships. 早期的时间表将在条形图的格式显示的非常简单的关系。

Estimating is normally part of the designer's scope of work. 估计是正常工作的设计师的范围的一部分。

Estimating the life expectancy of building components is also full of variables and depends heavily on how well maintenance and repairs are performed over the life of the product or system.

估计建筑构件的寿命也充满变数，在很大程度上取决于如何以及维护和修理过的产品或系统的寿命进行。 Estimators solicit prices from a number of subcontractors. 估计征求价格从分包商的数目。

Even a simple question answered at the time of the conference should be documented and sent out to all bidders, whether they were present at the conference or not.

即使是一个简单的回答，在会议期间应记录并发送给所有投标人，他们是否出席会议或不。

Even when the project is fully designed before it is bid, there are a number of advantages to breaking the project into various work packages.

即使该项目是完全设计在它的出价，有许多优势，将项目分割成各个工作包。

Even with an estimate on target, however, the project may be priced higher than any estimate shows for reasons that are not always apparent.

即使在估计目标，然而，该项目的价格可能高于任何估计显示不明显原因。

Even with the prequalification process, however, bidders can still be disqualified. 即使在资格预审过程，然而，仍然可以被取消比赛资格的投标人。

Even with these limitations, however, life-cycle costs give more broad-based information to the owner and the project team about the relative worth of building components.

即使有这些限制，然而，生命周期成本提供更广泛的信息对建筑构件的相对价值的业主和项目团队。 Every firm has an \ 每个公司有一个“A”的团队。

Examples include drilling cores needed to run conduit, patching after the conduit is run, furnishing scaffolding needed by multiple trades, and cleaning up at the end of the day.

例子包括钻井运行所需的导管，导管修补后的运行，提供多个行业需要脚手架，清理在一天结束的时候。 Expected dates of award and start of project 奖励和启动项目的预计日期

Expertise should be demonstrated in preconstruction activities such as value engineering, estimating, scheduling, project control, and planning.

专家应在施工前活动，如价值工程，估计，调度，项目控制证明，与规划。 Extension of time. 延长时间。

External factors can come into play-for example, unexpected increases in energy prices. 外部因素可能发挥作用为例，在能源价格意外上涨。

F

Fees for additional work so the owner can set parameters for any fees allowed within change orders 费用额外的工作,业主可以为任何费用设置参数允许在改变订单

Final price, then, Combines actual estimates for the cost of the work coupled with an analysis of the competition and the current marketplace.

最终价格,然后,结合实际预估的成本加上工作的分析和当前市场竞争。

Finally, the company determines how much profit is reasonable for the job. 最后,该公司决定多少利润是合理的。

First, it allows for the incorporation of local practices.首先,它允许当地公司的实践。 First, the owner is sure of getting an unbiased opinion. 首先,老板肯定得到公正的意见。

Fluctuations refer to the changes in the price of material and wages during the course of a construction project.

波动是指材料的价格和工资的变化过程中建设项目。

For a firm to grow and prosper, it must have profit to invest in itself. 公司成长和繁荣,它必须有利润投资本身。

For each project, it takes on different meaning and is often a function of comparisons among other similar products.

对于每个项目,它需要在不同的意义,通常是一个函数的比较以及其他类似产品。

For example, a contractor may enter into an agreement to construct a new home for an elderly owner. 例如,一个承包商可能进入一个协议为一位上了年纪的老板建立一个新家。

For example, a road project may be attractive to a highway contractor but probably not to a contractor who specializes in industrial plants.

例如,路项目可能吸引公路承包商但可能不是承包商专门从事工业工厂。

For example, if the owner wants only estimating and scheduling services, then the process of finding the right construction professional should concentrate on those attributes.

例如,如果老板想要只估算和调度服务,然后找到合适的建筑专业的过程应该专注于那些属性。

For government projects, standard forms of contract for building and civil engineering works are issued by the Hong Kong SAR Government.

对于政府项目,建筑和土木工程作品的标准形式的合同是由香港特区政府发行的债券。

For instance, a specific non-conventional heating system could have a high initial cost. 例如,一个特定的非常规供暖系统可能具有较高的初始成本。

For instance, a valve is shown in the drawing and includes its location in the system, how it interacts with other components, and how many are required.

例如,一个阀图纸所示系统中,包括它的位置,它如何与其他组件的交互,又有多少是必需的。

For instance, existing ledge outcropping may have to be removed to accommodate the specific foundation design.

例如,现有的窗台露头可能不得不被删除,以适应特定的基础设计。

For instance, if the local market has small, reputable mill houses but not one large entity, the construction manager can break the work down so that the local firms can share the work.

例如,如果当地市场小,著名的轧机房子但不是一个大的实体,施工经理可以分解工作,以便当地企业可以共享工作。 For instance, if the mechanical contractor has the control wiring in his or her scope and the electrical contractor also has this scope, the overlap can lead to disputes, create confusion, and add time as the problem gets sorted out.

例如,如果机械承包商在他或她的范围和控制线路的电气承包商也有这个范围,重叠会导致纠纷,创建混乱,并添加时间的问题得到解决。

For most projects, the owner wants to hire a builder who has considerable construction experience; this is especially true for a large, complex project.

对于大多数项目,老板愿意雇佣一个建筑商已经相当大的施工经验,特别是大型、复杂的项目。

For that reason, most architectural, engineering, and construction firms will act as consultants during this early stage.

出于这个原因,大多数建筑、工程和建筑公司将作为顾问在这个早期阶段。

For the owner to have good information to decide about moving forward, budgets need to be assembled, schedules analyzed, and construction issues discussed.

对业主来说,有良好的信息决定前进,预算需要组装,进度分析和建设问题进行了讨论。

Force majeure, unusually bad weather conditions labor strikes and general unrest, delay due to the nominated sub-contractor or nominated supplier, and unforeseeable labor and materials shortages are classified as delays which are the fault of neither.

不可抗力,异常恶劣的天气条件罢工和骚乱,延迟由于分包商或指定供应商,和不可预见的劳动和材料短缺分为延迟的错。

G

General conditions.一般条件。

Good design is a result of collaboration among many different people. 好的设计是许多不同的人之间的协作的结果。

H

He or she may do value engineering studies to produce life cycle cost analyses.他或她可能做价值工程研究生产生命周期成本分析。

He or she will either employ a consultant who is familiar with the designer's work or, in larger firms, use in-house talent.

他或她将雇用顾问熟悉设计师的工作,或者在大公司里,使用内部人才。

Here there is enough information generated to reasonably make judgments about the big system ideas. 这里有足够的信息生成对大系统的想法合理的做出判断。

His role is more of a “facilitator” than a decision-maker. 他的角色更多的是一种“促进者”不是一个决策者。

How it is handled is determined by the delivery method chosen by the owner. 如何处理是由业主选择的交付方法。

How the packages are assembled is very important and depends on the local conditions in both the marketplace and the work force.

如何组装包是非常重要的,取决于当地的市场和劳动力的状况。

However, any savings generated during the early phases of design are the most difficult to document since there are often no formalized drawings or plans.

然而,任何储蓄生成在设计的早期阶段以来最难文档通常没有正式的图纸或计划。

However, as projects become more complex and the need for early completion more accelerated, construction professionals may be brought in during the design process to provide preconstruction services.

然而,随着项目越来越复杂,需要提早完成更加快,建筑专业人士可能带来了在设计过程中提供分段装配服务。

However, as projects have gotten bigger, schedules shortened, technologies changed, and regulations increased, many owners prefer to separate construction and design expertise early in the project.

然而,随着项目变得更大,时间缩短,技术改变,法规增加,许多业主更愿意单独的建筑和设计专业知识在项目的早期。 However, because these are not contractual in nature, they are properly part of general conditions. 然而,因为这些不是合同在本质上,他们是正确的一般条件的一部分。

However, construction management means different things to different people. 然而,施工管理对不同的人意味着不同的东西。

However, constructions that are mostly contracts under seal do have consideration. 然而,建筑,主要是合同盖上公章有考虑。

However, even the simplest negotiations can take time. 然而,即使是最简单的谈判需要时间。

However, even with all the potential savings in cost and time and the possibility of better owner control over the subcontractors, there are disadvantages in splitting the work into separate packages. 然而,即使所有的潜在的节省成本和时间和更好的所有者控制分包商的可能性,有缺点把工作分成单独的包。

However, if an electrician provides services without expectation of payment or any other compensation,

there is no consideration and, therefore, no contract.

然而,如果一个电工提供服务,而不期忚的付款或任何其他补偿,没有考虑,因此,没有合同。

However, information is also needed about acceptable manufacturers, operational and maintenance criteria, requirements for submittals, warranties, and spare parts, which is better addressed in a narrative form.

然而,信息还需要对可接受的制造商、运营和维护标准,要求提交,保证备件,更好的叙述形式解决。

However, it potentially limits the owner from putting the project out as a lump sum bid to general contractors.

然而,这可能限制了业主从项目将作为一次性总承包商。

However, it should be done close enough to the bid dates so that the information is applicable, especially information regarding current projects.

然而,它应该做足够接近投标日期,以便适用的信息,特别是有关当前项目的信息。 However, many factors come into play when bids are received. 然而,许多因素都要考虑到当收到报价。

However, the “conciliation” plays more of a passive role once he explained the points of views of the one party to another.

然而,“调解”扮演一个被动的角色一旦他解释的观点的一方到另一个地方。

However, the contract may call for the designer to resolve the conflict. 然而,该合同可能要求设计师来解决冲突。

However, the down side of this is that the final cost of the project is not known until the project is completed in all respects.

然而,向下的一面是,项目的最终成本是未知的,直到项目完成后在各方面。

However, the fit among team members can be fully understood only after the team is assembled and has been working together.

然而,团队成员之间的配合才能完全理解后,组装和团队已经一起工作。

However, the general contractor markup is saved if the work is packaged. 然而,总承包商保存标记是否打包工作。

However, these are only estimates of the work, not the real pricing. 然而,这些只是估计的工作,而不是真实的价格。

I

Ideally, the best method is to engage two cost consultants: one familiar with the designer's work, one familiar with the construction marketplace.

理想情况下,最好的方法是让两个成本顾问:一个熟悉设计师的工作,一个熟悉的建筑市场。 Ideally, the team members will have some experience working together as a team. 理想情况下,团队成员一起工作作为一个团队将有一些经验。

Ideally, there should be a good cross-section of experience levels. 理想情况下,应该有一个良好的横截面的经验水平。

If a project has the ingredients necessary to return a good profit, the motivation to bid is high. 如果一个项目有必要成分返回一个好的利润,出价高的动机。

If an addendum comes late in the bidding period, the bid time might be extended. 如果一个附录是在投标期间,投标时间可能会延长。

If analyzed only on first cost, however, the unconventional system would have been rejected. 然而,如果只在最初成本分析,非传统的系统会遭到拒绝。

If changes are needed, they will be treated as changes to the contract after the initial negotiations are complete.

如果改变是必要的,他们将被视为变更合同谈判完成后。

If he or she is looking for preconstruction services only, the constructor can give a lump sum fee based on a specified scope of work.

如果他或她只是寻找分段装配服务,构造函数可以给一个总费用根据指定的工作范围。

If it cannot, the owner has the choice of paying a premium for accelerating the schedule or backing off on the desired scope of the project, perhaps completing it in phases.

如果它不能,业主支付溢价的选择加快进度或支持所需的项目范围,也许完成阶段。

If it wants to establish a relationship with a new client or maintain one with an established client, a company may bid on a less profitable project.

如果它想与新客户建立关系与建立或维持一个客户端,一个公司可能对一个低利润的项目投标。 If most of the team is older, they may have too much old-school thinking. 如果大部分的团队,他们可能有太多的传统思维。

If most team members are young, they do not have much collective experience. 如果大多数团队成员都很年轻,他们没有太多的集体经验。

If the arbitrators fail to concur to a decision, a third person called an ‘umpire’ is appointed to break the deadlock.

如果仲裁员未能一致决定,第三人称为“裁判”任命为打破僵局。

If the construction professional has been hired for the construction as well as the preconstruction work, he or she will also, in this same time frame, be planning for the construction activities. 如果施工专业一直聘请施工以及分段装配工作,他或她也会,在同样的时间内,计划建设活动。

If the constructor is part of the discussions during design, however, these complexities can be identified and simpler solutions developed.

如果构造函数在设计讨论的一部分,然而,这些复杂性可以被识别和更简单的解决方案开发。

If the contractor identifies such an item, he or she should ask for clarification from the designer or call it out as a qualification in the bid form itself.

如果承包商确定这样一个项目,他或她应该从设计师要求澄清或称之为资格投标形式本身。

If the decision has been made to keep the building, the next question is how extensive the renovation needs to be to meet expectations.

如果决定建筑,接下来的问题是如何广泛翻新需要满足的期忚。

If the designer is an equal partner in the process, this feeling is minimized. 如果设计师是一个平等的合作伙伴在这个过程中,这种感觉是最小化。

If the owner elects to wait until the bidding period to hire the builder, the designer will likely hire a construction consultant to assist with construction-related issues.

如果业主选择等到招标期间雇佣建设者,设计师可能会雇佣一个建筑顾问协助国会的问题。

If the owner is also looking for construction services, the constructor will have to understand the delivery method that is intended, the cost of the work, and the schedule before giving a fee. 如果业主也在寻找建设服务,构造函数必须理解交付方法,目的是,之前的成本工作,安排费用。

If the owner wants to save time, he or she might opt to send the contractor a letter of intent. 如果老板想要节省时间,他或她可能会选择把承包商意向书。

If the parties make any changes to these Articles of Agreement or to any other part of the contract, then both parties should acknowledge this alteration.

当事人对这些文章进行任何更改的协议或其他任何合同的一部分,然后双方应该承认这个改变。

If the percentage increase or decrease is less than 10%, no adjustment to the contract sum is made. If the percentage increase or decrease is greater than 10%, the contract sum should be adjusted by the amount that the percentage exceeds 10%.

如果增加或减少的百分比小于10%,没有调整合同金额。如果增加或减少的百分比大于10%,应该调整合同金额的比例超过10%。

In this procedure, practically any contractor can submit his bid for the job. 在这个过程中,任何承包商可以提交他的竞选工作。

If the project has a high publicity quotient or benefits the community, the company may view it as a marketing strategy.

如果项目有很高的社区宣传商或福利,公司可以把它作为一种营销策略。

If the project is being let out as individual work packages, the construction manager may, as part of the invitation to bid, include a date to meet with contractors, subcontractors, material suppliers, and manufacturers before the bid date to ensure that each understands the components of the documents. 如果项目被作为单独的工作包发出,施工经理可以作为招标的一部分,包含一个日期与承包商、分包商、材料供应商和制造商投标日期前确保每个了解组件的文件。

If the project is not staying within the budget, the owner can opt to increase the amount of money committed to the project or can direct the team to redesign until it meets the budget objectives. 如果项目没有呆在预算,业主可以选择增加的资金承诺项目或可以直接团队重新设计,直到满足预算目标。

If the purpose of the study is simply to evaluate the market, identify the lending rates, and find the owner's financial fit, the owner will likely do the study with a financial advisor.

如果这项研究的目的是评估市场,确定贷款利率,并找到主人的金融健康,老板可能会做研究的财务顾问。 If the staff has to travel any distance, there will be additional costs. 如果员工有任何旅行的距离,将会有额外的成本。

If the study economically evaluates different design solutions (such as renovating an existing facility or removing it and building a new one), then a construction professional might supply services to either the architect or the owner.

如果研究经济评估不同的设计方案(例如更新或删除现有的设施和建立一个新的),那么一个建筑专业可能供应服务架构师或所有者。

If the study is programmatic (perhaps an investigation of what can fit on a particular lot), then an architect is best suited for the task.

如果学习编程(也许能适合在一个特定的调查很多),然后架构师最适合这个任务。

If the work is put together incorrectly, there may be little interest in bidding, or the bids will come in high. 如果工作是放在一起不正确,可能很少有兴趣投标或报价会高。

If there is a general contractor as well, the work gets marked up another 10 percent. 如果有一个总承包商,标记另一个10%的工作。

If these are required, the owner needs to let the contractor know. 如果这些要求,业主需要通知承包商。

If this is too costly for the owner, then the construction professional can comment on the estimates produced by the designers.

如果这是老板太贵,那么建设专业可以评论估计产生的设计师。

If this work is not parceled out to the subcontractors, there may be a change order or a dispute over who will perform the work.

如果这不是分配到分包商工作,可能会有更改订单或者纠纷将执行这项工作。

If unforeseen ground conditions are revealed at a later stage, they can be disastrous to the overall project aim and objectives.

如果不可预见的地面条件显示在稍后的阶段,他们可以是灾难性的整个项目的目的和目标。 Improper packaging of the work. 包装不当的工作。

In a large number of cases, this category of delays has been quite predominant. 在大量的情况下,这类延迟相当主要。

In a slower economic market, the contractor may have to bid on less desirable work. 在较慢的经济市场,承包商可能不得不投标不理想的工作。

In a strong economic market, contractors are more able to choose which projects to bid on. 在强劲的经济市场,承包商更能选择哪些项目投标。

In a traditional delivery method, this can lead to project components that are difficult to install, adding costs to the project as the constructor struggles to work out the details, affecting the overall schedule, and possibly creating unsafe working conditions.

在传统的交付方法,这可能导致项目很难安装的组件,添加成本项目作为构造函数努力工作细节,影响整体进度,并可能产生不安全的工作条件。

In a value engineering process the owner should be buying an item or system of equal value to another proposed system.

在价值工程过程所有者应该购买一个项目或系统同等价值的另一个提议的系统。

In addition to avoid the costs and bad will that result from dispute resolution of any sort, participants are incorporating preventive measures such as partnering and alternative project delivery strategies into their projects to reduce the risks inherent in the construction projects of today.

除了避免成本和坏将从任何形式的纠纷解决结果,参与者将预防措施,如合作和替代项目交付策略纳入项目降低风险中固有的今天的建设项目。

In addition, all parties to a contract must have the capacity to contract. 此外,合同各方必须有能力的合同。

In addition, each party to the contract must have the capacity to enter into the contract. 此外,合同各方必须有能力进入合同。

In addition, he or she requires ongoing checks on costs, schedule, and constructability. 此外,他或她需要持续的检查成本、进度和施工能力。

In addition, these bid packages are either fast-tracked or released simultaneously. 此外,这些投标包快速或同时发布。

In all cases, the owner has the right to reject or accept the bids. 在所有情况下,业主有权拒绝或接受报价。

In case the owner is uncertain about his needs, the architect can incorporate a certain degree of flexibility in the design to cater for possible option.

如果老板不确定对他的需求,架构师可以将一定程度的灵活性的设计,以满足可能的选项。

In cases where the main contractor has to increase his expenditure on some items of work due to disruption and variation to achieve similar results, they are known as ‘expense’.

在这种情况下,主承包商增加了一些项目支出的工作由于干扰和变化来达到类似的结果,他们被称为“费用”。

In construction procurement, an invitation to bid is usually not considered to be an offer, but merely an invitation to make an offer.

在建设采购、招标通常不被认为是要约,但仅仅是邀请报价。

In cost reductions he or she is accepting something of less value or less scope to save money. 在降低成本,他或她接受一些有价值的东西或少范围来省钱。

In design development, the project, which has been approved at the end of schematic design, is detailed. 在设计开发,该项目已经批准的方案设计,详细。

In either case, qualification is determined by evidence of capability from previous jobs, financial strength and stability, previous commitments, personnel availability, and safety record.

在这两种情况下,资格是由从先前的工作能力的证据,财务实力和稳定,之前的承诺,人员可用性和安全记录。

In either case, the owner takes part in selecting the subcontractors chosen to bid and in awarding the contract.

在这两种情况下,业主选择分包商选择参加投标和授予合同。

In Hong Kong, for example, we have the Hong Kong Standard Form of Contract (issued by the Hong Kong Institute of Architects) for use in the private sector.

例如,在香港,我们香港标准形式的合同(香港建筑师学会颁发的)用于私营部门。

In Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Standard Form allows for increases or decreases in wage rates only by the provisions of a relevant clause.

在香港,香港标准形式允许增加或减少工资率只有规定的相关条款。

In most cases, neither the designer nor the construction manager is hired for a project during a feasibility study.

在大多数情况下,无论是设计还是施工经理雇用期间为项目可行性研究。

In most cases, the prices of materials and wages increase because of inflationary effects. 在大多数情况下,材料的价格和工资增加,因为通胀效应。

In most cases, the project does not get bid if these estimates come in higher than the money available to complete the job.

在大多数情况下,这个项目没有得到报价如果这些估计高于资金来完成这项工作。

In must be understood that setting realistic target costs are not very simple and care must be taken in this exercise.

必须明白设定现实的目标成本不是很简单,在这个练习必须小心。 In other words neither party has any control of the situation. 换句话说,任何一方有任何控制的情况。

In renovation projects, the first issue to resolve is whether the building should be torn down or retained. 在改造项目中,要解决的第一个问题是建筑是否应该被拆除或保留。

In such a case, the electricians is providing the service as a “favor” or “gift” and cannot be sued for breach of contract if he or she fails to perform.

在这种情况下,是电工提供的服务作为一个“忙”或“礼物”,不能被起诉违反合同,如果他或她不履行。 In such cases, their expertise has some effect on the ultimate design. 在这种情况下,他们的专业技能有一些影响最终的设计。

In the case of a corporate party, a contract must be authorized by an officer or the board of directors, depending on its relative size and magnitude.

在企业方的情况下,合同必须由一名军官授权或董事会,根据其相对规模和重要性。

In the case of construction contracts, the contractor makes the offer through the ‘form of tender’ and the client (owner, employer) issues the formal acceptance by way of a letter.

建筑合同的情况下,承包商将提供通过“投标书”和客户端(老板、雇主)问题的正式验收通过一封信。

In the cast of a building contract, this is an agreement under which the builder, commonly referred to as the contractor, undertakes for reward to carry out building works for the building owner, commonly referred to as either the client or employer.

演员的建筑合同,这是一个协议,构建器,通常被称为承包商,进行奖励进行建筑工程的业主,通常被称为客户端或雇主。

In the construction management mode of project delivery, the subcontractors may be contracted directly to either the owner or the construction manager.

In the cost plus fluctuating fee contract, the percentage of fee is progressively reduced as the prime costs increase.

在施工管理的项目交付方式,分包商可以直接向业主或施工经理。在成本加费用波动合同,费用的比例逐渐减少,成本增加的主要原因。

In the cost plus percentage fee contract, the contractor is reimbursed (paid) the actual cost of material, labor, and equipment (prime costs) along with a predetermined percentage of these costs. In the cost plus fixed fee contract, the prime costs are reimbursed to the contractor plus a fixed fee regardless of the prime costs.

成本加成比例收费合同,承包商是报销(支付)材料的实际成本,劳动力和设备(主要成本)以及一个预先确定的这些成本的百分比。成本加固定费用合同,主要成本是补偿承包商外加一个固定的费用无论主要成本。

In the former, quantities of work are not provided and the contractors are asked to insert rates for the listed items of work.

在前,大量的工作和不提供承包商被要求插入率上市项目的工作。

In the former, the contractors are asked to submit documents to show the types and scope of work they have undertake in the past, and their technical, financial and managerial capabilities.

在前者,要求承包商提交的文件显示的类型和工作范围进行在过去,和他们的技术、财务和管理能力。

In the second case, the list is usually prepared from the experience of the owners and the consultants regarding the different contractors who are active in that area of work.

在第二种情况下,列表通常是准备从业主和顾问的经验对于不同的承包商是活跃在这一领域的工作。

In the selective tendering procedure, normally 5-7 contractors are invited to submit their bids for the intended project.

在选择性招标程序,通常5 - 7承包商被邀请投标的项目。

In these cases, long-term goals concerning client relationships or community recognition outweigh the short-term goal of profits.

在这些情况下,有关客户关系或社区长期目标识别大于短期利润的目标。

In these types of contracts, the total actual cost of materials, plant, and labor are recorded. To this amount a percentage is usually added to cover the contractor’s management costs, overheads, and profits.

在这些类型的合同,材料的实际总成本,工厂,和劳动被记录。这个金额比例通常是添加到支付承包商的管理费用,管理费用和利润。

In this procedure, practically any contractor can submit his bid for the job. 在这个过程中,任何承包商可以提交他的竞选工作。

In this process, an ‘arbitrator’ chosen by the parties themselves, settles a formal dispute. 在这个过程中,一个仲裁员由当事人自己选择,解决一个正式的纠纷。

In this way, not only can obligations be clearly specified but, more importantly, the rights of each party can also be safeguarded under the law.

通过这种方式,不仅可以义务被明确指定,但更重要的是,每一方的权利也可以依法维护。

Individuals must be of legal age (in most cases, eighteen) and they must also be sound mind. 个人必须是法定年龄(在大多数情况下,十八岁),他们还必须心智健全。

Information is usually only shown in one of the two places; however, both deal with the same components. 所示信息通常只有两个地方之一,然而,两个处理相同的组件。

Initial costs include costs directly related to the design, purchase, and installation of a system. 初始成本包括成本直接相关的设计,采购,安装一个系统。 Instructions about filling out the form 说明填写表单

It also allows for fast-tracking the work so that parts of the project (the foundation. for instance) can be bid and started before the entire design package is assembled.

它还允许快速的工作,部分项目(基础。例如)可以在整个设计方案之前投标,开始组装。 It can be used in new construction or renovation projects. 它可用于新建或改造项目。

It describes the relationship of interdependent activities and duration of each activity involved in the work, together with the overall contract time.

它描述了相互依存的关系活动,每个活动参与时间工作,连同整个合同的时间。

It focuses potential bidders on the project and gives the designer a forum to explain the intent of the project and any nonstandard provisions.

它潜在竞购者关注的项目,给设计师一个论坛来解释项目的意图和任何非标准的规定。

It is a voluntary process (which either side may abandon at any time without prejudice), whereby ach side to a dispute is brought together before a neutral mediator.

它是一个自愿的过程(任何一方可能会放弃在任何时候没有偏见),乙酰胆碱,一面纠纷是一个中立调解人前聚集在一起。

It is always preferable to use one of the standard forms available, rather than to invent one’s own personal form.

它总是比使用一个标准的形式,而不是发明自己的个人形式。

It is by far the most common cause of dispute between the two parties and almost always results in claims.

它是迄今为止最常见的导致两党之间的争论,几乎总是导致索赔。

It is important to identify the specific people available for assignment. 识别特定的人是很重要的任务。

It is in the form of a systematic and recognized list of items of work and represents the breakdown of all materials, labors and plant required for the completion of the project.

以系统的形式和公认的工作和项目列表代表了所有材料的击穿,劳动和植物所需的完成该项目。

It is not easy to describe fully the quality and performance of the materials and workmanship expected on drawings alone.

不容易描述完全预期的质量和性能材料和工艺图纸。

It is submitted by the contractor, usually in the form of a bar chart. 承包商提交的,通常在一个条形图的形式。

It may uncover holes in the documents or ambiguous wording, which can be dealt with during the bid period while allowing the owner to get competitive pricing.

它在文档或模棱两可的措辞可能会发现漏洞,可以处理投标期间,同时允许所有者获得有竞争力的价格。

It should be concise and precise, and present a present a clear picture of the division of responsibilities and legal obligations between the parties.

应该是简洁和精确,和现在存在一个明确的分工和各方之间的法律义务。

It should be noted that the contract is between the employer and the contractor.应该指出的是,雇主和承包商之间的合同。

Items may include some of or all of the following: 项目可能包括一些或所有以下:

J

Just like an offer, an acceptance may also be made orally, in writing, or by conduct. 报价一样,接受也可以口头,书面或行为。

L

Later in the design process, the constructor may help put the work packages together, prequalify bidders, and begin planning construction logistics.

后来在设计过程中,构造函数可以帮助把工作包在一起,预先具有资格的买家,并开始规划建设物流。

Later these alternatives are more detailed-oriented, looking closely at one window product versus another or one brand of generator versus another.

后来这些替代品更detailed-oriented,密切关注一个窗口产品与另一个或一个品牌的发电机和另一个。

Later, as more specific information is generated, these schedules will be network-based, with more complex relationships among the activities.

后来，作为产生更具体的信息，这些计划将基于网络的活动中，与更复杂的关系。 Layered on are the overhead and the profit. 分层是开销和利润。

Layering creates coordination complexities and can slow down the work. 分层产生协调的复杂性和可以减缓工作 Legal requirements. 法律要求。

Legal status: for example, if the company bidding is a corporation, a partnership, or an individual 法律地位：例如，如果公司的投标是一个公司，合伙，或个人

Life-cycle costing examines initial, operating, and maintenance costs as well as future benefits over the

life of a building or systems in the building.

生命周期成本分析的初始，操作，维护成本以及在建筑中的建筑或是一个系统的未来生活的好处。

Life-cycle costing helps the design team decide on design options, site locations, material used in the building, and money invested in systems.

生命周期成本法有助于设计团队决定设计方案，地点，用作建筑材料，并投资系统的钱。

Litigation is now increasingly being replaced by other methods such as ‘arbitration’ and ‘alternative dispute resolution’ (ADR)

诉讼是现在越来越被其他的方法如“仲裁”和“替代性纠纷解决机制的取代（ADR） Location to deliver the bid 位置提供投标

M

Major requirements of a contract are given as below: offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity. 一个合同的要求主要有：要约和承诺，考虑，容量。

Many contractors are local or regional in their ability to staff a job. 很多承包商的地方或在其员工的工作能力的区域。

Many contracts are issued during the course of a project. 许多合同是在项目实施过程中发。

Many disputes in construction are brought to the attention through some perceived breach of contract. 施工中的许多纠纷是通过感知违约引起重视。 Many projects are still produced this way. 许多项目仍在生产这种方式。

Many times the designer hired a construction consultant to assist in this task. 很多设计师雇了一个建筑顾问协助这项任务。

Many times, inept and inefficient supervision of the contractor’s progress has resulted in the generation of claims.

很多时候，无能和低效的承包商的进度监管导致索赔的一代。

Matching the construction management firm with the type of job, its size, and the proposed delivery method is important.

配合工作，该类型的施工管理公司的规模，并建议交付的方法是非常重要的。 Method of awarding contracts 授予合同的方法

Minor clerical errors are usually okayed for correction; but in general, if a bidder has not met the requirements of the bid, the bid will be rejected.

轻微的文书错误通常同意更正；但在一般情况下，如果投标人未满足标书要求的，其投标将被拒绝。 Moreover, experienced site personnel should always supervise the construction process. 此外，经验丰富的现场工作人员应监督施工过程。

Most forms of contracts will provide for some sort of mechanism to deal with this issue. 大多数形式的合同将提供一些机制来处理这个问题。

Most of the time it is due to insufficient time that is available for the pre-contract design work and also because of indecision on the part of the client and his design team.

大部分的时间，这是由于没有足够的时间，供合同前的设计工作，也因为对客户和他的设计团队的一部分，犹豫不决。

Motivation to bid varies depending on a number of factors. 动机投标取决于一系列因素。

Much of the success of packaging relies on the skills of the construction manager. 多包装的成功依赖于项目经理的技能。

N

Name of contractor 承包商名称

No contract is formed unless the receiving party has accepted the offer. 没有合同成立除非接收方已经接受了。 No lawyers or courts are involved.

没有律师和法院参与。

No type of contract and no level of supervision can force an incompetent contractor to fully satisfy the client as far as meeting the project objectives of time, cost and quality are concerned.

没有任何类型的合同及监管没有水平力不称职的承包商充分满足客户就会议时间的项目目标，成本和质量的关注。 Non-binding nature of the settlement(until an agreement is signed)along with the notion that suggestion to resolve a dispute through ADR may be viewed as some sign of weakness by the other party are two of its major weakness.

解决方案的非约束性（直到协议被签署）随着概念，解决纠纷的ADR可被视为另一方的一些弱点的征兆是其主要弱点的建议。

Nor do they understand construction logistics and methods. 他们也不了解物流和施工方法。

Normally, any difference between the final(actual) cost and the target cost is shared between the owner and the contractor.

通常情况下，最终之间的任何差异（实际）的成本和目标成本是业主和承包商之间的共享。 Normally, the specifications will govern. 通常情况下，规范管理。

Not every purported agreement is an enforceable contract. 不是每一个谣传协议是一种可强制执行的合同。

O

Often the contractor may propose a better method or product to fit the character of the project. 通常，承包商可提出更好的方法或产品符合项目的特征。

Often the design team moves forward with instructions to make certain changes to get the project back within budget or to include scope not sufficiently covered.

通常设计团队前进的指令来获得项目在预算或没有足够的覆盖范围作出某些改变。

Often these are large items or systems such as air-handler units, steel assemblies, or curtain-wall systems.

这些往往是大型项目或系统如空气处理机组，钢组件，或幕墙系统。 Omission of responsibilities. 遗漏的责任。

On projects designed by architects, the most popular general conditions are those developed by the American Institute of Architects (AIA).

项目由建筑师设计，最流行的一般条件是那些由美国建筑师学会（AIA）。

On the negative side, every tender must be scrutinized, not only to ensure that its contents are satisfactory but also to ensure that the bidder is technically and financially sound and capable.

在消极的一面，每个投标必须仔细检查，不仅要保证其内容是满意的同时也确保投标人在技术上和经济上的声音和能力。

On the negative side, every tender must be scrutinized, not only to ensure that its contents are satisfactory but also to ensure that the bidder is technically and financially sound and capable. Also, when a large number of contractors are asked to submit their tenders, a lot of time and effort is put into unsuccessful tenders and it proves to be a burden for the industry.

在消极的一面，每个投标必须仔细检查，不仅要保证其内容是满意的同时也确保投标人在技术上和经济上的声音和能力。同时，当大量的承包商被要求提交标书，很多的时间和精力放在不成功的投标，这是该行业的负担。

On the other hand, construction professionals are not particularly adept at making design assumptions about the designer's intent.

另一方面，建筑专业人士并不擅长制作设计的假设，设计意图。

Once a company decides to bid on a project, no matter what its motivation, it enters into a process common to all construction companies.

一旦公司决定投标一个项目，无论其动机，它进入所有的施工企业常见的过程。

Once a party has agreed to this method of settling a disagreement they cannot then legal action. 一旦一方也同意这一解决分歧，他们不能再采取法律行动的方法。

Once all these costs are weighed, the actual long-term cost of the system may turn out to be less than other systems.

一旦所有这些成本称，实际系统的长期成本可能会低于其他系统。

Once an agreement is reached it is put in writing for endorsement by the parties concerned.

一旦达成协议，提出书面认可的当事人。

Once the bid is accepted, contract negotiations begin. 一旦中标，合同谈判开始。

Once the offer is made, the offeree can ‘accept’ the offer if the terms and conditions are acceptable to that party.

一旦提供了，受要约人可以接受的报价，如果条款和条件，方可接受。

Once the owner and the contractor sign the contract, the construction begins. 一旦业主和承包商签订合同，建设开始

Once the project delivery method is chosen, the desired scheduled completion identified and confirmed, and local practices regarding how work is accomplished understood, the project team starts to assemble the work packages.

一旦项目交付方法的选择，所需的计划完工确认，和当地的做法，对于如何理解工作完成，项目团队开始装配工作包。

Once the project is in construction, any changes can be extremely costly both in time and in actual costs. 一旦项目建设中的任何变化可以是非常昂贵的，在时间和实际成本。

Once the structural engineer has recommended a foundation type, the construction manager can study the soils report, visit the site, and note any surface conditions.

一旦结构工程师建议基础类型，施工经理可以研究土壤报告，访问该网站，并注意任何表面条件。

Once there is enough documented information regarding the scope of work, he or she can bring in material suppliers, subcontractors, and building trades representatives to advise on the costs of specific materials and fabrication methods.

一旦有足够的记录的信息关于工作范围的，他或她可以把材料供应商，分包商和建筑行业的代表，在具体的材料和制造方法的成本的建议。

Once these alternatives are explored and a schedule is developed and agreed to, the project team must ensure that it is met.

一旦这些替代方案进行了探讨和时间表开发和同意，项目团队必须确保其符合。

Once this form is completed and submitted, the bidder is assumed to have acknowledged the presence and acceptance of other bid documents.

一旦这种形式完成并提交，投标人应该承认和接受其他投标文件存在。

One of the advantages of the construction management delivery method is that it is possible to package the work to the best advantage of the project in terms of both price and efficiency. 一个施工管理的交付方法的优点是可以对包的工作在价格和效率方面的项目最大的优势。

One of the first activities for the construction manager is to confirm that this date can be met given the desired scope of work.

一种为施工经理的第一个活动是为了确认这个日期可以满足给定的工作所需的范围。

One of the first is to the architect and the construction manager for preconstruction design and technical services.

首先是对前期的设计和技术服务的建筑师和施工经理。

One of the first objectives that an owner develops is the amount of money that can be spent on the project.

一个业主开发的第一个目标是可以在这个项目上花了多少钱。

One of the key factors in avoiding claims and disputes is to ensure completion of the design in all respects before the start of construction.

避免索赔和纠纷的关键因素之一是工程开工前确保在所有方面的设计完成。

One of the major methods of obtaining information and generating feedback about design intent is to review the drawings and specifications as they become available.

一个获得信息的主要方法和生成反馈的设计目的是审查图纸和规范，为他们成为。

One of the major pitfalls in defining work packages is the potential of assigning the same responsibility to more than one subcontractor or not assigning them to anyone at all.

在界定工作包的主要缺陷之一是多个分包商或不给他们任何人都分配相同的潜在的责任。

One party tells the other, “ I will do something for you” or “ I will provide something for you”. 另一方说，“我会为你”或“我会为你提供的事物。

One reason why value engineering has taken on negative connotations is that designers sometimes feel that the construction professional is judging their work and making recommendations that compromise the aesthetic qualities of the project.

原因之一，价值工程采取了消极的内涵是设计师有时觉得建筑专业是判断他们的工作和建议，妥协的项目的审美特

质。

Otherwise, there is a risk of disputes and time spent sorting out who is doing what and when. 否则，有纠纷风险和花费的时间到底是谁在做什么的时候。

Overhead is what it costs the company to run its business, and a portion is factored into each project. 开销是什么费用公司运营的一部分，是考虑到每个项目。

Owner approval points occur at the end of programming, schematic design, design development, and just before bidding at the end of construction documents.

业主验收点发生在程序结束，原理图设计，设计开发，和之前在施工招标文件结束。 Owners are concerned about getting the best contractor for the best price. 业主担心获得最好的承包商，以最好的价格。

Owners generally make a lot of changes during the execution of the construction projects, which invariably result in the project time estimate to be revised upwards.

所有者通常做很多改变的建设项目的实施过程中，总是导致在项目时间估计被向上修正。

P

Payment to the contractor is usually on a monthly basis. 支付给承包商通常是每月。

Pieces such as roofing, which occur later in the construction process, can be bid on later. 件如屋面,发生后在施工过程中,可以在以后投标。 Places to indicate fees for additional work 地方表明费用额外的工作 Poor coordination. 缺乏协调

Post-bid qualifications are submitted with the bid and reviewed by the owner during the bid opening and analysis.

Post-bid资格提交报价和开标期间由业主审查和分析。

Pre-bid qualification requires the interested contractor to submit information about the firm before the bid documents are re leased.

出价前资格要求感兴趣的承包商提交投标文件前的公司信息是租用。

Preconstruction services can run from simple cost and scheduling services to integral involvement in the design effort.

分段装配服务可以从简单的运行成本和调度服务积分参与设计工作。 Preconstruction services were performed by the designer. 分段装配服务执行的设计师

Price both in numbers and in words, which minimizes decimal point mistakes 价格在数字和单词,这样可以最大限度减少小数点的错误

Price breakdown for the major trades, which can guide progress payments and assist the review of the bid's accuracy

主要交易价格分解,可以引导进步支付和协助审查报价的准确性

Price-based contract include lump sum and unit rate contracts. 基于价格的合同包括总额和单位价格合同。

Programming documents the plan in narrative form with some diagrams. 以叙述的方式编程文档计划图。

Project teams need to be very clear about which process they are involved in. 项目团队需要非常清楚他们参与的过程。

Projects were completely designed by architects and engineers, often with the assistance of construction consultants, and then offered for bidding to a group of builders.

项目完全由建筑师和工程师设计,通常建设顾问的协助下,然后给一群建筑工人竞标。

Proper and timely instructions, scrutiny of the quality of workmanship and appropriate records are important ingredients in avoiding claims.

适当的和及时的指导,监督工艺的质量和适当的记录是重要的成分在避免索赔。

R

Redesigning is time-consuming, however, so the owner may elect to work with the low bidder to bring

暖通空调的分包商标志着他或她自己的工作百分之20，金属片的分包商标志着他或她自己的工作百分之20，和机械的分包商提出百分之10个最重要的数字覆盖协调指导暖通分包商的工作成本。

The impositions of contracts which are biased in favor of the employer are not recommended. 不推荐使用是有偏见的雇主有利于合同的负担。

The independent and impartial advisor takes control of the proceedings and acts as an advisor to the parties in dispute.

独立、公正的顾问需要的程序和控制是在争端各方顾问。

The ingredients are different for different firms, however. 成分是不同的公司不同，然而。

The instructions to bidders are usually bound in the specifications. 投标人须知通常被绑定在规格。

The invitation to bid is a request for pricing. 招标是一种请求定价。

The location of the project. 工程项目的位置。

The low bidder may be too far from the other bidders, raising the suspicion that he or she has missed something.

低投标人可从其他投标人的太远，提高怀疑他或她错过了什么。

The main advantage for this type of contract is that the work can be out to tender before the design is fully completed.

这种合同的主要优点是，工作可以进行招标设计之前全部完成。

The major advantage of this type of contract is that there is a high degree of certainly about the final price from the beginning.

这类合同的主要优点是，有高度的肯定对最终的价格从一开始。

The major advantage of using type of contract is that it can be used in projects which are of an emergency nature such as remedial works, retrofitting and renovating projects, where the character and the scope of the project cannot be easily determined, or where new technology is being used.

使用的合同类型的主要优点是，它可以用在这是紧急性质如补救工程，改造和翻新工程，其中字符和项目范围不易确定，或在新技术的使用。

The manager has only to update the qualifications for the final list of bidders after review with the owner. 经理只更新投标人的最终名单资格审查后，与业主。

The mechanical markup is saved if the work is parceled out separately to a sheet metal contractor. 机械的标记是如果工作将分别对钣金承包商保存。

The mediator plays an active role by putting forward suggestions and encouraging discussions on key issues.

调解员提出建议和鼓励对关键问题的讨论起着积极的作用。

The method of assembling the bidding documents is normally determined early in the design process with the help of the construction professional.

将投标文件的方法通常是确定在设计过程的早期的建筑专业人士的帮助。

The modification of some of the standard clauses, or the addition of special clauses, should only be made in exceptional cases.

一些标准的条款的修改，或另外的特殊条款，只应在特殊情况下。

The most common claims submitted by the contractor during the process of the contract are claims for fluctuations, delays, extension of time, and direct loss and/or expense.

最常见的索赔承包人提交的合同的过程中要求的波动，延迟，延长时间，和直接经济损失及/或费用。 The most common reason is the need to correct simple mistakes in the bidding documents. 最常见的原因是需要正确的投标文件中简单的错误。

The most discernable impact comes at the end of schematics and early in the design development phase. 最可辨别的影响是在原理图和设计发展的早期阶段结束

The normal procedure is to redesign or reduce scope until the project's budget is on target. 正常的程序是设计或减少直到项目的预算范围的目标是。

The number of bidders varies but generally is between five and seven for each major trade. 投标人的数量不同，但一般是五和七之间的每个主要的贸易。 The owner can also reject the bid. 业主也可以拒绝投标

The owner has the option of allowing this but usually asks the other bidders in contention to rebid based

on the substitution.

业主已经让这个选项，但通常要求其他投标人的竞争在基于替代再叫。 The owner is also going to be interested in fees. 老板也会感兴趣的费用。

The owner may eject to test the market with the higher estimate, hoping that competitive pressure will drive the price down.

业主可以弹出与更高的估计市场的考验，希忚竞争的压力会把价格降下来。

The owner may want to describe the circumstances under which the bid would be disqualified or explain under what circumstances the contractor could withdraw the bid.

业主可能要描述的情况下，投标将被取消资格或解释在什么情况下，承包人可以撤回投标。

The owner usually prepares it with the assistance of the designer or construction manager. 业主通常准备协助设计师或施工经理。

The package is divided into three general sections-bidding, contractual, and technical-each of which is made up of many subsections.

包分为三部分招标一般，合同，技术都是由许多小节。

The party that initiates the legal proceeding against the other party is called the ‘plaintiff’ and the party against whom the legal action is taken is called the ‘defendant’. 党发起反对另一方的法律程序被称为“原告的人采取法律行动称为“被告”。

The party that makes the offer to do or not to do something is called the ‘offeror’ and the party to which the offer is made is called the ‘offeree’.

党使主动提出做或不做某事是被称为“要约”和党所提供了被称为“要约”。 The process is known as ‘prequalification’. 这个过程被称为“资格预审”。

The project may not fit the profile of available work force in the region. 项目可能不适合该地区劳动力分布。

The project team uses this as a guide through early design discussion and, by preparing estimates, tests it at specific points in the development of the project.

项目团队使用这个作为一个指南，通过早期设计的探讨，通过制备的估计，测试它在项目开发中的特定点。

The purpose of the contract documents is to provide sufficient information about the project to the prospective bidders.

合同文件的目的是提供关于项目的潜在竞购者足够的信息。

The purpose of the general conditions is to establish the legal responsibilities, obligations, authority, and rights of all parties involved in the project.

一般条款的目的是要建立的法律责任，义务，权力，和项目的参与各方的权利。

The same is true if subcontractors have to hire others to do part of their work. 同样是真实的如果分包商不得不雇用别人来做他们的工作的一部分。 The size of the project. 项目的规模。

The skill in assembling these packages is to identify the right amount and combination of work activities so that there is maximum competitive interest but minimum layering of subcontractors and vendors. 在安装这些包的技能鉴定工作的活动，所以有最大的竞争利益但最低层次的分包商和供应商的适当组合。 The standardization of construction documents has evolved over time. 施工资料标准化已经随着时间的演变。

The strengths of ADR are cost savings, better control of whole process, mutually agreed decision, continuity of business relationships and confidentiality as the whole process is carried out in private. ADR的优点是节省成本，更好地控制整个过程中，双方同意的决策，业务关系和保密性作为整个过程是私下进行。 The structural engineer may opt to alter the design if the construction manager identifies less costly methods.

结构工程师可以选择如果施工经理确定成本更低的方法修改设计。

The subcontractors do material takeoffs from the drawings and specifications that result In the quantities required on the job.

分包商做材料起飞，在工作所需的大量结果的图纸和规格。

The technical information is presented in two formats: drawings and specifications. 此技术信息两种格式：图纸和规格。

The three most common methods of selecting a contractor are the open tendering, selective tendering and the negotiated tendering procedures.

选择一个承包商三个最常用的方法是公开招标，邀请招标和议标程序。

The total of the costs of materials plus labor plus equipment is the direct cost of the work. 的材料和劳动力。加上设备的总成本是工作的直接成本。

The trick for the owner is to make sure he or she has this team assigned to this project. 为业主的诀窍是确保他或她这个团队分配给这个项目。 The trick is predicting just how much more. 关键是预测到底有多。

The unit cost is established by talking with vendors and suppliers-for example, determining the board-foot price of lumber or the cost for a fan coil unit.

单位成本是由例如供应商建立了确定说，木材或风机盘管机组成本板英尺价格。

The unit rate contract incorporates a “bill of quantities” or “schedule of rates”. 这个单价合同包括“比尔的数量或单价表”。

Their expertise is in construction-related issues, and in this capacity they affect design decisions but do not make them.

他们的专长是在建设的相关问题，并在这方面的能力影响的设计决策，但不要让他们。

Their responsibility is to advise the design team, not to intrude on architectural or engineering decisions. 他们的职责是向设计团队，不去打扰的建筑或工程决策。

There are a number of drawbacks to fast-tracking a project, the biggest of which is the potential for changes as other related parts of the design are fully developed.

有许多缺陷的快速跟踪项目，其中最大的是变化的潜在的设计等相关部位得到充分的开发

There are many versions of this standard language-for example, those of the Associated General Contractors, FIDIC, the American Society of Civil Engineers, to name a few.

有如本标准的语言版本很多，那些相关的总承包商，FIDIC，美国土木工程师学会，等等。 There are traditional points of review. 有点回顾传统

There are two methods of qualifying bidders: pre-bid and post-bid qualification. 有两种方法：合格的投标人的投标前和后的投标资格

There are, in practice, several private forms that have been established by the large industrial corporations for their own use.

还有，在实践中，一些私人的形式，都是由大型工业企业建立自己的使用。

There is a continual interaction that produces ideas and tests concepts and finally results in a refined plan.

有一个产生想法和测试的概念和最后结果在一个精致的计划不断的互动。 Traditionally, construction professionals were not part of this team. 传统上，施工人员没有这个团队的一部分

There is much value to the owner in getting as much good advice as possible early in the project. 有很多业主价值得到更好的建议尽可能在项目的早期。

There may also be additional general instructions or a change in the bid date. 也有可能是额外的一般指示或在投标日期的变化

There may be a sudden glut of projects on the market. 可能会有一个突然的大量项目的市场

Therefore, if legal provisions are stated here, they need to be repeated in the contract documents. 因此，如果法律规定在这里说，他们需要在合同文件重复

Therefore, value engineering works best as a collaborative team effort. 因此，价值工程的工作最好的协作团队的努力

These analyses can be accomplished through a life-cycle cost analysis. 这些分析可以通过生命周期成本分析的实现

These are sometimes called supplementary conditions or special provisions of the contract. 这些有时被称为合同的补充条件或特殊规定

These are the field indirect costs of the work. 这些领域的工作，间接成本

These delays are also due to the failure of the architect in supplying the construction drawings, site instructions, and other details.

这些延迟是由于提供施工图纸，建筑师的故障的现场指示，和其他细节

These documents lay out in increasing detail the scope of the project. 这些文件放在增加详细的项目范围

These include investigations of local conditions, construction practices, labor markets, and the site with its surrounding conditions.

这些包括调查当地的条件，施工实践，劳动力市场，并与周围的场地条件

These often tie the subcontractors to the conditions of the contract as laid out in the bid documents. 这些常常把分包合同的规定在招标文件的条件

These plot plans are public records and can be picked up at local town offices. 这些阴谋计划是公共记录，可以拿起当地办事处

These quantities are then multiplied by the unit cost. 这些量乘以单位成本

These studies are usually prepared with the assistance of professional consultants whose skills depend on the scope of study and when it is done.

这些研究通常与专业顾问的能力取决于研究范围的援助和何时做准备 These tasks are best handled by construction professionals. 这些任务最好由专业施工

These two different formats (one graphic, one narrative) do not exist independently but as a unit. 这两个不同的格式（一个图形，一个叙事）不独立作为一个单元的存在

These types of contracts are basically a slight variation of the cost reimbursable contracts. 这些类型的合同基本上是一个轻微的变化的成本补偿合同

They also include a definition of the “terms” used in the contract so that there is no ambiguity about the identity of the parties.

他们还包括一个“条款”中使用的合同，没有歧义的双方身份的定义

They are also of immense help to the quantity surveyor in preparing the bills of quantities. 他们也有巨大的帮助，工料测量师编制工程量清单

They are also used for record purposed and can be a valuable tool in resolving disputes between the different parties in case of some confusion,

也用于记录一般可以解决一些混乱情况下，各方之间争议的一个有价值的工具

They are based upon measuring the actual quantities of work that has been carried out by the contractor and then applying the rates quoted by the contractor in his bid.

他们是基于测量工作的实际数量已由承包商进行再利用率在投标承包商报价。

They are documents in which all the bidders are furnished identical information on the unique feature of the work and detailed instructions on the procedures to be followed in submitting bids (tenders). 他们中的所有投标人提供相同的信息在工作和对程序的详细说明独特的特征是在提交投标文件（投标）之后 They are intended to supplement the general conditions and are project-specific. 他们的目的是补充的一般条件和具体项目

They are prepared from the drawings/specifications and fully describe the work that has to be carried out.

他们是从图纸/规格准备充分的描述，必须开展的工作 They are referred to as ‘force majeure’. 他们被称为“天灾”

They are the communication link among all parties in the project. 他们的通信链路的各方在项目

They are the graphic presentation of the extent and details of the works that are to be actually constructed on site.

他们都是工程的范围和细节是现场施工图示

They are used to communicate the designer’s ideas about the construction methods and sequence to the contractors.

他们是用来沟通，对承包商的施工方法和顺序的设计师的想法

They are used to describe the nature, quality, and class of materials and workmanship required and state any constraints as to the methods of construction so as to control the quality of all end products in the work

他们是用来描述的性质，质量，和类的材料和工艺要求和国家的任何约束作为施工方法等工作中的所有最终产品的质量控制

They can also be utilized in the placement of orders for materials and equipment. 他们也可以用在对材料和设备订货。

They define generally the constraints under which the work is to be undertaken, the contractual relationship between the client and contractor, the rights and responsibilities of the client and the

contractor, the powers of the engineer and their limitations, etc.

他们定义了一般约束下工作的进行，业主和承包商之间的合同关系，业主和承包商的权利和责任，工程师的权力和限制，等。

They do not, however, form a part of the contract. 他们不这样做，然而，构成本合同的一部分

They include events such as the outbreak of war, epidemics, and major natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, cyclones, etc.

他们包括事件，如战争，爆发流行，和重大自然灾害如地震，飓风，等。

They influence early estimates of the project and alert the design team if special instructions must be included in the documents.

他们会影响项目的早期估计和警觉的设计团队如果特殊说明中必须包括的文件。

They most common types of specifications used in the construction industry are the design specifications, technical specifications, product specifications.

他们最常见的类型，用于建筑行业规范的设计规范，技术规范，产品规格。

They need to be supplemented by either detailed specifications or a bill of quantities. 他们需要补充的是详细的规格或数量的账单

They require identification as early as possible since the designer must accelerate this portion of the design and isolate the bid package to separate it from the rest of the work that is proceeding at a specific pace.

他们需要识别尽早从设计师必须加速这一部分的设计和投标包分离从其余的工作，是在一个特定的速度进行独立的 This agreement must also be enforceable by law. 这个协定还必须依法强制执行。

This analysis will lead to a recommendation to the owner about the best project delivery method. 这种分析将导致一个推荐的最佳项目交付方法的主人

This assignment minimizes risk to the owner, who could, in other arrangements, be liable for any defects or responsible for delivery coordination.

该任务将风险最小化的主人，谁可以，其他的安排，是任何缺陷或负责送货协调责任

This can be more expensive for the designer since the work will be out of sequence within the production structure.

这可以更昂贵的设计师因为工作会出序列在生产结构。

This chapter will discuss topics such as meaning of a contract, from of contract, types of contract, contractual claims, and resolution of disputes.

本章将讨论的话题，如合同的含义，从合同，合同类型，合同索赔，及争议的解决。

This clears the way for straightforward negotiations between the owner and the contractor concerning terms of the agreement.

这为业主和有关的协议条款，承包商之间的直接谈判扫清道路。

This contract includes an agreement, general conditions, special conditions, sample of bond (if required), insurance requirements, and a sample insurance form.

本合同包括一项协议，一般条件，特殊情况下，样品的债券（如果需要），保险需求，保险单和样品。 This could affect their price if they have to get labor from a distance. 这可能要从远处把劳动影响他们的价格。

This ensures that all bids are properly prepared and delivered so that they can be evaluated on the same criteria.

这保证了所有的出价是适当的准备和交付使他们可以在同一标准评价 This gives everyone more options. 这给每个人更多的选择

This helps the contractor staff the bid correctly so that all prices can be gathered in the allotted time. 这有助于承包商人员的正确的投标，价格可以聚集在分配的时间

This includes information about the size of the site, existing structures, existing roads or rights-of-way, easements, and the compass points.

这包括关于网站的大小，现有的结构信息，现有道路或道路通行权的，地役权，和指南针。

This is a breakdown of how the work will be accomplished as it relates to availability of labor and materials.

这是一个细分的工作将如何它涉及劳动和材料准备完成

This is a process where the disputes between the parties are resolved through the ‘court’. 这是一个过程，当事人之间的争议得到解决通过“法院”

This is done by analyzing the market, the motivations for doing the work, how busy the company is at the time of the bid, and so on.

这是通过市场完成，工作的动机，多么繁忙，公司在投标时间，等等 This is however not always the case. 然而这并非总是如此

This is one of the most contentious in the construction industry. 这是一个在建筑行业中最有争议的。

This is the formal contract signed by the parties, which binds all the contract documents together. 这是正式合同由双方签署的所有合同文件，结合在一起

This is the primary reason why most construction contracts are contracts under seal. 这就是为什么大多数施工合同是合同下的密封的主要原因。

This is the time to discuss how the bid packages should be assembled. 这是时间来讨论如何投标要组装

This is to say that either party can resort to the former methods of dispute resolution if the ADR procedure fails.

这是说，任何一方可以诉诸争端解决方法如果ADR程序失败。

This is usually achieved by using a priced bill of quantities for prime costs. 这通常是通过使用一个价位的账单量成本实现。

This is usually done while contract documents are being finalized so that time is not spent during the bid period with pre-bid qualifications.

这通常是在合同文件定稿，时间不是花在招标前资格投标期间所做的。 This is, of course, where the bulk of the savings can be realized. 这是，当然，其中的大部分储蓄可以实现。

This kind of a situation arises in projects where there is a large amount of uncertainly about the expected quantities due to the uncertain scope of work at the time of bidding.

这种情况出现在项目中有大量的不确定的预期数量应在投标时工作的不确定范围。 This makes the bids more easily comparable. 这使得更容易比较投标。

This may generate additional requests that need to be included in the bid documents. 这可能会产生一些需要被包括在投标文件的附加要求。

This may result in prices that are not as competitive as they could be. 这可能会导致价格不尽可能竞争。

This means that such a contract must be in writing, signed, sealed (official chop), and delivered by the owner (in the case of a construction contract).

这意味着，这样的合同必须是书面的，签署，密封（印章），并由业主交付（在一个建设工程施工合同的情况下） This method differs slightly from the other two in that the outcome of the proceedings is somewhat binding on the parties.

本方法略有不同，从其他两种方法，诉讼的结果是对当事人有约束力的。

This method has been developed in the last twenty years or so and is seen by many in the construction industry as the best possible alternative way of resolving disputes and disagreements in the construction industry.

该方法已在过去的二十年左右的发展是由许多在建筑行业作为解决在建筑行业的纠纷和异议的最好的可能的替代方式见。

This method is by far the most unpopular way of resolving a dispute in the construction industry, since it almost always involves large amounts of time and money.

本方法是目前解决建筑行业的纠纷最火爆的方式，因为它几乎总是涉及大量的时间和金钱。

This method of tendering has the benefit of attracting the largest number of tenders and hence the prices obtained are usually very competitive.

本方法具有吸引招标投标数量最大的效益，因此获得的价格通常是非常有竞争力的。

This method of tendering has the benefit of attracting the largest number of tenders and hence the prices obtains are usually very competitive.

本方法具有吸引招标投标人数最多的效益，因此价格获得通常是非常有竞争力的。

This occurs in areas such as cleanup or the furnishing of scaffolding or patching, coring holes, and other supporting activities that can be handled in a number of ways.

这发生在诸如清理或装饰脚手架或修补，取心孔，和其他辅助活动，可以多种方式处理。

This puts the constructor into a more proactive role in which issues of safety, schedule, and ease of

construction are part of discussions before the design is developed.

这使得构造函数变成一个更加主动的角色,安全问题,时间表,和易于施工前讨论设计的一部分。 This reduces the number of bids that must be processed at once. 这减少了数量的投标,必须马上处理。

This saves the price of having to get material and labor from a distance. 这会节省必须获得原材料和劳动力的价格从一个距离。

This saves time and potential disputes with bidders disqualified after the bid on the basis of financial or technical ability.

这节省了时间和潜在的纠纷与投标人资格后,财务或技术能力的基础上。

This section of the documents contains the invitation to bid, the instructions to the bidder, and the bid form itself.

这部分的文件包含投标邀请书、投标人的指示,和投标形式本身。

This sometimes can lead to a dispute and can slow the start of construction. 这有时会导致纠纷和缓慢的开始建设。

This study would examine several options in light of the owner's objectives, reviewing town zoning laws, community sentiment, life cycle costing, available funds, schedule, and aesthetic value.

本研究将考察几个选项的所有者的目标,回顾城市分区法,社会情绪,生命周期成本,可用资金,时间表,和审美价值。 This total cost is the cost for material. 这是材料的成本总成本。

This type of contract is based on a single tended price for the entire for the entire works. 这种类型的合同往往是基于一个价格为整个整个作品。

This usually states a specific time period, methods of payment, and conditions of termination if the negotiations fall through.

这通常州一个特定的时间,付款方式,如果谈判失败和终止条件。

This version is understood by all parties, includes tested language that has stood up over time, and has been revised as needed.

这个版本是由各方理解,包括测试语言,站了起来,并根据需要修正。

This will enable them (the contractors) to properly assess the risks involved and submit realistic bids. 这将使他们(承包商)正确评估风险并提交实际的投标。 This, of course, can save time on the project. 当然,这可以节省时间的项目。

Three of the most commonly used contracts of this type are (i) cost plus percentage,(ii) cost plus fixed fee, and(iii)cost plus fluctuating(variable ) fee.

这种类型的三个最常用的合同(我)成本加成比例,(2)成本加固定费用,和(3)成本加波动(变量)的费用。

Thus for simple contract it is essential to have consideration while contracts under seal may or may not have consideration.

因此对于简单的合同是必要的考虑,而合同盖上公章可能有也可能没有考虑。

Thus, the team can establish procedures and use materials that will accomplish the owner's goals and be assembled in the field rationally and efficiently.

因此,团队可以建立程序和使用材料,将完成所有者的目标和组装领域的合理和有效的。

Time required for the job so the contractor can decide the most efficient way to do the work and set his or her bid accordingly

时间需要工作,承包商可以决定最有效的方式来做这个工作,他或她的相应报价

To avoid conflicts, the owner needs to be very specific about his or her expectations. 为了避免冲突,老板需要非常具体的关于他或她的期忚。

To begin this investigation, the construction manager first obtains a copy of the plot plan of the area. 开始调查,施工经理首先获得一份的阴谋计划。

To begin with, the owner should discover whether the firm has experience that is broad-based enough for the type of project and if the scope of preconstruction work fits the talents of the firm. 首先,业主应该发现公司有经验,是否足够广泛类型的项目的范围,如果分段装配工作符合公司的人才。

To put together a good information packet, the owner might hire a designer or a construction professional to formulate budget numbers.

包整理好信息,业主可能雇佣一个设计师或建筑专业制定预算数字。

Tracking future inflation rates over thirty or forty years is difficult because costs for labor, material, and energy will escalate at different rates.

跟踪未来通货膨胀率超过三十或四十年是困难的,因为成本劳动力,材料,能源将升级的速度不同。

Traditionally, the designer produced a set of design documents and assisted the owner in hiring a builder to implement the design.

传统上,设计师产生一组设计文档和协助业主雇佣一个构建器来实现设计。 Two or more trades could end up with part of the same scope. 两个或两个以上的交易最终可能与同一范围的一部分。

U

Unit prices 单位价格

Unit prices if quantities are unclear and cannot be figured accurately until construction: for example, the excavation of rock, which can be priced by the cubic yard.

单价如果数量尚不清楚之前,不能找到准确的建筑:例如,开挖的岩石,可以定价立方码。

Unless the preconstruction professional is eliminated from bidding the project, other potential bidders will feel that they are at a disadvantage.

除非消灭了分段装配专业招标项目,其他潜在竞购者会觉得他们处于不利地位。

Until this time, numerous estimates have predicted the price of the project. 直到这个时候,无数的估计预测项目的价格。

Upon receipt of the required documents from the designers, the construction manager, in the owner's name, puts the package out to bid to a selected list of manufacturers. 在收到所需的文件从设计师、施工经理,在主人的名字,把包以制造商的选择列表。

Using the same firm during preconstruction and construction means that the understanding gained during the design period can be carried over into construction.

使用相同的公司在分段装配和建筑意味着在设计期间获得的理解可以结转到建设。

Usually, the disqualification is based on the perception that the bidder did not follow the terms of the contract documents.

通常,资格是基于认为投标人没有按照合同文件的条款。

V

Value engineering and cost reduction are often confused, which has given value engineering a bad name among designers.

价值工程和降低成本往往混淆,这给了价值工程设计师之间的坏名声。

Value engineering dose not just focus on money, while cost reductions can reduce the quality or quantity of the project to save money.

价值工程剂量不仅关注钱,尽管成本降低可以减少项目的质量或数量来省钱。 Value engineering exercises also take place at these points. 价值工程活动也发生在这些点。

Value engineering is a process that considers cost in the context of other factors: life-cycle cost, quality, durability, and maintainability.

价值工程是一个过程,认为成本的其他因素:生命周期成本,质量,耐用性和可维护性。

Value engineering is not limited to the construction industry but is used throughout the business world to help analyze processes and products with the object of getting the best value for the least cost. 价值工程并不局限于建筑行业,但在整个商业世界用来帮助分析过程和产品对象的最小成本获得最好的价值。 Value engineering should be an active part of all design projects. 价值工程应该是一个活跃的所有设计项目的一部分。

Visiting the sites of their past work with them will indicate their individual pride and ownership toward the projects.

访问他们的过去工作的网站将显示个人的骄傲和所有权向项目。

W

Whatever the reason, if the project comes in higher, the owner has options. 不管什么原因,如果项目有更高的,业主选择。

When an agreement is reached, it is put in writing for the parties to sign. 达成协议时,双方签署书面提出。

When an item shows up in one place but not the other, the contractor is usually asked to assume that it

exists.

当一个项目出现在一个地方,但是对于其他子类没有意义,要求承包商通常假定它存在。

When assembling the work packages, the construction professional also considers skills needed to perform the work, trades involved, equipment needed, administrative activities such as permits, approvals such as shop drawings, deliveries and the logic of when things arrive on site, and any special procedures required to complete the activities.

装配工作包时,建设专业还考虑技能需要执行的工作,涉及交易,设备需要,行政活动,如许可,批准施工图等交付,当事情的逻辑到现场,和任何特殊的程序需要完成的活动。

When dealing with types of contract it is important to distinction between types of contract based on ‘organizational choices (delivery method)’ and type of contracts based on ‘term of payment’.

在处理合同类型之间的区别是很重要的合同类型的基于组织的选择(交付方法)和类型的合同基于“付款期限”。

When deciding whether a firm can handle the type and size of project, an owner can easily find the answer in the materials that the construction professional submits.

在决定一个公司是否可以处理项目的类型和大小,一个所有者可以很容易地找到答案在建筑专业提交的材料。 When discussing value engineering, the following tow methods should be further studied. 当讨论到价值工程,以下两个方法应进一步研究。

When failure to complete the project according to the original schedule is caused by a delay which is outside the control of either party or a delay which is due to the architect’s or owner’s fault, then the main contractor may apply for an extension of time.

时未能完成项目按照原定计划是引起的延迟控制外的任何一方或延迟是由于建筑师或主人的错,然后主承包商可以申请延长时间。

When performing preconstruction services, construction managers must be careful about crossing professional lines.

当执行分段装配服务,施工管理人员必须小心跨越专业线。

When the contractor cannot earn a profit due to unnecessary disruption of works by the owner or his representatives, or due to variations, then this is termed as a ‘loss’ to the contractor.

当承包商无法赚取利润由于不必要的中断工作由业主或其代表,或由于变化,那么这个称为承包商的“损失”。

When the design team has almost or fully completed the design of the works, the next step in the process is the selection the contractors to carry out the construction work.

当设计团队几乎或完全完成的设计作品,在这个过程中下一步是选择承包商进行施工工作。

When the full design documents are complete and put out to bid, the specific items that were procured early are assigned to the appropriate subcontractor for delivery, storage, installation, and coordination. 当完整的设计文档完成后,把投标,采购的具体项目的早期被分配到合适的分包商交付、储存、安装、和协调。

When the owner, sometimes with assistance of the designer, begins to search for the construction manager, he or she should consider several points, such as financial health, workload, past project experience, market focus, fee, and reputation.

当老板,有时与援助的设计师,开始寻找施工经理,他或她应该考虑几个点,如财务状况、工作负载,过去的项目经验,市场焦点,费用,和声誉。

Whenever possible, bill of quantities should be prepared using standard descriptions and measurements such as Hong Kong Standard Method of Measurement for Building and Civil Engineering Works. 只要有可能,工程量清单应准备使用标准的描述和测量,如香港建筑和土木工程的标准测量方法。

Whenever there is an agreement between an owner and a contractor involving work in return for reward for reward, it is essential that a formal contact be entered into.

每当有一个业主和承包商之间的协议涉及的工作,以换取奖励奖励,至关重要的是,一个正式的接触进入。

Where lump sum contracts are used, the owners must have a clear idea as to what the project requirements are.

使用包干合同,业主必须有一个清晰的概念,项目需求是什么。

Who realizes these field-generated savings depends on the form of the contract. 意识到这些土地形成的节约取决于合同的形式。

Whose function is to assists the parties to arrive at a common position by joint open session and private meeting.

的功能是帮助当事人达成共同立场联合公开会议和私人会议。

With specialty trades it may not be possible to get this many bidders, but a minimum of three is necessary to judge the bids fairly.

专业交易不可能得到这许多买家,但至少三个判断投标公平是必要的。 Witnesses are also sometimes called upon to give evidence.

目击者也有时要求提供证据。

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