【考前冲刺】中考英语语法讲解资料及练习

[考前冲刺]中考英语语法讲解资料及练习（共18讲）

第1讲：名词

名词当然是大家都很熟悉的了，我们吃的food，喝的drinks，穿的clothes 都是名词。It is easy, right? 但是你可能被名词的单复数变化、名词作定语以及名词所有格等问题搞得糊里糊涂的，到底该怎么用呢？OK,follow me。

First, 名词复数的特殊变化。

普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es，可是偏偏有一些名词不听话，变化不规则。这些小调皮是：

a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾，复数要加-es；

b. story, factory 等以"辅音字母+y"结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es；

c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es；

d. 以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是"元音字母+o" 的词加-s，我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是"辅音字母+o"的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato, hero, potato，当然其中的piano 和photo，又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。

e. child（children）, foot（feet）, tooth（teeth）, mouse（mice）, man（men ）, woman（women ）等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。

注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans；

f. deer，sheep等词更是懒得可以，竟然单复数同形。好记好记。 people，police，cattle 等词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数，所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English，the French，the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时，也作复数用。

注意：maths，politics，physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾，仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国），the United Nations（联合国）等应视为单数。

别奇怪，名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数，但也有以下例外。

a. man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workers， women teachers。

b. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile walk十里路，two-hundred trees 两百棵树。

哇！这些问题好复杂，我好想轻松一下。那我们就轻轻松松地面对名词所有格问题。 这里面内容可谓少之又少，可也不能小视呦。

名词所有格：

表示“ 的”通常是在名词的后面加-s，如：Children's day，father's shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了，只需加 ' 就OK了。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，.则表示“分别有”。.如：John's and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示"共有"。如：John and Mary's room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）。

还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下，如：a map of China，the end of this term。 好，名词部分我们已经学完，It's a piece of cake? 接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了， Are you ready?

练习：

1. All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.

A. women girls

B. women girl

C. woman girls

D. woman girl

2. Mr Black is a friend of _________.

A. Jack's aunt's

B. Jack's aunt

C. Jack aunt's

D. aunt's of Jack

3. This toy was made by a ____ boy.

A. ten-year-old

B. ten-years-old

C. ten-year-older

D.ten-years-older

实战：

第2讲：代词

我们刚刚讲完了名词，现在再来看看名词的brother—代词。它与名词的作用其实很相似，所担当的句中成分也相差不多。 但也别小看代词呀！它还有很多的“小个性”呢！只要抓住它的几个“小脾气”，那么你就可以牢牢地掌握它了。

代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别—my的后面一定要接名词，不可以单独出现，只能做定语，如：my father；而 mine则是名词性，只能单独出现，在句中做主语和表语。如：Mine is green. It's mine. 记住这两个句子，凡是名词性物主代词（yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs）就都可以放在mine的位置上了。这样，通过它们出现的位置不同，我们就可以把它们区别开了。

代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班－self(selves)—反身代词，也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词，需要注意的是她不能单独做主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，做同位语。 如：Marry herself said so. 玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so.）下面我给你开点小灶，单独讲一讲须“特特”注意的地方。

Of+名词性物主代词：of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为：a（an, this, that ）+名词+of +名词性物主代词。牢记公式，举一反三。因为物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each,every, such, another等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。如： a friend of mine（我的一个朋友），each brother of his（他的每一个兄弟）.

some, any的用法：我们都知道some用于肯定句中，而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。 所以somebody，someone也用于肯定句中，而anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。

注意：在Would youlike some coffee?（要来点咖啡吗？）这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some而不用any。

every 和each的用法：every 强调全体的概念，指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，不可单独使用；each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)，可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.（我们学校的学生都很用功。） Each student may have one book.. （每个学生都可有一本书。）

both, either, neither的用法：

both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”，neither 表示“两

者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如：Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。 两个中间你随便带哪个都行。 Neither is correct。 两个都不对。

Few，a few和little，a little的用法：

Few，a few用来代替和修饰可数名词，little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little 着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”，“有一点儿”；few和little 着重否定意思，相当于汉语 “没有几个”，“没有多少”

OK，代词部分我们已经学完，It's a piece of cake? 接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了， Are you ready?

练习：

1. We had plenty of paper but______ink.

A. a few

B. few

C. not many

D. not much

2. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who have have never learned ______before.

A. one

B. it

C. them

D. that

3. We're very busy because we've so ______books to read and so _______homework to do every day.

A. much ... many

B. many ... much

C. many ... a lot

D. a lot ... much

第3讲：形容词

Spring is coming. The trees are green, and the flowers are beautiful.

多么美的季节啊！我们要去郊游, 去感受、去描绘我们周围美好的事物。形容词会帮你忙。可是形容词怎么使用起来老出错呀？不是放错了位置，搞错了级别，就是在使用多个形容词作定语时排错了顺序。当然了，形容词使用时需要遵循一些规则的。想知道吗？接着往下看。

a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作

定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律：冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。

There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮，为什么wrong放在

something的后面呢？原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的，但当形容词所修饰的词为something，anything，nothing，everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时，形容词要后置。

形容词级别问题：

a. Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。（我们的教室是他们的两倍。）这种表示倍数的句子用 times +形容词比较级+than 这样的格式。你记住了吗？

b. I'm three years older than you.（我比你大三岁。）表示"大三岁，""高二厘米"等时用"表示数量词的词+比较级"。

c."越来越 "用"比较级+and +比较级"来表示。如：The earth is getting warmer and warmer。（地球变得越来越暖和。）

d."越 就越 "用"the +比较级 ，the+比较级 "来表示。如： The busier he is，the happier he feels。(他越忙，越觉得高兴。)

最高级用法的用法就很简单了，提醒你一点，最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的：

alone 和lonely：I feel lonely, because I am alone at home. 你独自一人在家用

"alone" 表示"单独的"、"独自一人的"，它表示一个客观事实，在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞，

用"lonely"，表示主观上感到 "孤独""寂寞"，指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪，可作定语和表语。 older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用"older"，表示"年纪大的，年老的"，常用做表语；他是我的长兄用"elder"，表示"年老的，年长的"，用做定语，只用于比较两个人的长幼，只能作表语。

接下来又到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，你准备好了吗？

练习：

1. Tony is going camping with ___ boys.

A. little two other

B. two little other

C. two other little

D. little other two

2. Which is the _______country, Japan or Australia?

A. more developed

B. more developing

C. most developed

D. most developing

3. － How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

－ It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.

A. few last sunny

B. last few sunny

C. last sunny few

D. few sunny last

第4讲：副词

学完了形容词，副词讲解起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词，如形容词quick 加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以 ly 结尾，但实则是形容词，She is friendly to me (她对我很友好。)可千万不要误认为是副词哟！

副词可修饰动词、形容词和副词，这些用法相信大家已经掌握。那我们挑选一下易混、易用错的来详细讲解一下。

already 和 yet ：

Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet. But Jack is already here . 这句话中又是 already，又有yet，是怎么回事吗？原来already和yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already，一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already 变为yet，且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。

还迷糊吗？再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。

hard 和 hardly：

hard，hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。hard表示"辛苦，使劲，努力，"如：He

works very hard.(他学习非常努力。) 而hardly为否定副词，表示"几乎不"。如：The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it .（这箱子是那么沉，他几乎搬不动。）

ago 和 before：

ago 不能单独使用，应与three days (months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。如： I met my neighbour an hour ago. Before 之前有"一段时间"时，指"距这段时间以前"，和过去完成时连用。如：He said he had finished the work two days before.（他说他两天前已完成了工作。） 如果before单独使用，是泛指"以前"，常常和完成时连用。如：I have seen the film before.（我以前没看过这部电影。）

farther 和 further:

far 有两种比较级，farther，further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。如： He runs farther than she does.（他比她跑得远。）在美语中，farther 表示距离，further表示进一步。 如： I have nothing further to say.（我没什么要说的了。）

至于副词的比较级和最高级问题，参照形容词的就OK了。

试试趁热打铁如何？

练习：

1. The teacher was very angry and decided to send ______school, so he wasn't a student any longer.

A. away him from

B. him away from the

C. away him out of

D. him away from

2. _______, he didn't fail in the English exam.

A. Luck

B. Lucky

C. Luckily

D. Luckly

3.－Are you feeling ____?

－Yes，I'm fine now.

A. any well

B.any better

C.quite good

D.quite better

第5讲：动词

我们步步深入,开始接触到整个句子的heart--动词了。掌握了动词，你学起英语来就会感到驾轻就熟了。告诉你，一定要记牢动词的现在分词，过去式，过去分词，如果在这些小地方丢分，那才讨厌呢。比如：catch 的过去式和过去分词(caught，caught) 你可能就不知道吧?痛下决心，好好记一记吧。下面呢，我们就各个击破。先讲系动词。

系动词：大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了be的形式之外，还有become，get，grow，turn，sound，look，smell，taste等，它们不能单独作谓语,必须和作表语的词语(如形容词, 名词等) 连用, 所以用的时候，可要小心为是呀！如：It smells delicious.(它闻起来味道很美)。delicious 是形容词，不是副词。

情态动词：首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。must和need几乎是每年的必考题，这里我们重点讲一下。

must的意思是"应当，必须"，侧重于说话者的主观看法，没有时态变化，其否定式是mustn't，在"Must I(we) ...."的疑问句中，须注意的是其否定回答常用needn't。如：Must I go?(我一定要走吗?) No,you needn't.(不，不必。)

need意为"需要"。既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词，因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时，need后跟名词，动名词，或不定式。如：I need to go. (我得走了。) 作情态动词时，后跟动词原形。如：You needn't come tomorrow if you are busy. (如果你忙，明天就不必来了。)

实意动词： 实意动词可谓家族兴旺，人员众多。我们跑(run)，我们跳(jump)，我们笑(laugh)，这些都得用实意动词来表达。我们一起来看一看一些特殊的词吧。它们在接动名词和不定式时意义有所不同。

stop：这个词让好多同学大伤了一番脑筋，到底什么时候加to do，什么时候加

doing 呢?两者意义又有什么不同呢?OK, Come with me. 看下面两个句子。

When the teacher came in, they stopped to read.

When the teacher came in, they stopped talking.

第一句的意思是"当老师进来时，他们停下来开始读书"。而第二句的意思是 "老师进来时，他们停止了说话"。所以stop to do sth表示"停止正在做的事情去干另一件事"。而stop doing表示"中断正在做的某事"。现在明白了吗?

forget，remember，regret 这三个词用法基本相同，只要记住+doing 表示"事情已经做过"，+to do表示"事情还未做"就可以了。forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做) 如：The light is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。 ( 没有做关灯的动作) He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)

感官动词：see,watch, notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel 等 +do 表示动作的完整性，真实性 +doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。如：I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

练习：

1. Wang Lin _______some help. Can you help him?

A. needs

B. want

C. need to

D. ask

2. All of us enjoy _______football very much.

A. play

B. playing

C. played

D. to play

3. ---- The light in the classroom is still on.

---- Oh，I forgot___.

A. turning it off

B. turn it off

C. to turn it off

D. having turned it off

第6讲：不定式

不定式和动词象一对姐妹一样亲密，本不该拆开来讲，可是篇幅有限，只能让他们分开了。不定式的构成非常简单，告诉我是什么？对！是to+动词原形。当然啦，to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。那什么时候可以不带to呢? Listen to me carefully.

不定式省to有四种情况：

使役动词 let,have,make 等后接不定式。如：Let him go! 让他走!

would rather，had better后。如：You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。

Why... / why not...后。如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday? 为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?

感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell,feel, find 等后作宾补，省to。如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。

注意：这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 哟！ 如：The boss made them work the whole night. 变成被动句：They were made to work the whole night.

不定式的特殊用法：

It与不定式：动词不定式可以做主语，但如果动词不定式太长，显得头重脚轻的，那么我们就可用形式主语it代替，而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。

如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)

不定式还可以充当句子的宾语，但有些动词，如find，think，believe 等，在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语，只有用it作形式宾语，从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。

如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。

还有一点：动词不定式，还可用在how，when，where，what，which 等疑问代词或副词之后，与其共同作宾语。如：I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。Remember?

too...to...和enough...to：too...to表达"太 ... 一致于不能..."。

enough ... to 表达 "足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。

The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太沉了，我提不动。

He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。也就是说，他的年龄足够上学了。记住这两个句子就可以举一反三，应用自如。你记住了吗？

好吧，再试一把趁热打铁！

练习：

1. Tell him ___ the window.

A. to close not

B. not to close

C. to not close

D. not close

2. Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn

B. to learn

C. learned

D. learning

3. You'd better _______the story in Japanese.

A. say

B. speak

C. tell

D. talk

第7讲 介词

别看介词是一种虚词，它在句中的作用却非常重要。它用来表明名词与句中其他词的关系，

不能单独使用。常考点包括一些固定搭配和一些近义词。固定搭配如：on one's way home,help...with,send for,be interested in..., be late for, be angry with,be good at等。当然这需要你好好记忆了。

常用介词解析及用法比较：

at,on和in：这三个介词在试卷中的出现频率极高。对于它们的的分辨只要记住一句话就可以了。at表示点，on表示线，in表示面。什么意思呢？也就是说它们表达的范围逐渐增大。at six o'clock, at noon, at the age of sixteen等用at表示时刻或时间的点以及年龄。on具体到一周中的各天,日期及某特定的一天早上,下午,晚上：on Saturday，on July 1st，on my birthday，on the morning of July 16th，on a spring afternoon。in表达的范围更大一些。与世纪、年代、季节、月份以及早上、上午、晚上等连用。如：in the seventh century，in 1950's ,in 2000, in the morning等。 for,since：for表示多长时间。since后接时间起点,其终点往往为现在，常与完成时连用。牢牢记住哟。

after, in ：这两个介词都可以表示时间"在以后"的意思。其区别是：after 以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间之后，常用于过去时态的句子；in 以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于将来时态的句子。

by，with，in：by表示"以...的方式，方法，手段" 和 "乘某种交通工具"；with指"借助于具体的手段或工具"；in 表示"以......方式，用语言，文字等媒介"。

for和of：试比较：It's impossible for me to watch TV after eleven o'clock. It's kind of you to help

me.

两句中介词的选择依据其前形容词而定,一般来说,of之前的形容词往往是用于描写人的品质的好坏，人自身的特点，如聪明与否，细心与粗心等；for之前的形容词用于描写事物的特点，如可能性，必然性，难易程度等。

好，又到了趁热打铁的时间了，来检测一下你的学习成效如何？

练习：

1. Can you tell the story ______Russian?

A. with

B. in

C. on

D. by

2. Here are some birthday cards ______ our teachers, ______ our best wishes.

A. of, with

B. for, with

C. of, in

D. for, in

3. The visitors _______Japan arrived _____ Beijing station last Tuesday morning .

A. from, at

B. of , to

C. from , to

D. of, on

第8讲：连词

好了，现在我们在攻克词类的最后一个堡垒——连词。连词更好对付了，我们只讲几个常考 的词组就可以了。

连词常考到的有以下几个词组：

both ...and：表示"两者都...".注意：当both...and 连接主语时，后面动词一般要用复数。如：Both Lily and Lucy are right.

not only... but also: "不仅...而且..."。注意：后面动词采用就近原则,与but also后的词保持一致。 如：Not only my parents but also my brother likes the cat.

either...or:"或者...或者..."。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。如：Either you or I am wrong.

neither...nor："既不...也不..." 是 "either...or" 的否定形式。谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的

词保持一致。 如：Neither you nor he is right.

or的用法： 意思为"否则"。如：I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.(我必须好好学习，否则

我会考不及格了。)

So easy, not difficult at all! OK! Let's come to our 趁热打铁。

练习：

1. _________ John _______I are policemen.

A. Neither ... nor

B. Either ... or

C. Both ... and

D. Not only... but also

2. Mr Smith teaches ______well ______ his lessons are not easily forgotten.

A. very ... that

B. quite ... but

C. so ... as

D. so ... that

3. He didn't go to sleep ______he finished his homework.

A. till

B. before

C. after

D. until

第9讲：时态一

提起时态，当然是指动词的时态啦。过去、现在和未来等不同时间段发生的事情要用不同的时态来表示。时态是动词的一种形式，表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。闭上眼睛想一想，初中我们学过的时态有几个? 初中我们共学过八种时态。本讲将这几个时态总体介绍一下:

一般现在时：常与always,often,sometimes, every day连用，表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时，别忘了动词的变化。注意：象"地球大，月亮小"等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。

现在进行时：要注意其构成：由be+动词+ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：We're studying now. 我们现在正在学习。

一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意：We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时，其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式，千万别误用了，切记，切记。

过去进行时：显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么，常和特定的时间状语如at that time，at six yesterday，at that moment，when he came in等连用。如： When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.

一般将来时：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来时间状语如 next year,tomorrow等连用。注意：在Will you ....?问句中，回答必须是 Yes,I will.或 No,I won't而不能用Yes,I shall. No, I shan't.来回答过去将来时：过去将来时不可以单独使用，它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语，表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如：They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.

现在完成时：顾名思义，现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作，但动作造成的影响还在，常被just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如：He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在，常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如：Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，我们常用"过"来表示，常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如：I've never seen that film.

过去完成时：我们可以用"过去的过去"来概括过去完成时，表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，通常与by,before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同，只不过又向前推了一个时态。

八个时态可能得让你好好对付一阵子，但细细学来，也并不困难。不信吗? 试试趁热打铁你就知道了。

练习：

1. The zoo _______ in the north of the city.

A. lies

B. builds

C. seems

D. lying

2. --Tom ______out.

--Oh, is he? What time _______ he ______ out?

A. is, did, go

B. went, is, going

C. has gone, did, go

D. is going, does, go

3. --It must be on channel 2. Try that.

--I ______ that. But I still can't get anything.

A. have tried

B. tried

C. try

D. will do

第10讲：时态 (二)

时态的运用比较复杂，好多同学因为做题时不知应用哪种时态而挠头皮。其实你只要把易混的时态掌握好，对你来说时态就没有什么难点可言了。而你易混的时态无非是一般过去时和现在完成时，一般过去时和过去完成时的比较罢了。这有何难?看看下面的分析，你会发现一切"as easy as A B C"。

一般过去式和现在完成时：

一般过去式只是表示事情发生在过去，陈述一个事实，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语如：last night, in 1999, three days ago等连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。

如： We have seen that film. 我们已看过那部电影。 对现在造成的影响是我们对影片已有所了解。 We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我们看了那部电影。只说明昨天晚上看电影这一事实。

注意：有些时间状语，如this morning,tonight, this month 等，既可用于一般过去时，又可用于现在完成时，但所表达的意义有所不同。用于现在完成时表示包括现在在内，而用于一般过去式则与现在无关。如： I have read this book this April.(说话时仍然为四月。) I read this book this April. (说话时四月份已过。)

一般过去式和过去完成时的比较：

一般过去式表示过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态，而过去完成时在过去某一时间或动作

之前已完成的动作或状态，即"过去的过去"。当强调过去某一动作发生在某一动作之前时，常用此时态。

如： He had finished his homework before nine o'clock. 九点之前他已经完成了作业。实际上，一般现在时和过去完成时常搭配使用。如： When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed. 当他到家的时候，他的女儿早已去睡觉了。

在带有after和before引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，由于从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，所以可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 如：He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作业后不久便来拜访我。也可以说： He called on me soon after he finished his homework.

哇塞，我们终于学完了所有时态，摩拳擦掌，试试趁热打铁！

练习：

1. Zhao Lan ____ already ___ in this school for two years.

A. was...studying

B. will ... study

C. has ...studied

D. are studying

2. They usually _____ TV in the evening.

A. watch

B. will watch

C. are watching

D. watches

3. Judy _____ the Great Wall twice, and now she still ______ to go there.

A. went to , wanted

B. goes to , wants

C. has gone , wants

D. has been to, wants

第11讲：动词语态

和时态一样，语态也是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行，就可使用主动语态，如果主语不是由主语执行，主语是动作的承受者，则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者，什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成，一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致，注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。

适合被动语态的情况：

不知道动作由谁发出，或由于某种原因没有必要说明谁发出动作。如： This table is made of wood. 需要突出或强调动作的承受者时，如： This park was built for children.

注意：主动句中的主语如果是people，they，somebody等含糊的表示"人或人们"，没有确指执行者是谁，为被动句时，通常省略"by+执行者"。如：The door was opened secretly. But nobody came in.

注意：在主动句里,不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面作宾语补足语时都不带to，但变成被动句时，后面的不定式都需带to。如：He was made to do that work.

主动语态不能变被动语态的情况：学了被动语态，别以为主动句和被动句可以随意转换，千万要注意呀！有些主动语态不能转换成被动语态。当宾语是反身代词时, 如：You should take care of yourself. 当谓语是表状态的而不是表具体动作的及物动词时，如：Does the skirt suit you?

练习：

1. The stars _______ in the daytime.

A. can't see

B. can't be seen

C. can't been see

D. see

2. A present _______ to me by Mother next week.

A. will give

B. is given

C. will be give

D. will be given

3. The Communist Party of China _______ in Shanghai in 1921.

A. was found

B. found

C. was founded

D. founded

第12讲：句子种类（一）

我们都知道，根据句子的使用目的，句子可分为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句，感叹句。疑问句是常考的重点，也是要掌握的难点，这里我们先重点讲一下.

疑问句中我们只讲一讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.

反意疑问句: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句. 如前面陈述句部分是肯定式，后面问句部分一般用是否定式；如前一部分是否定式，后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称，数及时态上通常保持一致. 如：You are a student，aren't you?(你是学生，对吗?)

在祈使句后面用反意疑问句，要注意人称的变化。 如：Go to the cinema，will you?

在省略的感叹句后面，要注意主语的单复数。 如：What fine weather，isn't it?

陈述句部分的主语如是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I. 如: I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I? 陈述部分用never，hardly，few，nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here,did he?

陈述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't +主语. 如: He used to go to school at seven, didn't he? / usedn't he?

陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 如: You'd better read it by yourself,

hadn't you?

陈述部分有You'd like to +v.疑问部分用wouldn't+主语. 如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

主语是everyone， someone，anyone，no one等不定代词时，多用they 指代. 如：Everyone is here，aren't they?(所有的人都来了吗?)

主语是everything，something，anthing，nothing时，用it 指代。省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。如: Don't do that again, will you? 注意 Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?

陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。如: There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?

特殊疑问句: 注意疑问词 how many how much , how often , how old, how long, what, what time, what day , what colour, which , when , who, whose等疑问词的用法。

练习：

1. Don't forget to give the baby some food ,______?

A. will you?

B. shall we

C. won't you

D. do you

2. You have met before, _______?

A. haven't you

B. have you

C. do you

D. don't you

3. She has never read the book before, _______?

A. has she

B. hasn't she

C. is she

D. isn't she

第13讲：句子的种类(二)

本讲主要讲一下感叹句,祈使句,再顺便提一下强调句.

感叹句注意事项：

感叹句往往由what和how引导。至于what和how的区别则是再好辨别不过了。跟我背一背下面的顺口溜,感叹句你就不再陌生了.

感叹句用法很简单, How和What放句前, How与形、副词类连, What后面名词添.主语谓语不用变,省掉它们也常见. 当然，what 感叹句和how 感叹句有时可以互相转换。当What修饰单数可数名词时，如果这一名词有形容词修饰，也可用how引导感叹句，但不定冠词a或an 需放在形容词之后。如：What a large factory = How large a factory it is!

祈使句: 祈使句所需注意的是：含有第二人称的祈使句的否定句用don't.含有第一、第三人称的祈使句的否定句用 Let+not+动词原形或 Don't let+第三人称代词的宾格或名词。

下面稍微提一下常考的强调句：我们学过的强调句是it引导的句子。记住：强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用"that". 句式是：It is (was) 被强调部分+that(who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。判断一个句子是否是强调句，只需看去掉It be that是否还是一个完整的句子。 看下面例题：

It is twenty years ___ Miss Feng returned to China. A. that B. when C. since D. as

答案C.本题易误选为A(that). 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 "It is...that"，只剩下ten years Miss Feng returned to China.不成句。因此本句不是强调句。

句子的种类你掌握的如何?何不试试趁热打铁?

练习：

1. It was yesterday _______ Xiao Ming finished all his homework.

A. that

B. when

C. where

D. at

2. You are not in Grade Two, ________you?

A. aren't

B. are

C. do

D. don't

3. She has never read the book before, _______?

A. has she

B. hasn't she

C. is she

D. isn't she

4. --I want to shopping this afternoon. What about you?

___________.

A. So did I

B. So I did

C. So I do

D. So do I

5. It's time for supper now. Let's ______ it.

A. stop to have it

B. stop having

C. to stop to have

D. stopping to have

6. _______ lovely she smiles !

A. How

B. How a

C. What

D. What a

7. Thank you for _____ me with my English.

A. help

B. helped

C. helping

D. helps

8. --Would you please _______ the shoes on the floor?

--I'm sorry. I won't do it again.

A. not throw

B. don't throw

C. not to throw

D. didn't throw

9. Lily has not visited many places of great interests in China. ________.

A. So has her twin sister

B. Neither is her twin sister

C. So her twin sister

D. Neither has her twin sister

10. Don't _______ books again! You must be careful _______ now on.

A. lost, from

B. lose, from

C. lost, since

D. lose, since

实践：

1. When I entered the room, I saw the little boy _______ in the corner.

A. to stand

B. stands

C. stood

D. standing

2. It is a great shame for me _______ in front of so many people.

A. to laugh at

B. to laughing at

C. to be laughed at

D. to have laughed at

3. He dares to climb that tall tree, ________ he?

A. doesn't

B. daren't

C. hasn't

D. isn't

4. Please ______ anything you can remember about the accident.

A. fill in

B. draw out

C. write in

D. put down

5. -Will the clouds lift in the afternoon? --_______.

A. I hope so

B. I hope it

C. I hope that

D. I hope such

6. We had to stay at home ______ the heavy rain.

A. as

B. since

C. because of

D. because

7. They will visit our school ______ next week.

A. sometimes

B. some time

C. some times

D. sometimes

8. Although he tried hard, he was ______ maths.

B. doing well in

C. weak in

D. interested in

9. The stars ______ in the daytime.

A. can't see

B. can't be seen

C. can be seen

D. see

10.This kind of cars _______ in Shanghai.

A. is made

B. are made

C. are making

D. is making

11.Mr Black's just come back from the England, _______ he?

A. isn't

B. doesn't

C. hasn't

D. is

12._______ ten years since I left my hometown.

A. They

B. It is

C. There have been

D. It was

13.Is this ________ looking for?

A. you were

B. that you were

C. what were you

D. what you were

14.The Blacks _______ go to the seaside to have their holidays, but now they no longer go there.

A. were used to

B. used to

C. usually

D. seldom

15.Don't hurry. Only one person can enter the room________.

A. at a time

C. in time

D. on time

第14讲：宾语从句

一个句子如果加上宾语从句，句子显然变复杂了，也变的difficult了，其实，你大可不必发愁。只要掌握好宾语从句的用法，一切问题就迎刃而解了。

宾语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出。我们根据引导宾语从句的连词不同，可把宾语从句分为三类。

以that引导的宾语从句。 如：I hear that you have passed the examination. Good luck! 以if 和whether引导的宾语从句。 如：I don't know if you can come tomorrow.

以连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。 如：Please tell me how you can get here. 运用宾语从句要注意以下几点：

宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。

主句的谓语动词的时态如果是过去时态，宾语从句谓语动词的时态要选用相应的过去某一种形式。

如果宾语从句表示的是客观真理，事实时，即使主句是过去式，从句仍用一般现在时。

练习：

1. She asked me if I knew _______.

A. whose pen is it

B. whose pen it was

C. whose pen it is

D. whose pen was it

2. I don't know _______ he still lives here after so many years.

A. whether

B. where

C. what

D. when

3. I don't know ______ he will come tomorrow. _______ he comes, I'll tell you.

A. if, whether

B. whether, whether

C. if, That

D. if, If

4. The small children don't know ________.

A. what is their stockings in

B. where is in their stockings

C. where is their stocking in

D. what in their stockings

5. Can you tell me ________?

A. when does the ship leave

B. when the ship will leave

C. when the ship leave

D. when will the ship leave

6. Can you tell me ______?

A. when did he come

B. when he came

C. when did he came

D. he came when

7. Can you tell me ______ the radio ?

A. how did he mend

B. what did he mend

C. how he mended

D. what he mended

8. He asked his father _________.

A. where it happens

B. where did it happen

C. how it happened

D. how did it happen

9. I didn't know what colour_________.

A. is the bag

B.the bag is

C. was the bag

D. the bag was

10. Could you tell me ______ with the money?

A. how to do

B. what should I do

C. how should I do

D. what I should do

实践：

1.We are _____ going to the factory and work there.

A. briefly

B. lately

C. recently

D. shortly

2.For most students, their teacher's advice is more important than ______ of their parents.

A. one

B. what

C. which

D. that

3.They talked in a low voice ______ be heard by others.

A. so not as to

B. so as not to

C. so as to not

D. so as to

4.Not until this evening ______ that the meeting had been put off.

A. I did know

B. did I know

C. I knew

D. I have known

5.We are looking forward to seeing you again,and we'll be very disappointed if you ______.

A. didn't come

B. haven't come

C. won't come

D.don't come

6.If I _______ there earlier, I ________ him.

A. had arrived ,would have met

B. have arrived, would have

C. arrived, have met

D. arrived, had met

7.Lily is said ______ for London last month.

A. to have left

B. to leave

C. to be leaving

D. to be left

8.Life on earth ______ impossible unless we stop destroying the forest and poisoning the oceans.

A. was

B. has been

C. will have been

D. will be

9.The twins will go fishing with us this weekend _______ they are free.

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