Manhattan GMAT语法-中文精简版

www.zhan.com

Manhattan 语法—中文精简版

一、SC 的做题方法与原则 1、不是找对的，而是选最好的。

2、方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大 致分组，根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。

3、做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情 况下，句子

中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。 4、GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行， 代词，修

饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法

二、意思与句子简洁 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误

STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确 STEP 3、是否简洁 （一） 意思 1、正确用词

①Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 ②Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的

③Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认?；known for ④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值

⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权 ⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于

⑦Range of –多种的； ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…

⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向 ⑩Such as –比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like） ⑾Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫

www.zhan.com

2、情态动词

（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成 立。

Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.

（2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。

EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。 3、词在句中的位置

（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。

EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays. （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。 （3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开 头是否定词。

定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 4、搭配

句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。 （二） 简洁

§ 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简 洁的；换言 之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。

§ GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ 好于have difference in

Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE

INVESTMENTS in new technologies.

Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies. 切忌冗余：

1、在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词

Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;

other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;

including-among； have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to

2、注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一 些其他的语

www.zhan.com

法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。 3、注意修饰时间的词

过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before 现在：now; currently; presently; at present; 每年的：annual; each year; a year

EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外 关于什么

的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth 12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57

Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72

三、主语与谓语

每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。

EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句

（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be

able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几 百miles)

（三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况

1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分

EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和表示连接的词

1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。

2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including） 连接不 同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。

3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾 病（diabetes）

虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。 （五）either or, neither nor

www.zhan.com

1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数

EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.

2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 （六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语 agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team，baggage, citrus, equipment,

fleet, fruit, furniture

（七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数

Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,

something, everyone, whatever, whoever

但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据内容确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, part

EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.

（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用复数，复数之后用单数

EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. （九）量词

A number of +复数主语+复数谓语

The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语

Majority, minority, and plurality 根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数

（十）短语或者从句：用单数 注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数

EG: near those buildings sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 定语从句内结构最好不用倒装

OG 68： sth that be?,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否 则不符合英文表达

习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。 （十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看

EG:

1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.

www.zhan.com

Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.

3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer

pastimes.

Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE

descended.

Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.

12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41 Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65

四、平行结构

（一）平行结构的标志词

And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to （二）平行元素

1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉 2.平行结构开始于同一个词 （三）AND：最重要，GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。 （四）一些常见的并列习语

A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good,

and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X

as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y,

X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y （五）系动词两边的成分要并列

Be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay,

taste, turn

12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62,

65, 72, 77,

81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46

www.zhan.com

Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70

OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67

五、代词

代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到介词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。 （一）先行词必须存在 注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作 为先行词 的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。

EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating

to it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。 （二）先行词和代词并同时有意义

将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通

EG: Although the term”super” may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that

can produce

many products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？ （三）代词的指代必须清晰

每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。 （四）代词和先行词的单复数必须一致

（五）格

1.代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who 2.代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom

3.所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their, theirs, whose 重要：

1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。

EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing

heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based

life as we know it.

2. 一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。

www.zhan.com

EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to

determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM. 3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人 （六）几个要点

1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结 构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and

these are never

used as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)

EG：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength, 2.that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复。

EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.

3.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要 重复先行词。

EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company 不一致，应 将those替换为companies.

12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42

Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67 OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64

六、修饰语 （一）形容词和副词

1．形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。 2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构： 形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词 副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词

EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能 是，也可能

不是MAX的ancestor.

Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形 式，因为M

的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次 修饰形容词

www.zhan.com

了。

常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.

（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句， 同位语

前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰

EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.

1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则 会产生误解。

EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错

To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对

2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象 Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office. Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion.

3.避免一些列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好 最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错 而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的 另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见 注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。

EG: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and

inspired a generation of comedians,

另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词 EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented

millennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰 结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.

Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago-has developed into a true art form

only in the past century. （三）名词修饰与从句

Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when,

www.zhan.com

Who: 一

般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语

That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的

Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance,

arrangement，用in which修饰更好。

When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以 用in which

修饰限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that; 非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which （四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构

从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点： 1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子

2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。 （五）which 和现在分词

1.Which 必须紧跟其修饰的名词，which不能修饰一个句子 2.ing 形式做修饰语

（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词 （2）可以修饰主语和动词

（3）可以修饰一个从句（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主 语），这种

形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。

EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

（4）ing 形式在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词

（5）ing 形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此 时其逻辑主

语就是主句的主语。

12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44

Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91

OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84

七、动词的时态、语气和主被动 （零）时态、感情、语气

www.zhan.com

1. 一般定义用一般现在时。 2. 不能用一般现在时表示将来。

3.表示一般状态的动词不用进行时，比如know, signify。

EG: Wrong: This inscription ISSIGNIFYING the emperor's birth. Right: This inscription SIGNIFIES the emperor's birth.

（一）现在完成时态

1.现在完成时表示的是一个行为发生在过去，但状态继续到现在，或者是仍然对 现在有所影

响。现在完成时的标志词：since+过去一个时间点； within/over/during/in+时间 段

EG: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage. (The time of will pay is LATER than the future time of have taken)

2.而一般过去时表示的一个行为发生在过去，已经结束且对现在没有影响。 表示词：likeihood/ possibility+ that, over+时间点 （二）过去完成时

1.两个行为都发生在过去，而较早的那一个要用过去完成时用一个过去式说明一 个动词，要 将现在时转化为过去时，过去时转化为过去完成时，将来时转化为条件状态 （will---would）

EG: The man believes that the machine will be wonderful. The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful. 错误：The man believes that the machine would be wonderful.

The man believed that the machine will be wonderful. 2.如果主句和分句主语相同，且以and, before, but等连接，如果句子逻辑上存在先 后顺序的

话，主分句都用一般过去时即可。

EG: Antonio DROVE to the store, and Cristina BOUGHT some ice cream. Laura LOCKED the dead bolt before she LEFT for work.

3. Trick一枚：有时候我们可以在前一个分句中用一般过去时表示“过去”，在后一 个分句中 用过去完成时表示从“过去”一直延续下去。即一般过去时在过去完成时之前。 EG: The band U2 was one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980's, but

less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of

www.zhan.com

In the border/ Inside the border都错

14. Chance

I have ONE CHANCE IN A THOUSAND OF WINNING tonight.

15. Compared/comparison

GMAT中对COMPARED TO (强调相似) and COMPARED WITH (强调区别)的用 法不加区分.

16. Confidence

We have CONFIDENCE THAT the marker WILL RECOVER.

不太好： We have CONFIDENCE IN the market's ABILITY TO RECOVER.

17. Contend

They CONTEND THAT they can decipher the code.

18. Continue

The danger will CONTINUE TO GROW.

不太好：The danger will CONTINUE GROWING. (correct but apparently not used)

19. Credit

Hugo CREDITS Sally WITH good taste. Sally IS CREDITED WITH good taste. 20. Date

They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old. The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old. 21. Declare

Declare sth/ declare that 不太好：declare to be

22. Design

This window IS DESIGNED TO OPEN.

23. Develop into

24. Disinclined

She is DISINCLINED TO CALL her parents.

25. Enough

The book was SHORT ENOUGH (FOR ME) TO READ in a night.

26. Expend

EXPEND money/energy ON…

27. Fault

The criminals ARE AT FAULT FOR BREAKING the law.

www.zhan.com

28. Help

His HELP IN RAKING the leaves has been welcome.

29. Hold

He HOLDS THAT jaywalking is illegal.

不太好：The law holds jaywalking to be illegal.

30. Intend

I went with the INTENT (or INTENTION) OF LEAVING soon. I went with the INTENT TO LEAVE soon. 31. Isolate

The culture was ISOLATED FROM outside CONTACT.

32. Know

We KNOW her TO BE brilliant. She is KNOWN TO BE brilliant.（特征） We KNOW him AS \（身份）

33. Likely

My friend is MORE LIKELY THAN my enemy [is] TO EAT worms. My friend is TWICE AS LIKELY AS my enemy [is] TO EAT worms. MORE THAN LIKELY, my friend WILL EAT worms. 34. Loose

I have suffered a LOSS OF strength. (= decline of a quality)

They have suffered a LOSS IN the euro. (=decline of an investment)

35. Means Means of doing Means to do/to sth 36. Order

The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes. Order sth 点菜 37. Owe

He OWES money TO the government FOR back taxes.

38. Privilege

The academy gave senior cadets DANCING PRIVILEGES.

不太好：The academy gave senior cadets THE PRIVILEGE OF DANCING.

39. Rate

The RATES FOR bus tickets are good for commuters. (= prices) The RATE OF theft has fallen. (= frequency or speed)

www.zhan.com

40. Rebel

The colonists REBELLED AGAINST tyranny.

41. Recognize

Recognize as/to be

42. Reluctant

Be reluctant to do

43. Resemble

A neighbor of mine RESEMBLES my father.

44. Restriction

Restriction ON sth

45. Same

The car looks THE SAME TO me AS TO you.

46. So…as to

The sauce was SO hot AS TO burn my mouth.

纠结的搭配，10th OG中曾出现在正确项中，但是到了12thOG则说是错误搭配却 又没给解释 为什么错。Manhattan以及n多砖家认为此搭配没问题可以用。So,遇到它提高警惕。 47. So too

Bellbottoms ARE coming back in style, and SO TOO ARE vests.

48. Targeted

This intervention is TARGETED AT a specific misbehavior.

49. Think

She THINKS OF them AS heroes.

She IS THOUGHT TO BE secretly wealthy.

50. Tool

We have a TOOL FOR MAKING progress. We have a TOOL TO MAKE progress.

Note: The GMAT does not seem to require WITH, although one makes progress

WITH a tool.

51. Weigh

My laptop WEIGHS LESS THAN a suitcase. （一）连词

1、一个正确的句子至少有一个主句：有完整的主谓结构，且不以because or if结 尾；逗号不

www.zhan.com

足以连接两个完整句子。

2、and 是GMAT 考试总最重要的连词，它可以连接多个名词，或多个结构相同 成分或者

句子，注意and连接的前后成分一定要是并列的。

3、一次只能用一个连词，如since/because, so不能同时用， although, yet不能同时 用。

4、并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since,

when, if , unless, that, though, while

（二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号

1、逗号 (1)次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语） (2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。

EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch. Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.

(3) 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈） 2、分号

(1)分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。 （说是“相对”， 是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不 通）

EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together. (2)用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保 留。 (3)分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代 分号），如

however, therefore, in addition, then.

EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart. (4)分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。

EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

www.zhan.com

3、冒号 (1)冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。

(2)冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。 (3)被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好。

EG: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

(4)冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。

EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become

just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a

seemingly peaceful world, the country was content.

4、破折号 (1)破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。 (2)有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。

EG: My three best friends-Danny, Jimmy, and Joey-and I went skiing. (用逗号意思 就变7个人了) (3)破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定 立刻放在被 解释内容之后。

EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for

management consultants-by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year. (4)用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。

（三）量词

1、可数的量词：few、number、numerous

2、不可数的量词：lesss、amount、great、least

3、既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less 只能不可数

4、留意单数词：如money-dollar, volume-gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是 修饰不可数 名词的

5、the number of 修饰单数，a number of 修饰复数，The numbers of 一般都是错

www.zhan.com

的

如果要做比较，一般用greater than, 而不是more than

6、increase和decrease表达同一事物的变化；Greater和less则是比较不同事物。 7、在使用这些词的时候，要避免意思重复： Decrease-fall; increase-rise

12th Edition: 4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117,

118, 120, D38, D45

Verbal Review: 5, 9,14,17,20,26,43,48,50,54,58,69,75,89,90,109,113 OR 2nd Edition: 6, 12, 23, 28, 47, 73, 107, 113

十、简洁和平行（高阶）

（一）简洁：一些具体的形式: V>adj>n

1、动词形式优于名词：即动词形式优于名词+be/make 形式

EG: His conception of money was a goal. ?He conceived of money as a goal

His example was an influence on me. ?His example influenced me.

2、that 从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis, belief, discovery,

evidence, indication, and report.

EG: The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange.

??The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange.

3、动词形式优于形容词形式

The artist was influential to the movement. ??The artist influenced the movement. 4、形容形式优于名词形式

She has the ability to juggle. ??She is able to juggle. 5、副词形式优于介词短语

Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.

Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen

COMPARABLY

注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are 等替代 6、sth that is adj adj sth

Marcos is a professor who is admirable. Marcos is a admirable professor.

www.zhan.com

7、尽量少用it is…that 结构

Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play. Better: Children should play without fear.

（二）简洁：不要弄的太短

GMAC会利用较短的表达造成“简洁”的错觉。

1、(1) 有时把带of的介词短语通过修饰词提前,转换成形容词短语。A wall of stone=a stone

wall。但是of是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。 Memorial Day week/Memorial Day's week < the week OF Memorial Day

the honeybee population's density

the

honeybee population

(2) 尤其介词不是of 时，更加有必要保留介词

Danube river access < access to the Danube river; Boston soldier < soldier from

Boston

Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees sales increase < increase in sales

2、在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要

The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor

但有时候that又是多余的

The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics.

physics

3、在一些报道性的词语后面一定跟着that

Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect,

hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be

convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show 有一个比较特殊的词就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一个句子 （三）平行

1、名词有两种形式：实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，动作名词(eruption, pollution, change,

www.zhan.com

growth等)，二者不能平行

2、动名词：简单动名词，复杂动名词（含有修饰成分，经常是前面加一个冠词）, 简单动名 词不能和复杂动名词平行。且只有复杂动名词才能动作名词平行。 The accurate tracking-复杂动名词； tracking-简单动名词

3、如果一个动词有具体的名词形式，就不要用动名词，如extract就有名词

extraction OG129：定语从句不要倒装；OG133：就近修饰，定语从句或ving 修饰 OG： D50 that的指代是否模糊？

意思与句子简洁

12th Edition: 93, 98, 135 Verbal Review: 83, 87 主谓一致

12th Edition: 95, 104, 129, 133, 140, D43 Verbal Review: 104 OR 2nd Edition: 101 平行：

12th Edition: 90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 137, D48, D50, D51

Verbal Review: 60, 81, 82, 84, 93, 97, 99, 100, 108 OR 2nd Edition: 55, 77, 78, 86, 91, 94, 95, 106, 112

十一、代词和修饰语（高阶） （一）代词

1、代词

（1）there：there 如果做代词代指某个地方时，前面一定要提到这个地方 EG: Oil in Arctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns

addressed.

× Arctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug there and environmental concerns

addressed.

（2）itself, themselves, one another, each other: 一般表强调其指代的名词 After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it. (解散Agreement)

After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself. (解散Commission)

www.zhan.com

（3）such, other, another

以上三个代词一般在后面跟一个概括性的名词指代前面的名词。

After the agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in

the future.

（4）one：指代具有非定义性，且只能指代单数

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.巧克力 中一个

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat them.前面的 巧克力

（5）do so 和 do it

Do so : 可以指代整个的动作，包含谓语动词，宾语和修饰语

Q did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother does so. 指代eat dinner quickly（so可省 略）

Do it : it必须指代一个确切的名词

Q failed to do the homework, but his brother did it. 指代前面的homework. Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ate it. 2、代词变换位置

（1）不定式做主语，通常用it作形式主语

It is futile to resist temptation. TO RESIST temptation is futile. （2）that 从句做主语，通常用it作形式主语

It gave us encouragement that we scored at all. ??THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.

（3）不定式或that 从句做宾语，用it作形式宾语

She made it possible for us to attend the movie. She made possible our attendance at the movie.

She made our attendance at the movie possible. 都对

3、有时候避免代词指代不清的一种方式就是用一个概括性的名词替代，这样还 可以避免直

接用之前的名词造成重复

After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang the

meat from.

4、代词使用的一些细微差别

www.zhan.com

（1）单数代词指代单数名词 （2）性别代词要一致,him/her

（3）重复的代词经常被认为指代的是同一个名词,句子中it/they始终指代同一个 词

（4）代词一般指代离其最近的名词，但不能过于近了；

EG: In the station house IT is considered taboo it 不能指代station house 大多数情况被指代词在代词之前

EG: After he dried his tears, Jack made a smile.

（5）代词出现的平行位置（主谓宾）相同，可视为相同指代

Note: 如果发现用以上代词指代的5原则竟然排除了所有5个选项，那么只能放松 这5原则，

然后找找看其他的错误。 （二）修饰语

1、of 修饰短语: of 短语修饰其前面的名词,而代词则指代整个of介词短语的内容 （1）He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.

在GMAT中，that从句指代a way of dodging opponents，且that省略了更好

Best: His way OF DODGING OPPONENTS impressed the scouts.

（2）An ice sheet covers 80 percent of the surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.

2、为避免主语修饰语过于冗长，有时候会将修饰语后置

A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various

division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.

?A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division

heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired.

3、插入语，在主语和谓语之间，插入一个成分对主语进行进一步说明 总之，名词修饰语一定要紧跟其修饰的对象，少数情况例外。 4、所有格

(1)不要选择of X’s 这样的结构，永远是错的； 要么of X,要么X’s (2)GMAT 在80%~90%情况下认为复数不能用所有格，如humans’

EG: ×: Certain humans' parasites have been shown to provide bacterial resistance

本文来源：https://www.bwwdw.com/article/kavw.html