宾语从句-反意疑问句-定语从句

宾语从句

一、宾语从句概说

宾语从句是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句。在谓语动词，介词和某些形容词等后面都可以接宾语从句。

同学们要掌握好宾语从句，主要应该注意以下三个关键： 1．连接词：根据从句类型而定。 2．语序：用陈述句语序。

3．时态：根据主句中谓语动词的时态而定。（自然、科学规律及真理可以除外） 二、宾语从句的连接词：

1． that

that引导陈述意义的宾语从句，无实际意思，在从句中也不充当任何成分。在口语和非正式文体中that常被省略。

She said that she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。 I think she is right.我认为她是对的（that被省略）

2． whether, if：

whether与if引导选择意义的宾语从句，意思为\是否\。 I wonder whether/ if she still lives here after so many years. 这不知道经过这么之年她是否还住在这里。

Have you found out whether/if he is in London?你弄清楚他是否在伦敦了吗？

3． what, who, whom, which

这是一组连接代词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。

Can you tell me what bread is made from?你能告诉我面包是由什么制造的吗？ I can't remember who has come to my office.我不记得谁来过我的办公室了。 Tom asked me whom/who they were talking about.汤姆问我他们在谈论谁。 I want to know which is better.我想知道哪一个更好些。

whom引导宾语从句时一般可由who替换，但如果宾语从句的介词提前，则只能用whom，不能用who。

I wonder with who she is angry.（×）

I wonder with whom she is angry.我不知道她在跟谁生气。

4． when, where, why, how

这是一组连接副词，引导疑问意义的宾语从句。 I'm not sure when he will be back.我不能肯定他何时回来。 I can't tell you where he lives.我不能告诉你他住在哪儿。

We don't know why he broke the window.我们不知道他为何打破窗户。 Would you please tell me how I can get to the nearest bus stop?

请告诉我如何才能到达最近的公共汽车站好吗？

5．某些形容词如afraid, sure, glad, happy等后也可以带宾语从句（也有人认为是状语从句）。 I'm afraid (that) we can't get there on time.恐怕我们不能准时到达那里了。 He's not sure whether he can find her.他不能肯定他是否能够找到她。 三、宾语从句的时态：

宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。

1． 如果主句是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时和现在完成时），宾语从句可以是实际需要的任何时态。

I am wondering whether he has come or not.我不知道他是否已经来了。（现在完成时） Please tell me when we'll have the meeting.请告诉我什么时候开会。（一般将来时） I don't know who they are talking about.我不知道他们正在谈论谁。（现在进行时） I have heard the window was broken by John.我已经听说窗户是被约翰打破的。

2． 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），宾语从句必须选用过去的某一时态（即一般过去时，过去将来时，过去进行时或过去完成时等） He said he would kill her.他说他会杀了她。（过去将来时）

She told us Lucy had returned home.她告诉我们露茜已经回家去了。（过去完成时） Mary was wondering who could answer the question. 玛丽想知道谁能回答这一问题。（一般过去时） I didn't tell them where you were having the meeting. 我没有告诉他们你们正在哪儿开会。（过去进行时）

3． 如果宾语从句表示的是科学其理、客观事实或格言警句等，则不管这句是何种时态，从句一律用一般现在时。

Granny told me that the earth moves around the sun.奶奶告诉我地球围绕太阳转。 She said a friend in need is a friend indeed.她说患难朋友才是真正的朋友。 四、宾语从句的语序：

宾语从句的语序一律使用陈述语序。

1． 当宾语从句原为陈述句时，用that引导，语序不变。（注意时态的一致） Tom isn't a good student. (The teacher told us)

The teacher told us Tom wasn't a good student.老师告诉我们汤姆不是一个好学生。 He has given up smoking. (She said)

She said he had given up smoking.她说他已经戒烟了。

2． 当宾语从句原为一般疑问句时，用whether或if连接，语序变为陈述语序。 Is Jim a doctor? (I wonder)

I wonder whether Jim is a doctor.我想知道吉姆是否是个医生。 Does she dance well? (Can you tell me)

Can you tell me if she dances well? 你能告诉我她舞跳的是否好吗？

3． 当宾语从句原为特殊疑问句时，特殊疑问词即为连接词，语序变为陈述语序。 Where are you going? (She asked me)

She asked me where you were going.她问我你去哪里。 What does he want to do. (She wondered)

She wondered what he wanted to do.她不知道他想干什么。 五、直接引语与间接引语

在学习宾语从句的过程中，有一个重要的知识就是：如何将直接引语变为间接引语。在直接引语变间接引语时，同 学们要注意以下事项：

1．人称代词和物主代词要做相应的调整。 He said, \ --- He said that he was glad to meet me.

但如果说话者转述自己的话，则不用变人称。 I said to them, \ --- I said to them that I'll leave a message on his desk.

2．在一些情况下，如果人称代词所指代的名词容易发生混淆，则最好将人称代词改为它所指代的名词。

My father thought, \

--- My father thought that maybe the man was right.

3．当直接引语中出现when, while, since等词引导的表示过去的时间状语时，在变间接引语时，只改变主句的时态，不改变该从句的时态。

Our teacher told us, \ --- Our teacher told us that Jim had made great progress in Chinese since he came to China.

4．直接引语变间接引语时，如果报告动词用say，则不必加间接宾语。如果要加的话，say后就一定要加介词to.

The old man said, \ --- The old man said that it was going to rain. --- The old man said to us that it was going to rain.

5．直接引语的报告动词是say to sb时，在变间接引语时，常改成tell sb. The policeman said to the woman, \ --- The policeman told the woman that she should turn right at the first crossing.

6．如果报告动词在句末，在变为直接引语时，应该把它移到句首。 \

--- He wondered whether it was the right address.

7．在疑问句变为直接引语时，应该注意原来的直接引语中的问号要变成句号，疑问语序要变成陈述语序，直接引语中的助动词do等要去掉，动词做相应的变化。 The girl asked me, \ --- The girl asked me that how I finished the work so well.

8．如果直接引语是祈使句，我们经常不提出说话的对象；但是在变间接引语时，说话的对象必须出现。

The angry man said, \ ---- The angry man ordered us to shut up.

9．如果是以Let's开头的祈使句来变间接引语，我们通常用\动名词（或从句）\结构。 The twins said happily, \

--- The twins suggested happily that they can go scuba diving that afternoon.

10．如果直接引语是两个或两个以上不同类型的句子，可分别将各部分转换为间接引语，并用and连接。

The manager said, \

--- The manager said to the young man that he did a very nice job and asked him what he was thinking about at that time.

11．如果直接引语是反意疑问句或是选择疑问句，变间接引语时与一般疑问句一样，在从句前加连词if或whether。

He asked me, \ ---- He asked me whether/ if there was lots of rice in the bag.

六、宾语从句中的否定前移

当主句的主语为第一人称，而谓语动词又是think, believe, feel等时，宾语从句的否定词往往前移至主句，即\否定的前移\。该句型变为反意疑问句时尤其应注意使附加问句与从句相对应。 He isn’t a thief. （I think）

I don’t think he is a thief.我认为他不是小偷。

I don’t think he is a thief, is he？我认为他不是小偷，（他）是吗？ Jack doesn’t study hard. （I believe）

I don’t believe Jack studies hard. 我相信杰克学习不努力。

I don’t believe Jack studies hard, does he? 我相信杰克学习不努力，是吗？

七、同步练习

Ⅰ单项选择

1. Do you know____ daughter she is? A. whose B. whom C. what D. who

2. They wondered if the teacher____ them some English songs the next week. A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught

3. He asked____ picture was John's. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which

4. He told me ____ Paris is the capital of France. A. which B. the C. that D. what

5. He asked me____ during the summer holiday. A. where I had gone B. where I had been C. where had I gone D. where had I been

6. Can you tell us ____ ?

A. if your father does B. what does your father do C. your father does what D. what your father does

7. He asked me if I knew____ . A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen is it

8. Do you know ____ ?

A. what are you listening B. what you are listening C. what you are listening to D. what are you listening to

9. -Do you know ____ ? -Yes. He is a teacher.

A, whom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is

10. I'm not sure whether _______ tomorrow.

A. they will arrive B. will they arrive C. they arrive D. they have arrived Ⅱ 用适当的连词填空

1. Do you remember____ China sent up her first man-made satellite?

二、单项选择

1. It will _______ you three hours to finish the work. A. use B. spend C. take D. cost

2. Is there ________ in today's newspaper? A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything

3. Is ________ easy to learn to swim?

A. it B. he C. that D. this

4. They are busy _________ ready for the dinner.

A. will get B. to get C. get D. getting

5. Our teachers always make us ______ a lot of exercises every day. A. to do B. doing C. does D. do

6. Do you feel of yourselves?

A. pride B. proud C. good D. glad

7. My boys, help ________ to some fish.

A. yourself B. yourselves C. themself D. themselves

8. Must I do my homework now? No, you _______.

A. mustn’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. may not

9. The water ______ warm.

A. is feeling B. feels C. will feel D. felt

10. Neither I nor mother ______ going to see the film this evening because we are busy.

A. will B. am C. are D. is

三、阅读理解

James got up at five to seven. His parents and his little twin sisters went

traveling in France and he had to look after himself at home. He opened the fridge, but he found only two hamburgers in it. He decided to have breakfast in the restaurant at the other side of the street. He sat at a table and the waiter came up and said, “Can I take your order(点菜), James?”

“But you don’t show your menu to me, Mr Hunt,” said the boy. “Oh, sorry! I forget it. Here it is.” James looked at the menu carefully. It was: Bread ＄1.30 Sandwich ＄1.80 Hamburger ＄2.40 Pizza ＄2.40 Egg ＄0.30 Milk ＄0.50 Coffee ＄0.70 Coke ＄0.30 James brought out his wallet and found there was only 6.50 dollars in it. “Well,” said Mr. Hunt. “What about a hamburger, a pizza, two eggs and a glass of coke?”

“Oh, no,” said the boy. “I’ll buy a picture-book this afternoon. It’s 1.50 dollars.”

“I see,” said the waiter. And then he brought the boy a nice breakfast.

1. There were ______ people in James’ family.

A. three B. four C. five D. six

2. Which of the following is NOT right? A. The waiter knew James.

B. The restaurant was near James’ home. C. James went to the restaurant alone.

D. The waiter took a menu to James when he saw him.

3. ______ are the most expensive in the menu? A. Sandwiches B. Hamburgers C. Pizzas

D. Hamburgers and pizzas

4. James hoped to pay ______ dollars for his breakfast. A. 5.00 B. 1.50 C. 6.50 D. 3.50

5. At last James had ______ for his breakfast.

A. two eggs, a hamburger, a piece of bread and a glass of coffee B. two eggs, a pizza, a piece of bread and a glass of coffee C. two eggs, a hamburger, a piece of bread and a glass of coke D. one egg, a pizza, a sandwich and a glass of coffee

四、完形填空

There is a big tree 1 my house. A black bird 2 in the tree. Every day I 3 some food to the tree. The bird sees me and comes 4 . The food is in my hand. The bird comes 5 my hand and eats (吃) the food. It 6 from my hand. After 7 it goes back into the 8 . I give 9 food to this bird every day. And so the bird 10 me. We are good friends.

（ ）1. A. in front B. near C. next D. from （ ）2. A. sitting B. living C. lives D. sit （ ）3. A. take B. bring C. give D. put （ ）4. A. on B. to C. from D. down （ ）5. A. in B. to C. from D. for （ ）6. A. eats B. eat C. sit D. sits （ ）7. A. me B. it C. these D. that （ ）8. A. house B. tree C. bird D. field （ ）9. A. little B. some C. any D. a few （ ）10. A. eats B. like C. knows D. glad

参考答案与点拨 一、词汇

1. both 2. decorate 3. proud of 4. confidence 5. difficult

二、单项选择

1. C 点拨：固定用法。

2. C 点拨：在疑问句中要用anything，修饰它的形容词通常放在后面。 3. A 点拨：固定用法。It is ＋形容词＋to do sth。 4. D 点拨：be busy doing sth。 5. D 点拨：make sb. do sth。 6. B 点拨：feel proud 感到骄傲。

7. B 点拨：boys是复数，所以用yourselves。 8. C 点拨：must提问，否定回答用needn't。 9. B 点拨：feel +形容词。 10. D 点拨：就近一致。

三、阅读理解

1. C 点拨：从文章意思可以看出，James一个人呆在家里，而父母亲和双胞胎妹妹们外出旅游了。

就是说，他家有5口人。

2. D 点拨：从第一段的内容来看，James独自到街道对面的饭馆里吃早点，离他家不远，他也认识

Mr. Hunt。

3. D 点拨：从菜单上的标价能够得知，汉堡包和比萨饼最贵。

4. A 点拨：James只有6.5美元，他还要用1.5美元买书，这就是说，他吃早点只能

用5美元。

5. B 点拨：从短文中的He opened the fridge, but he found only two hamburgers in it.可以

看出，他不喜欢吃汉堡包，才去饭馆吃早点的，A、C不能选；选项D超过了5元，也不能选。

四、完形填空

1—5 B C B D B 6—10 A D B B C

定语从句专题

编稿：贾巍 审稿：周可勇 责编：夏芳莲

一、什么是定语从句？

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。

初中阶段我们仅仅要求学生能够认识，并且正确翻译由关系代词that, which, who等引导的定语从句。请观察下面的句子：

This is the mountain village which I visited last year.

在这句话中，mountain village为先行词，which为关系代词，关系代词其实就是先行词的化身，它在从句中充当主语或者宾语。所以以上的句子可以被翻译成： 这是我去年访问过的山村。

这句话的主干是“This is the mountain village.”这是那个小山村。

从句部分是 “which I visited last year”，看上去这句话是缺少宾语的，实际上关系代词which就是宾语，它既是从句的引导词，又是宾语。

请看下面的句子：

He is the person who helped me with my homework last week. 翻译成： 他是上周帮助我做功课的那个人。 主句部分是“He is the person”

从句部分是“who helped me with my homework last week”

看上去，这个从句是缺少主语的，实际上，从句的主语就是who，他跟在先行词后面，代表先行词，在从句中充当主语。

二、关系代词：that, which, who.

1. 首先：在定语从句中所有的关系代词和关系副词都是先行词的化身，在翻译的时候，不参照他们本身疑问副词，疑问代词的意思，如：

I am looking for the photos which you took in Australia.

我正在找你在澳大利亚拍的照片。

这里的which代表照片，并不翻译成“哪一个”，再如 He is the photographer who won the photo competition last time. 他就是那个赢得上次摄影比赛冠军的摄影师。 这里的who代表photographer，也不翻译成“谁”

2. 其次：（1）who前面的先行词一定是人物：

I got some great shots of the boy who plays the guitar on the left. 我给左边弹吉他的男孩照了一些不错的相片。

这里的先行词是the boy，是人，所以关系代词用who，当然用that也可以

（2）which 前面的先行词一定是事物： It is a band which gets everyone dancing. 这是一支能让每个人都舞动起来的乐队。

这句话的先行词是a band，不是人，是乐队，所以用which,也可以用that.

（3）that前面的先行词既可以是人，也可以是物.

注意：这并不代表that是万能的关系代词，到高中的时候我们就会学到，在某些定语从句，尤其是非限定性定语从句中，我们是不能使用that的，但是我们在初中阶段并不要求。

3. 定语从句关系代词的省略：

与许多其它从句一样，定语从句的引导词 – 关系代词也是可以省略的，但是省略是需要条件的，就是当关系代词在从句中充当宾语的时候，关系代词可以省略。

重点有两个：第一就是从句中，所以我们要分清什么是主句，什么是从句，如： I'll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside. 我永远都忘不了我在乡下的日子。

在这句话里，I will never forget the days.是主句，which I spent in the countryside是从句，再看：

Please show me the book which you bought yesterday. 请给我看一眼你昨天买的书。

在这句话里面，Please show me the book是主句，which you bought yesterday是从句。

第二个重点就是充当宾语：

He is the person who talked to me last time. 他是上次和我说话的那个人。 在这句话中，关系代词who作为the person的化身，在从句中充当主语。 He is the person who I met last time. 他是我上次遇见的那个人。

在这句话中，关系代词who作为the person的化身在从句中充当宾语，这个who可以省略。 判断关系代词充当主语还是宾语可以看它后面是否紧跟谓语动词，如果紧跟谓语动词（如第一句），则关系代词为主语，不能省略；若反之，其后没有紧跟谓语动词，而是名词（从句的主语），则关系代词在从句中作宾语，可以省略关系代词。

三、定语从句与宾语从句的区别：

顾名思义，定语从句是从句充当定语的复合句，宾语从句是从句充当宾语的复合句，二者迥然不同，但是在使用中，同学们总是容易混淆这两个句型。请从以下几点区分：

（1）通过从句的位置：定语从句的位置在名词代词的后面（先行词一般是由名词或者代词充当的）。宾语从句的位置一般在动词或者介词短语之后，因为宾语一般都在动词或者介词短语之后。

请判断下面句子是定语从句还是宾语从句： I don’t know what you are talking about. He is angry with what you said.

The tall boy who you met just now is my brother. 经过判断，前两句是宾语从句，第三句是定语从句。

（2）通过引导词：定语从句的关系代词只有that, who, which, whom,whose关系副词也只有when, where, why，所以如果有的句子是whether, if, how, what等词引导的，肯定不是定语从句。

（3）通过从句的成分：都是that引导的从句，宾语从句和定语从句也有的区别，我们可以通过that在从句中充当的句子成分判断，如： I know that you are right. 我知道你是对的。

这是一个宾语从句，that 引导的宾语从句，that只是连接词，不充当任何成分，所以that后面的句子you are right是一个主语谓语完全的句子。

He is the person that I am looking for.这是一个定语从句，that在从句中充当look for的宾语，所以看上去look for是没有宾语的。

四、练习题：

1. This is the bag _____ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this

2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whom B. which C. who D. /

3. The girl _____ you saw in the street is Mary. A. that B. whose C. which D. as

4. Is this the factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. which C. who D. whom

5. Is this factory _____ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. that C. which D. /

6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A. which B. that C. / D. it

7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.

A. which B. in which C. that D. all

8. _____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.

A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who

9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday. A. which B. whom C. whose D. this

10. This is the best book _____ I have been looking for all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. /

Keys: 1~5 A C A B A 6~10 B C C A D

初三年级词汇（3）

（一）请写出下面各个动词的过去式,过去分词,现在分词,第三人称单数以及中文形式. （0. 2* 12 = 24）

Eg. expect expected expected expecting expects 期望 fall ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ feed ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ feel ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ fight ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ find ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

fly ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ forget ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ freeze ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ give ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ get ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

go ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ grow ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hang ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ have ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hear ________ ________ _______ _________ _______

hide ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hit ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hold ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ hurt ________ ________ _______ _________ _______ guess ________ ________ ________ ________ _______

(二) 写出下面单词的复数形式并且翻译中文.

1. foot _______ _______ 3. gentleman _________ _______

2. goose _______ ______ 4. grandchild _________ ________

(三) 写出下面单词的比较级和最高级形式以及中文意思. 1. far __________ ____________ ____________ 2. good __________ ____________ ____________ 3. hot __________ ____________ ____________ 4. healthy __________ ____________ ____________

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